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| Image = Abydos KL 01-01 n01.jpg
| Image = Abydos KL 01-01 n01.jpg
| caption = The [[Cartouche (hieroglyph)|cartouche]] of Menes on the [[Abydos King List]]
| caption (hieroglyph)|cartouche]] of Menes on the [[Abydos King List]]
| nomen = Menes{{Sfn | Edwards | 1971 | p = 13}}{{Sfn | Lloyd | 1994 | p = 7}}{{Sfn | Cervelló-Autuori | 2003 | p = 174}}<br />''Mnj''<br />He who endures{{Sfn | Edwards | 1971 | p = 11}}<br /><hiero><-Y5:N35-M17-></hiero>
| nomen = Menes{{Sfn | Edwards | 1971 | p = 13}}{{Sfn | Lloyd | 1994 | p = 7}}{{Sfn | Cervelló-Autuori | 2003 | p = 174}}<br />''Mnj''<br />He who endures{{Sfn | Edwards | 1971 | p = 11}}<br /><hiero><-Y5:N35-M17-></hiero>
| NebtyHiero =
| NebtyHiero =
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== Name and identity ==
== Name and identity ==
{{Hiero |Menes|<hiero><1-Y5:N35-M17-2></hiero>|align=right|era =Egypt}}
{{Hiero |Menes|<hiero><1-Y5:N35-M17-2></hiero>|align=right|era =Egypt}}
The Eg
The Egyptian form, ''mnj'', is taken from the [[Turin King List|Turin]] and [[Abydos King List]]s, which are dated to the [[Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt|Nineteenth Dynasty]], whose pronunciation has been reconstructed as {{IPA|*/maˈnij/}}. By the early [[New Kingdom of Egypt|New Kingdom]], changes in the Egyptian language meant his name was already pronounced {{IPA|*/maˈneʔ/}}.{{sfn|Loprieno|1995|p=38}} The name ''mnj'' means "He who endures", which, [[I. E. S. Edwards|I.E.S. Edwards]] (1971) suggests, may have been coined as "a mere descriptive [[epithet]] denoting a semi-legendary hero [...] whose name had been lost".{{Sfn | Edwards | 1971 | p = 11}} Rather than a particular person, the name may conceal collectively the [[Naqada III]] rulers: [[Ka (pharaoh)|Ka]], [[Scorpion II]] and [[Narmer]].{{Sfn | Edwards | 1971 | p = 11}}

The commonly-used name ''Menes'' derives from [[Manetho]], an Egyptian historian and priest who lived during the pre-Coptic period of the [[Ptolemaic Kingdom]]. Manetho noted the name in Greek as Μήνης (<small>[[Romanization|transliterated]]:</small> ''Mênês'').{{sfn | Edwards | 1971 | p = 11}}<ref name="Manetho">Manetho, Fr. 6, 7a, 7b. Text and translation in ''Manetho'', translated by W.G. Waddell (Cambridge: Harvard University, 1940), pp.26-35</ref> An alternative Greek form, Μιν (<small>transliterated:</small> ''Min''), was cited by the fifth-century-BC historian [[Herodotus]],<ref>Herodotus: 2.4.1, 2.99.1ff.</ref> is a variant no longer accepted; it appears to have been the result of contamination from the name of the god [[Min (god)|Min]].{{sfn|Lloyd|1994|p=6}}

=== Narmer and Menes ===
{{main|Narmer}}
[[File:C+B-Egypt-Fig10-TabletOfMenesFromNaqada.PNG|thumb|The ivory label mentioning Hor-Aha along with the ''mn'' sign.]]
The almost complete absence of any mention of Menes in the archaeological record{{Sfn|Edwards|1971|p=11}} and the comparative wealth of evidence of [[Narmer]], a protodynastic figure credited by posterity and in the archaeological record with a firm claim{{Sfn | Lloyd | 1994 | p = 7}} to the unification of Upper and Lower Egypt, has given rise to a theory identifying Menes with Narmer.

The chief archaeological reference to Menes is an [[ivory]] label from [[Nagada]] which shows the [[Ancient Egyptian royal titulary#Horus name|royal Horus-name]] ''Aha'' (the pharaoh [[Hor-Aha]]) next to a building, within which is the [[Ancient Egyptian royal titulary#Nebty .28.22two ladies.22.29 name|royal ''nebty''-name]] ''mn'',{{Sfn | Gardiner | 1961 | p = 405}} generally taken to be Menes.{{Sfn | Edwards | 1971 | p = 11}}{{Efn | Originally, the full royal title of a pharaoh was ''Horus'' name ''x'' ''nebty'' name ''y'' ''Golden-Horus'' name ''z'' ''nesu-bit'' name ''a'' ''Son-of-Ra'' name ''b''. For brevity's sake, only one element might be used, but the choice varied between circumstances and period. Starting with Dynasty V, the ''nesu-bit'' name was the one regularly used in all official documents. In Dynasty I, the Horus-name was used for a living pharaoh, the ''nebty''-name for the dead.{{Sfn | Lloyd | 1994 | p = 7}}}} From this, various theories on the nature of the building (a funerary booth or a shrine), the meaning of the word ''mn'' (a name or the verb ''endures'') and the relationship between Hor-Aha and Menes (as one person or as successive pharaohs) have arisen.{{Sfn | Edwards | 1971 | p = 13}}

The Turin and Abydos king lists, generally accepted to be correct,{{Sfn | Edwards | 1971 | p = 13}} list the ''nesu-bit''-names of the pharaohs, not their Horus-names,{{Sfn | Lloyd | 1994 | p = 7}} and are vital to the potential reconciliation of the various records: the ''nesu-bit''-names of the king lists, the Horus-names of the archaeological record and the number of pharaohs in Dynasty I according to Manetho and other historical sources.{{Sfn | Lloyd | 1994 | p = 7}}

[[Flinders Petrie]] first attempted this task,{{Sfn | Lloyd | 1994 | p = 7}} associating ''Iti'' with [[Djer]] as the third pharaoh of Dynasty I, ''Teti'' (Turin) (or another ''Iti'' (Abydos)) with Hor-Aha as second pharaoh, and Menes (a ''nebty''-name) with Narmer (a Horus-name) as first pharaoh of Dynasty I.{{Sfn | Edwards | 1971 | p = 13}}{{Sfn | Lloyd | 1994 | p = 7}} Lloyd (1994) finds this succession "extremely probable",{{Sfn | Lloyd | 1994 | p = 7}} and Cervelló-Autuori (2003) categorically states that "Menes is Narmer and the First Dynasty begins with him".{{Sfn | Cervelló-Autuori | 2003 | p = 174}} However, Seidlmayer (2004) states that it is "a fairly safe inference" that Menes was Hor-Aha.{{Sfn | Seidlmayer | 2010}}

== Dates ==
Egyptologists, archaeologists, and scholars from the 19th century have proposed different dates for the era of Menes, or the date of the first dynasty:<ref>{{Citation | quote = Many dates have been fixed by scholars for the reign of this king: Champollion-Figeac thought about BC 5867, Bunsen 3623, Lepsius 3892, Brugsch 4455, and Wilkinson 2320. | title = The Dwellers on the Nile: Chapters on the Life, Literature, History and Customs of the Ancient Egyptians | first = EA Wallis | last = Budge | author-link = E. A. Wallis Budge | year = 1885 | page = 54}}</ref>{{Efn | Other dates typical of the era are found cited in {{Citation | first = Jean | last = Capart | author-link = Jean Capart | title = Primitive Art in Egypt | pages = 17–18}}.}}
* [[John Gardner Wilkinson]] (1835) – 2320 BC
* [[Jean-François Champollion]] (1840){{contradict-inline|reason=Champollion died in 1832.|date=22 July 2017}} – 5867 BC
* [[August Böckh]] (1845) – 5702 BC
* [[Christian Charles Josias Bunsen]] (1848) – 3623 BC
* [[Reginald Stuart Poole]] (1851) – 2717 BC
* [[Karl Richard Lepsius]] (1856) – 3892 BC
* [[Heinrich Karl Brugsch]] (1859) – 4455 BC
* [[Franz Joseph Lauth]] (1869) – 4157 BC
* [[Auguste Mariette]] (1871) – 5004 BC
* [[James Strong (theologian)|James Strong]] (1878) – 2515 BC
* [[Flinders Petrie]] (1887) – 4777 BC

Modern consensus dates the era of Menes or the start of the first dynasty between c. 3200–3030 BC; some academic literature uses c. 3000 BC.<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Chronology of Ancient Egypt | first = KA |last=Kitchen | journal =World Archaeology |volume=23 |issue=2 |year=1991 |pages=201–8 |doi = 10.1080/00438243.1991.9980172}}</ref>

== History ==
By 500 BC, mythical and exaggerated claims had made Menes a [[culture hero]], and most of what is known of him comes from a much later time.<ref name="MagillAves1998">{{cite book|author1=Frank Northen Magill|author2=Alison Aves|title=Dictionary of World Biography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wyKaVFZqbdUC&pg=PA726|year=1998|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-1-57958-040-7|pages=726–}}</ref>

Ancient tradition ascribed to Menes the honor of having united Upper and Lower Egypt into a single kingdom{{Sfn | Maspero | 1903 | p = 331}} and becoming the first pharaoh of the First Dynasty.{{Sfn | Verbrugghe | Wickersham | 2001 | p = 131}} However, his name does not appear on extant pieces of the Royal Annals (Cairo Stone and [[Palermo Stone]]), which is a now-fragmentary king's list that was carved onto a stela during the [[Fifth Dynasty of Egypt|Fifth Dynasty]]. He typically appears in later sources as the first human ruler of Egypt, directly inheriting the throne from the god [[Horus]].{{Sfn | Shaw | Nicholson | 1995 | p = 218}} He also appears in other, much later, king's lists, always as the first human pharaoh of Egypt. Menes also appears in demotic [[novel]]s of the [[Hellenistic period]], demonstrating that, even that late, he was regarded as important figure.{{Sfn | Ryholt | 2009}}

Menes was seen as a founding figure for much of the history of ancient Egypt, similar to [[Romulus and Remus|Romulus]] in [[ancient Rome]].{{Sfn | Manley | 1997 | p = 22}} Manetho records that Menes "led the army across the frontier and won great glory".<ref name="Manetho"/>{{Sfn | Verbrugghe | Wickersham | 2001 | p = 131}}

=== Capital ===
Manetho associates the city of [[Thinis]] with the Early Dynastic Period and, in particular, Menes, a "Thinite" or native of Thinis.<ref name="Manetho"/>{{Sfn | Verbrugghe | Wickersham | 2001 | p = 131}} Herodotus contradicts Manetho in stating that Menes founded the city of [[Memphis, Egypt|Memphis]] as his capital<ref>Herodotus: 2.99.4.</ref> after diverting the course of the [[Nile]] through the construction of a [[levee]].<ref>Herodotus: 2.109</ref> Manetho ascribes the building of Memphis to Menes' son, Athothis,{{Sfn | Verbrugghe | Wickersham | 2001 | p = 131}} and calls no pharaohs earlier than [[Third Dynasty of Egypt|Third Dynasty]] "Memphite".{{Sfn | Verbrugghe | Wickersham | 2001| p = 133}}

Herodotus and Manetho's stories of the foundation of Memphis are probably later inventions: in 2012 a relief mentioning the visit of Memphis by [[Iry-Hor]]—a predynastic ruler of Upper Egypt reigning before Namer—was discovered in the [[Sinai Peninsula]], indicating that the city was already in existence in the early [[32nd century BC]].<ref>P. Tallet, D. Laisnay: ''Iry-Hor et Narmer au Sud-Sinaï (Ouadi 'Ameyra), un complément à la chronologie des expéditios minière égyptiene'', in: BIFAO 112 (2012), 381-395, [https://www.academia.edu/3844520/_Iry-Hor_et_Narmer_au_Sud-Sinai_ouadi_Ameyra_ available online]</ref>

=== Cultural influence ===
[[Diodorus Siculus]] stated that Menes had introduced the [[ancient Egyptian religion|worship of the gods and the practice of sacrifice]]{{Sfn | Elder | 1849 | p = 1040}} as well as a more elegant and luxurious style of living.{{Sfn | Elder | 1849 | p = 1040}} For this latter invention, Menes' memory was dishonoured by the [[Twenty-fourth Dynasty of Egypt|Twenty-fourth Dynasty]] pharaoh [[Tefnakht]] and [[Plutarch]] mentions a pillar at [[Thebes, Egypt|Thebes]] on which was inscribed an imprecation against Menes as the introducer of luxury.{{Sfn | Elder | 1849 | p = 1040}}

In Pliny's{{Clarify|reason=Which Pliny? Which account?|date=March 2017}} account, Menes was credited with being the inventor of writing in Egypt.

=== Crocodile episode ===
Diodorus Siculus recorded a story of Menes related by the priests of the [[crocodile]] god [[Sobek]] at [[Faiyum#Ancient history|Crocodilopolis]], in which the pharaoh Menes, attacked by his own dogs while out hunting,{{Sfn | Maspero | 1910 | p = 235}} fled across [[Lake Moeris]] on the back of a crocodile and, in thanks, founded the city of Crocodilopolis.{{Sfn | Maspero | 1910 | p = 235}}{{Sfn | Edwards | 1974 | p = 22}}<ref>Diodorus: 45</ref>

[[George Stanley Faber]] (1816), taking the word ''campsa'' to mean either ''crocodile'' or ''ark'' and preferring the latter, identifies Menes with [[Noah]] and the entire story as a [[flood myth]].{{Sfn | Faber | 1816 | p = 195}}

Edwards (1974) states that "the legend, which is obviously filled with anachronisms, is patently devoid of historical value",{{Sfn | Edwards | 1974 | p = 22}} but [[Gaston Maspero]] (1910), while acknowledging the possibility that traditions relating to other kings may have become mixed up with this story, dismisses the suggestions of some commentators{{Sfn | Elder | 1849 | p = 1040, ‘in defiance of chronology’}} that the story should be transferred to the [[Twelfth Dynasty of Egypt|Twelfth Dynasty]] pharaoh [[Amenemhat III]] and sees no reason to doubt that Diodorus did not correctly record a tradition of Menes.{{Sfn | Maspero | 1910 | p = 235}}

=== Death ===
According to Manetho, Menes reigned for 62 years and was killed by a [[hippopotamus]].<ref name="Manetho"/>{{Sfn | Verbrugghe | Wickersham | 2001 | p = 131}}

== In popular culture ==
[[Alexander Dow]] (1735/6–79), a [[Scottish people|Scottish]] [[oriental studies|orientalist]] and [[playwright]], wrote the tragedy ''Sethona'', set in ancient Egypt. The [[Lead actor|lead]] part of Menes is described in the ''[[dramatis personæ]]'' as "next male-heir to the crown" now worn by [[Serapis|Seraphis]], and was played by [[Samuel Reddish]] in a 1774 production by [[David Garrick]] at the [[Theatre Royal, Drury Lane]].{{Sfn | Dow | 1774}}

== See also ==
* [[Mannus]], ancestral figure in [[Germanic mythology]]
* [[Minos]], king of Crete, son of Zeus and Europa
* [[Manu (Hinduism)]], Progenitor of humanity
* [[Nu'u]], Hawaiian mythological character who built an ark and escaped a Great Flood
* [[Nüwa]], goddess in Chinese mythology best known for creating mankind
* [[Noah]]
* [[Min (god)]]
* [[Narmer]]
* [[Hor-Aha]]
* [[Thinis]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|32em}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{Citation | last1 = Beck | first1 = Roger B | last2 = Black | first2 = Linda | last3 = Krieger | first3 = Larry S | last4 = Naylor | first4 = Phillip C | last5 = Shabaka | first5 = Dahia Ibo | title = World history: Patterns of interaction | publisher = McDougal Littell | year = 1999 | location = [[Evanston, Illinois|Evanston]], [[Illinois|IL]] | isbn = 0-395-87274-X}}
* {{Citation | last = Cervelló-Autuori | first = Josep | contribution = Narmer, Menes and the seals from Abydos | year = 2003 | title = Egyptology at the dawn of the twenty-first century: proceedings of the Eighth International Congress of Egyptologists | volume = 2 | isbn = 978-977-424-714-9 | place = Cairo | publisher = The American University in Cairo Press | url = https://books.google.com/?id=pJ48YP14qZQC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false}}.
* {{Citation | last = Diodorus Siculus | authorlink = Herodotus | title = [[Bibliotheca historica]] | volume = 1}}
* {{Citation | last = Dow | first = Alexander | authorlink = Alexander Dow | title = Sethona: a tragedy, as it is performed at the Theatre Royal in Drury Lane | publisher = T. Becket | year = 1774 | location = London | url = https://books.google.com/?id=jTRKAAAAMAAJ}}
* {{Citation | last = Edwards | first = IES | author-link = I. E. S. Edwards | contribution = The early dynastic period in Egypt | year = 1971 | title = The Cambridge Ancient History | volume = 1 | place = Cambridge | publisher = Cambridge University Press}}.
* {{Citation | last = Elder | first = Edward | author-link = | contribution = Menes | year = 1849 | title = [[Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology|Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology]] | editor-last = Smith | editor-first = William | volume = 2 | place = [[Boston]] | publisher = [[Little, Brown and Company|Charles C. Little & James Brown]] | contribution-url = https://books.google.com/?id=HP4rAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&q}}.
* {{Citation | last = Faber | first = George Stanley | authorlink = George Stanley Faber | title = The origin of pagan idolatry: ascertained from historical testimony and circumstantial evidence | publisher = [[Charles Rivington|F&C Rivingtons]] | year = 1816 | location = London | volume = 2 | url = https://books.google.com/?id=YcNBAAAAcAAJ | work = 3}}.
* {{Citation | last = Gardiner | first = Alan | authorlink = Alan Gardiner | title = Egypt of the Pharaohs | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 1961 | location = Oxford}}.
* {{Citation | last = of Halicarnassus | first = Herodotus | authorlink = Herodotus | title = [[Histories (Herodotus)|The Histories]]}}.
* {{citation |last=Heagy |first=Thomas C. |year=2014 |title=Who was Menes? |journal=Archeo-Nil |volume=24 |pages=59–92 |ref=harv}}. Available online {{cite web |title=[1] |url=http://www.narmer.org/menes}}.
*{{Citation | last = Lloyd | first = Alan B. | authorlink = | title = Herodotus: Book II | publisher = [[Brill Publishers|EJ Brill]] | origyear = 1975| year = 1994 | location = [[Leiden]] | url = https://books.google.com/?id=GQ7e1nuD9tcC | isbn = 90-04-04179-6}}.
* {{Citation | last = Maspero | first = Gaston | authorlink = Gaston Maspero | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=taT4NjJ8VWsC | year = 1903 | title = History of Egypt, Chaldea, Syria, Babylonia, and Assyria | editor-last = Sayce | editor-first = Archibald Henry | volume = 9 | publisher = [[Kessinger Publishing]]}}.
*{{Citation | last = Maspero | first = Gaston | authorlink = Gaston Maspero | author-mask = 3 | editor-last = Sayce | editor-first = Archibald Henry | translator = McClure, M L | title = The dawn of civilization: Egypt and Chaldæa | publisher = [[Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge]] | origyear = 1894 | year = 1910 | location = London | url = https://books.google.com/?id=D3G46cJAW00C | isbn = 978-0-7661-7774-1}}.
*{{Citation | last = Manley | first = Bill | title = The Penguin Historical Atlas of Ancient Egypt | publisher = Penguin | year = 1997 | location = London | isbn = 0-14-051331-0}}.
* {{Citation | last = Rachewiltz | first = Boris de | author-link = Boris de Rachewiltz | contribution = Pagan and magic elements in Ezra Pound's works | year = 1969 | title = New approaches to Ezra Pound | editor-last = Hesse | editor-first = Eva | place = [[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]], [[California|CA]] | publisher = [[University of California Press]] | url = https://books.google.com/?id=yXYlK8Uh3dUC}}.
* {{Citation | last = Ryholt | first = Kim | author-link = Kim Ryholt | contribution = Egyptian historical literature from the Greco-Roman period | year = 2009 | title = Das Ereignis, Geschichtsschreibung zwischen Vorfall und Befund | editor-last = Fitzenreiter | editor-first = Martin | place = London | publisher = Golden House}}.
* {{Citation | last1 = Schulz | first1 = Regine | last2 = Seidel | first2 = Matthias | title = Egypt: The World of the Pharaohs | publisher = HF Ullmann | year = 2004 | isbn = 978-3-8331-6000-4}}.
* {{Citation | last1 = Shaw | first1 = Ian | last2 = Nicholson | first2 = Paul | title = The Dictionary of Ancient Egypt | publisher = Harry N Abrams | year = 1995 | isbn = 0-8109-9096-2}}.
* {{Citation | first = Stephan | last = Seidlmayer | contribution = The Rise of the State to the Second Dynasty | title = Egypt: The World of the Pharaohs | origyear = 2004 | year = 2010 | ISBN = 978-3-8331-6000-4}}.
* {{Citation | last1 = Verbrugghe| first1 = Gerald Paul | last2 = Wickersham | first2 = John Moore | title = Berossos and Manetho, introduced and translated: Native Traditions in Ancient Mesopotamia and Egypt | publisher = [[The University of Michigan Press]] | origyear = 1996 | year = 2001 | location = [[Ann Arbor]] | pages = | url = https://books.google.com/?id=2kAED-kQCJkC | isbn = 978-0-472-08687-0}}.
* {{Citation | last = Waddell | first = Laurence A | authorlink = Laurence Waddell | title = Egyptian civilization: Its Sumerian origin | year = 1930 | location = London | url = https://books.google.com/?id=4UkunFgdis0C | isbn = 978-0-7661-4273-2}}.

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
* {{Citation | url = http://www.ancient-egypt.org/who-is-who/m/menes.html | title = Menes | publisher = Ancient Egypt}}.
* {{Citation | url = http://www.reshafim.org.il/ad/egypt/texts/horus_and_seth.htm | contribution = The Contendings of Horus and Seth | publisher = Reshafim | place = [[Israel|IL]] | title = Egypt}}.
* {{Citation | url = http://www.aldokkan.com/egypt/menes.htm | type = image | contribution = Menes | publisher = Aldokkan | title = Ancient Egyptian Civilization}}.
* {{Cite NIE|wstitle=Menes|short=x}}

{{Pharaohs}}
{{First Dynasty of Ancient Egypt|state=expanded}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Egyptian mythology]]
[[Category:Pharaohs of the First Dynasty of Egypt]]
[[Category:Deaths due to hippopotamus attacks]]
[[Category:People whose existence is disputed]]

[[ca:Narmer]]

Revision as of 14:47, 16 January 2018

For other uses, see Menes (disambiguation).
Menes
Africanus: Mênês
Eusebius: Mênês
Pharaoh
SuccessorHor-Aha
Royal titulary
Nomen
Menes[1][2][3]
Mnj
He who endures[4]
<
Y5
N35		 M17
>
DynastyFirst Dynasty

Menes (/ˈmiːniːz/; Template:Lang-egy, probably pronounced */maˈnij/;[5] Template:Lang-grc)[4] was a pharaoh of the Early Dynastic Period of ancient Egypt credited by classical tradition with having united Upper and Lower Egypt and as the founder of the First Dynasty.[6]

The identity of Menes is the subject of ongoing debate, although mainstream Egyptological consensus identifies Menes with the Naqada III ruler Narmer[1][2][3][7] (most likely) or First Dynasty pharaoh Hor-Aha.[8] Both pharaohs are credited with the unification of Egypt to different degrees by various authorities.

Name and identity

<1
Y5
N35		 M17
2>
Menes
in hieroglyphs

The Eg

  1. ^ a b Edwards 1971, p. 13.
  2. ^ a b Lloyd 1994, p. 7.
  3. ^ a b Cervelló-Autuori 2003, p. 174.
  4. ^ a b Edwards 1971, p. 11.
  5. ^ Loprieno, Antonio (1995). Ancient Egyptian: A linguistic introduction. Cambridge University press. ISBN 0-521-44384-9. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  6. ^ Beck et al. 1999.
  7. ^ Heagy 2014.
  8. ^ Seidlmayer 2010.
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