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The '''Children's Nonverbal Learning Disabilities Scale (C-NLD)''' is an assessment that screens for the symptoms for [[nonverbal learning disorder|nonverbal learning disabilities]] in children, which can affect a child's [[visual spatial ability|visual spatial organization]], [[motor skill|motor abilities]], and [[social interactions]].<ref>Massachusetts General Hospital, School Psychiatry Program and MADI Resource Center (2010). Table of all screening tools and rating scales. Retrieved from {{cite web |url=http://www2.massgeneral.org/schoolpsychiatry/screeningtools_table.asp |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2015-09-14 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927153032/http://www2.massgeneral.org/schoolpsychiatry/screeningtools_table.asp |archivedate=2015-09-27 |df= }}</ref> All questions in the assessment are categorized in three headings: motor skills, visual-spatial skills, and interpersonal skills.
The '''Children's Nonverbal Learning Disabilities Scale (C-NLD)''' is an assessment that screens for the symptoms for [[nonverbal learning disorder|nonverbal learning disabilities]] in children, which can affect a child's [[visual spatial ability|visual spatial organization]], [[motor skill|motor abilities]], and [[social interactions]].<ref>Massachusetts General Hospital, School Psychiatry Program and MADI Resource Center (2010). Table of all screening tools and rating scales. Retrieved from {{cite web |url=http://www2.massgeneral.org/schoolpsychiatry/screeningtools_table.asp |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2015-09-14 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150927153032/http://www2.massgeneral.org/schoolpsychiatry/screeningtools_table.asp |archivedate=2015-09-27 |df= }}</ref> All questions in the assessment are categorized in three headings: motor skills, visual-spatial skills, and interpersonal skills.



{{Wikiversity|General Behavior Inventory}}
{{Wikiversity|General Behavior Inventory}}
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{{psychology sidebar}}
{{psychology sidebar}}

The '''General Behavior Inventory''' ('''GBI''') is a 73-question psychological self-report assessment tool designed by Richard Depue<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.human.cornell.edu/bio.cfm?netid=rad5 |title=Richard Depue: Human Ecology Bio Page |website=Cornell University College of Human Ecology |dead-url=yes |archive-date=18 September 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918235647/http://www.human.cornell.edu/bio.cfm?netid=rad5 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>{{failed verification|date=September 2017}} and colleagues to identify the presence and severity of [[Mania|manic]] and [[Depression (mood)|depressive]] moods in adults, as well as to assess for cyclothymia. It is one of the most widely used [[psychometrics|psychometric tests]] for measuring the severity of [[bipolar disorder]] and the fluctuation of symptoms over time. The GBI is intended to be administered for adult populations; however, it has been adapted into versions that allow for juvenile populations (for parents to rate their offspring), as well as a short version that allows for it to be used as a [[diagnostic test|screening test]].


== Versions ==
== Versions ==
[[File:General Behavior Inventory Table.png|thumb|General Behavior Inventory Version Development]]
[[File:General Behavior Inventory Table.png|thumb|General Behavior Inventory Version Development]]

=== Parent GBI (P-GBI) ===
The '''P-GBI'''<ref name=Youngstrom_et_al-2001>{{Cite journal|last1=Youngstrom |first1=Eric A. |last2=Findling |first2=Robert L. |last3=Danielson |first3=Carla Kmett |last4=Calabrese |first4=Joseph R. |date=June 2001 |title=Discriminative validity of parent report of hypomanic and depressive symptoms on the General Behavior Inventory |journal=Psychological Assessment |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=267–276 |pmid=11433802 |doi=10.1037/1040-3590.13.2.267 |url=http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/pas/13/2/267.html |url-access=subscription |via=PsycArticles }}</ref> is an adaptation of the GBI, consisting of 73 [[Likert scale]] items rated on a scale from 0 ("Never or Hardly Ever") to 3 ("Very often or Almost Constantly"). It consists of two scales: a depressive symptoms (46 items) and a [[hypomania|hypomanic]]/biphasic (mixed) symptoms (28 items).<ref name=YoungstromEtAl2008>{{Cite journal|last1=Youngstrom |first1=Eric A. |last2=Frazier |first2=Thomas W. |last3=Demeter |first3=Christine |last4=Calabrese |first4=Joseph R. |last5=Findling |first5=Robert L. |date=May 2008 |title=Developing a Ten Item Mania Scale from the Parent General Behavior Inventory for Children and Adolescents|journal=Journal of Clinical Psychiatry|volume=69 |issue=5 |pages=831–9 |pmc=2777983|pmid=18452343|doi=10.4088/jcp.v69n0517}}</ref>

=== Parent GBI-10-Item Mania Scale (PGBI-10M) ===
{{Infobox diagnostic
| name = Parent GBI-10-Item Mania Scale
| image =
| alt =
| caption =
| pronounce =
| synonyms = PGBI-10M
| DiseasesDB = <!--{{DiseasesDB2|numeric_id}}-->
| ICD10 = <!--{{ICD10|Group|Major|minor|LinkGroup|LinkMajor}} or {{ICD10PCS|code|char1/char2/char3/char4}}-->
| ICD9 =
| ICDO =
| MedlinePlus = <!--article_number-->
| eMedicine = <!--article_number-->
| MeshID =
| OPS301 = <!--{{OPS301|code}}-->
| LOINC = {{LOINC|62720-8}}
| reference_range =
}}
The '''PGBI-10M''' <ref name=YoungstromEtAl2008 /> is a brief (10-item) version of the PGBI that was validated for clinical use for patients presenting with a variety of different diagnoses, including frequent [[comorbidity|comorbid]] conditions. It is administered to parents for them to rate their children between ages 5–17. The 10 items include symptoms such as [[mania|elated mood]], high energy, irritability and rapid changes in mood and energy as indicators of potential [[bipolar disorder in children|juvenile bipolar disorder]].<ref name=YoungstromEtAl2008 /> The [[PhenX Toolkit]] uses this instrument as its child protocol for Hypomania/Mania Symptoms.<ref>{{cite web |title=Protocol Overview: Hypomania/Mania Symptoms - Child |website=PhenX Toolkit, Ver 19.0 |date=17 January 2017 |publisher=RTI International |url=https://www.phenxtoolkit.org/index.php?pageLink=browse.protocoldetails&id=120401 }}</ref>

=== 7 Up 7 Down Inventory (7U7D) ===
{{Wikiversity|7 Up 7 Down Inventory}}
The '''7U7D''' <ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=Youngstrom|first=Eric A.|last2=Murray|first2=Greg|last3=Johnson|first3=Sheri L.|last4=Findling|first4=Robert L.|date=2016-12-01|title=The 7 Up 7 Down Inventory: A 14-item measure of manic and depressive tendencies carved from the General Behavior Inventory|journal=Psychological assessment|volume=25|issue=4|pages=1377–1383|doi=10.1037/a0033975|issn=1040-3590|pmc=3970320|pmid=23914960}}</ref> is a 14-item measure of manic and depressive tendencies that was carved from the full length GBI. This version is designed to be applicable for both youths and adults, and to improve separation between both mania and depressive conditions. It was developed via factor analysis from nine separate samples pooled into two age groups, ensuring applicability for use in youth and adults.<ref name=":5" />


== Psychometric properties ==
== Psychometric properties ==
[[File:GBI PPP GIF file.gif|thumb|This image illustrates the GBI's abilities in the three "P"s: (a) '''P'''redicting a diagnosis or criterion of importance; (b) '''P'''rescribing a specific treatment; and (c) helping us understand developmental '''P'''rocesses.]]
[[File:GBI PPP GIF file.gif|thumb|This image illustrates the GBI's abilities in the three "P"s: (a) '''P'''redicting a diagnosis or criterion of importance; (b) '''P'''rescribing a specific treatment; and (c) helping us understand developmental '''P'''rocesses.]]

The GBI has been used extensively in research, including clinical samples, college students, longitudinal, treatment, and other studies. However, no normative data exist to calibrate scores in the general population.


===Reliability===
===Reliability===
The GBI has exceptionally high [[internal consistency]] because it has long scales with a large number of items {{citation needed|date=August 2016}}. The GBI shows high reliability whether completed as a self report or as a caregiver report about youth behavior {{citation needed|date=August 2016}}.

Retest reliability also is good over a week or two week period, although the GBI's length makes it tedious to complete frequently {{citation needed|date=August 2016}}.


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
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|Discriminative validity ||Excellent ||Multiple studies show that GBI scores discriminate cases with unipolar and bipolar mood disorders from other clinical disorders<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{cite journal|last1=Danielson|first1=CK|last2=Youngstrom|first2=EA|last3=Findling|first3=RL|last4=Calabrese|first4=JR|title=Discriminative validity of the general behavior inventory using youth report.|journal=Journal of abnormal child psychology|date=February 2003|volume=31|issue=1|pages=29–39|pmid=12597697}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal|last1=Findling|first1=RL|last2=Youngstrom|first2=EA|last3=Danielson|first3=CK|last4=DelPorto-Bedoya|first4=D|last5=Papish-David|first5=R|last6=Townsend|first6=L|last7=Calabrese|first7=JR|title=Clinical decision-making using the General Behavior Inventory in juvenile bipolarity.|journal=Bipolar disorders|date=February 2002|volume=4|issue=1|pages=34–42|pmid=12047493|doi=10.1034/j.1399-5618.2002.40102.x}}</ref> effect sizes are among the largest of existing scales<ref name=Youngstrom_et_al-2015/>
|Discriminative validity ||Excellent ||Multiple studies show that GBI scores discriminate cases with unipolar and bipolar mood disorders from other clinical disorders<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{cite journal|last1=Danielson|first1=CK|last2=Youngstrom|first2=EA|last3=Findling|first3=RL|last4=Calabrese|first4=JR|title=Discriminative validity of the general behavior inventory using youth report.|journal=Journal of abnormal child psychology|date=February 2003|volume=31|issue=1|pages=29–39|pmid=12597697}}</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal|last1=Findling|first1=RL|last2=Youngstrom|first2=EA|last3=Danielson|first3=CK|last4=DelPorto-Bedoya|first4=D|last5=Papish-David|first5=R|last6=Townsend|first6=L|last7=Calabrese|first7=JR|title=Clinical decision-making using the General Behavior Inventory in juvenile bipolarity.|journal=Bipolar disorders|date=February 2002|volume=4|issue=1|pages=34–42|pmid=12047493|doi=10.1034/j.1399-5618.2002.40102.x}}</ref> effect sizes are among the largest of existing scales<ref name=Youngstrom_et_al-2015/>
|-
|-
|Validity generalization || Good || Used both as self-report and caregiver report; used in college student<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Alloy|first1=LB|last2=Abramson|first2=LY|last3=Hogan|first3=ME|last4=Whitehouse|first4=WG|last5=Rose|first5=DT|last6=Robinson|first6=MS|last7=Kim|first7=RS|last8=Lapkin|first8=JB|title=The Temple-Wisconsin Cognitive Vulnerability to Depression Project: lifetime history of axis I psychopathology in individuals at high and low cognitive risk for depression.|journal=Journal of Abnormal Psychology|date=August 2000|volume=109|issue=3|pages=403–18|pmid=11016110|doi=10.1037/0021-843x.109.3.403}}</ref> as well as outpatient<ref name=":2" /><ref name=Klein_et_al-1989/><ref name=Youngstrom_et_al-2001/> and inpatient clinical samples; translated into multiple languages with good reliability
|Validity generalization || Good || Used both as self-report and caregiver report; used in college student<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Alloy|first1=LB|last2=Abramson|first2=LY|last3=Hogan|first3=ME|last4=Whitehouse|first4=WG|last5=Rose|first5=DT|last6=Robinson|first6=MS|last7=Kim|first7=RS|last8=Lapkin|first8=JB|title=The Temple-Wisconsin Cognitive Vulnerability to Depression Project: lifetime history of axis I psychopathology in individuals at high and low cognitive risk for depression.|journal=Journal of Abnormal Psychology|date=August 2000|volume=109|issue=3|pages=403–18|pmid=11016110|doi=10.1037/0021-843x.109.3.403}}</ref> as well as outpatient<ref name=":2" /><ref name=Klein_et_al-1989/><ref name="Youngstrom_et_al-2001">{{Cite journal|last1=Youngstrom|first1=Eric A.|last2=Findling|first2=Robert L.|last3=Danielson|first3=Carla Kmett|last4=Calabrese|first4=Joseph R.|date=June 2001|title=Discriminative validity of parent report of hypomanic and depressive symptoms on the General Behavior Inventory|url=http://psycnet.apa.org/journals/pas/13/2/267.html|journal=Psychological Assessment|volume=13|issue=2|pages=267–276|doi=10.1037/1040-3590.13.2.267|pmid=11433802|url-access=subscription|via=PsycArticles}}</ref> and inpatient clinical samples; translated into multiple languages with good reliability
|-
|-
|Treatment sensitivity || Good || Multiple studies show sensitivity to treatment effects comparable to using interviews by trained raters, including placebo-controlled, masked assignment trials<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Findling|first1=RL|last2=Youngstrom|first2=EA|last3=McNamara|first3=NK|last4=Stansbrey|first4=RJ|last5=Wynbrandt|first5=JL|last6=Adegbite|first6=C|last7=Rowles|first7=BM|last8=Demeter|first8=CA|last9=Frazier|first9=TW|last10=Calabrese|first10=JR|title=Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled long-term maintenance study of aripiprazole in children with bipolar disorder.|journal=The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry|date=January 2012|volume=73|issue=1|pages=57–63|pmid=22152402|doi=10.4088/jcp.11m07104}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite journal|last1=Youngstrom|first1=E|last2=Zhao|first2=J|last3=Mankoski|first3=R|last4=Forbes|first4=RA|last5=Marcus|first5=RM|last6=Carson|first6=W|last7=McQuade|first7=R|last8=Findling|first8=RL|title=Clinical significance of treatment effects with aripiprazole versus placebo in a study of manic or mixed episodes associated with pediatric bipolar I disorder.|journal=Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology|date=March 2013|volume=23|issue=2|pages=72–9|pmid=23480324|doi=10.1089/cap.2012.0024|pmc=3696952}}</ref> Short forms appear to retain sensitivity to treatment effects while substantially reducing burden<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ong|first1=ML|last2=Youngstrom|first2=EA|last3=Chua|first3=JJ|last4=Halverson|first4=TF|last5=Horwitz|first5=SM|last6=Storfer-Isser|first6=A|last7=Frazier|first7=TW|last8=Fristad|first8=MA|last9=Arnold|first9=LE|last10=Phillips|first10=ML|last11=Birmaher|first11=B|last12=Kowatch|first12=RA|last13=Findling|first13=RL|last14=LAMS|first14=Group|title=Comparing the CASI-4R and the PGBI-10 M for Differentiating Bipolar Spectrum Disorders from Other Outpatient Diagnoses in Youth.|journal=Journal of abnormal child psychology|date=1 July 2016|pmid=27364346|doi=10.1007/s10802-016-0182-4}}</ref>
|Treatment sensitivity || Good || Multiple studies show sensitivity to treatment effects comparable to using interviews by trained raters, including placebo-controlled, masked assignment trials<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Findling|first1=RL|last2=Youngstrom|first2=EA|last3=McNamara|first3=NK|last4=Stansbrey|first4=RJ|last5=Wynbrandt|first5=JL|last6=Adegbite|first6=C|last7=Rowles|first7=BM|last8=Demeter|first8=CA|last9=Frazier|first9=TW|last10=Calabrese|first10=JR|title=Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled long-term maintenance study of aripiprazole in children with bipolar disorder.|journal=The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry|date=January 2012|volume=73|issue=1|pages=57–63|pmid=22152402|doi=10.4088/jcp.11m07104}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite journal|last1=Youngstrom|first1=E|last2=Zhao|first2=J|last3=Mankoski|first3=R|last4=Forbes|first4=RA|last5=Marcus|first5=RM|last6=Carson|first6=W|last7=McQuade|first7=R|last8=Findling|first8=RL|title=Clinical significance of treatment effects with aripiprazole versus placebo in a study of manic or mixed episodes associated with pediatric bipolar I disorder.|journal=Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology|date=March 2013|volume=23|issue=2|pages=72–9|pmid=23480324|doi=10.1089/cap.2012.0024|pmc=3696952}}</ref> Short forms appear to retain sensitivity to treatment effects while substantially reducing burden<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Ong|first1=ML|last2=Youngstrom|first2=EA|last3=Chua|first3=JJ|last4=Halverson|first4=TF|last5=Horwitz|first5=SM|last6=Storfer-Isser|first6=A|last7=Frazier|first7=TW|last8=Fristad|first8=MA|last9=Arnold|first9=LE|last10=Phillips|first10=ML|last11=Birmaher|first11=B|last12=Kowatch|first12=RA|last13=Findling|first13=RL|last14=LAMS|first14=Group|title=Comparing the CASI-4R and the PGBI-10 M for Differentiating Bipolar Spectrum Disorders from Other Outpatient Diagnoses in Youth.|journal=Journal of abnormal child psychology|date=1 July 2016|pmid=27364346|doi=10.1007/s10802-016-0182-4}}</ref>
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== Interpretation ==
== Interpretation ==
=== GBI Scoring ===
=== GBI Scoring ===
The current{{when|date=September 2017}} GBI questionnaire includes 73 Likert-type items which reflect symptoms of different moods. The original version of the GBI used case scoring where items were given values ranging from 1-4. Symptoms that were rated as 1 or 2 were considered to be absent and symptoms rated as 3 or 4 were considered to be present. However, if each item were to receive one of four scores, the authors of the GBI decided Likert scaling would be a better scoring option. The items on the GBI are now scaled from 0-3 rated as 0 (never or hardly ever present), 1 (sometimes present), 2 (often present), and 3 (very often or almost constantly present).<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

=== PGBI-10M ===
For the PGBI-10M, the scores from each question are added together to form a total score, with higher scores indicating a greater severity of symptoms. Scores range from 0 to 30. Low scores of 5 and below indicate a very low risk of a bipolar diagnosis. High scores of 18 and over indicate a high risk of a diagnosis of bipolar disorder, increasing the likelihood by a factor of seven or greater.<ref name=MassGenScales/><ref name=YoungstromEtAl2008/> Several peer-reviewed research studies support the P-GBI as a [[reliability (psychometrics)|reliable]] and [[test validity|valid]] measure of [[Bipolar disorder|bipolar]] in children and adolescents.<ref name=YoungstromEtAl2008/><ref name=YoungstromEtAl2005/> It is recommended to be used as part of an assessment battery in the diagnosis of [[bipolar disorder in children|juvenile bipolar disorder]].


== Limitations ==
== Limitations ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2017}}
{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2017}}
The GBI is free for use clinically and in research. The reading level and length make it challenging for some people to complete. Being a self-report questionnaire, the GBI is not known to have any adverse effects on patients beyond the potential of causing minor distress.


== Mechanism ==
== Mechanism ==
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{{Expand section|date=September 2017|small=no}}
{{Expand section|date=September 2017|small=no}}
}}
}}
The GBI takes about 10 to 30 minutes to complete, and it has a 12th grade reading level {{citation needed|date=August 2016}}.


== Research ==
== Research ==
Shorter versions of the GBI have been validated for research and clinical use. For instance, the '''PGBI-10M''' is currently{{When|date=September 2017}} being tested as part of a large longitudinal study investigating the course of early symptoms of mania in children {{citation needed|date=August 2016}}, with preliminary studies indicating its clinical efficacy in differentiating [[bipolar disorder in children|juvenile bipolar disorder]] from youth with other diagnoses {{citation needed|date=August 2016}}.


==See also==
==See also==
*
*[[Diagnostic classification and rating scales used in psychiatry]]
*[[Rating scales for depression]]
*[[Bipolar disorder]]


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 23:35, 25 January 2018


The Children's Nonverbal Learning Disabilities Scale (C-NLD) is an assessment that screens for the symptoms for nonverbal learning disabilities in children, which can affect a child's visual spatial organization, motor abilities, and social interactions.[1] All questions in the assessment are categorized in three headings: motor skills, visual-spatial skills, and interpersonal skills.

Wikiversity has learning resources about General Behavior Inventory
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Versions

General Behavior Inventory Version Development

Psychometric properties

This image illustrates the GBI's abilities in the three "P"s: (a) Predicting a diagnosis or criterion of importance; (b) Prescribing a specific treatment; and (c) helping us understand developmental Processes.

Reliability

Evaluating scores from the General Behavior Inventory against the EBA rubric for norms and reliability
Criterion Rating Explanation with references
Norms Adequate Multiple convenience samples and research studies, including both clinical and nonclinical samples[2]
Internal consistency Excellent; too good for some contexts Cronbach's alphas routinely over .94 for both scales, suggesting that scales could be shortened for many uses[3]
Inter-rater reliability Not applicable Designed originally as a self-report scale; parent and youth report correlate about the same as cross-informant scores correlate in general[4]
Test-retest reliability (stability) Good r = .73 over 15 weeks. Evaluated in initial studies,[5] with data also showing high stability in clinical trials[6]
Repeatability Not published No published studies formally checking repeatability

Validity

Evaluation of validity and utility for the General Behavior Inventory (table from Youngstrom et al., unpublished, extended from Hunsley & Mash, 2008; *indicates new construct or category)
Criterion Rating Explanation with references
Content validity Excellent Covers both DSM diagnostic symptoms and a range of associated features[5]
Construct validity (e.g., predictive, concurrent, convergent, and discriminant validity) Excellent Shows convergent validity with other symptom scales, longitudinal prediction of development of mood disorders,[7][8][9] criterion validity via metabolic markers[5][10] and associations with family history of mood disorder.[11] Factor structure complicated;[5][12] the inclusion of “biphasic” or “mixed” mood items creates a lot of cross-loading
Discriminative validity Excellent Multiple studies show that GBI scores discriminate cases with unipolar and bipolar mood disorders from other clinical disorders[5][13][14] effect sizes are among the largest of existing scales[2]
Validity generalization Good Used both as self-report and caregiver report; used in college student[12][15] as well as outpatient[13][7][16] and inpatient clinical samples; translated into multiple languages with good reliability
Treatment sensitivity Good Multiple studies show sensitivity to treatment effects comparable to using interviews by trained raters, including placebo-controlled, masked assignment trials[17][18] Short forms appear to retain sensitivity to treatment effects while substantially reducing burden[18][19]
Clinical utility Good Free (public domain),[citation needed] strong psychometrics, extensive research base. Biggest concerns are length and reading level. Short forms have less research, but are appealing based on reduced burden and promising data

Interpretation

GBI Scoring

Limitations

Mechanism

Research

See also

References

  1. ^ Massachusetts General Hospital, School Psychiatry Program and MADI Resource Center (2010). Table of all screening tools and rating scales. Retrieved from "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 27 September 2015. Retrieved 14 September 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  2. ^ a b Youngstrom, Eric A.; Genzlinger, Jacquelynne E.; Egerton, Gregory A.; Meter, Anna R. Van (16 November 2015). "Multivariate meta-analysis of the discriminative validity of caregiver, youth, and teacher rating scales for pediatric bipolar disorder: Mother knows best about mania". Archives of Scientific Psychology. 3 (1): 112–137. doi:10.1037/arc0000024. ISSN 2169-3269 – via PsycARTICLES. Open access icon
  3. ^ Streiner, David L. (1 June 2003). "Being Inconsistent About Consistency: When Coefficient Alpha Does and Doesn't Matter". Journal of Personality Assessment. 80 (3): 217–222. doi:10.1207/S15327752JPA8003_01. ISSN 0022-3891. PMID 12763696.
  4. ^ Achenbach, TM; McConaughy, SH; Howell, CT (March 1987). "Child/adolescent behavioral and emotional problems: implications of cross-informant correlations for situational specificity". Psychological Bulletin. 101 (2): 213–32. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.101.2.213. PMID 3562706.
  5. ^ a b c d e Depue, Richard A.; Slater, Judith F.; Wolfstetter-Kausch, Heidi; Klein, Daniel; Goplerud, Eric; Farr, David (October 1981). "A behavioral paradigm for identifying persons at risk for bipolar depressive disorder: A conceptual framework and five validation studies". Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 90 (5): 381–437. doi:10.1037/0021-843X.90.5.381. PMID 7298991 – via PsycARTICLES.
  6. ^ Findling, Robert L.; Youngstrom, Eric A.; Zhao, Joan; Marcus, Ron; Andersson, Candace; McQuade, Robert; Mankoski, Raymond. "Respondent and item level patterns of response of aripiprazole in the acute treatment of pediatric bipolar I disorder". Journal of Affective Disorders. 143 (1–3): 231–235. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.04.033.
  7. ^ a b Klein, Daniel N.; Dickstein, Susan; Taylor, Ellen B.; Harding, Kathryn (February 1989). "Identifying chronic affective disorders in outpatients: Validation of the General Behavior Inventory". Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 57 (1): 106–11. doi:10.1037/0022-006x.57.1.106. PMID 2925959.
  8. ^ Mesman, Esther; Nolen, Willem A.; Reichart, Catrien G.; Wals, Marjolein; Hillegers, Manon H.J. (May 2013). "The Dutch Bipolar Offspring Study: 12-Year Follow-Up". American Journal of Psychiatry. 170 (5): 542–549. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12030401. PMID 23429906.
  9. ^ Reichart, CG; van der Ende, J; Wals, M; Hillegers, MH; Nolen, WA; Ormel, J; Verhulst, FC (December 2005). "The use of the GBI as predictor of bipolar disorder in a population of adolescent offspring of parents with a bipolar disorder". Journal of Affective Disorders. 89 (1–3): 147–55. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2005.09.007. PMID 16260043.
  10. ^ Depue, RA; Kleiman, RM; Davis, P; Hutchinson, M; Krauss, SP (February 1985). "The behavioral high-risk paradigm and bipolar affective disorder, VIII: Serum free cortisol in nonpatient cyclothymic subjects selected by the General Behavior Inventory". The American Journal of Psychiatry. 142 (2): 175–81. doi:10.1176/ajp.142.2.175. PMID 3970242.
  11. ^ Klein, DN; Depue, RA (August 1984). "Continued impairment in persons at risk for bipolar affective disorder: results of a 19-month follow-up study". Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 93 (3): 345–7. doi:10.1037/0021-843x.93.3.345. PMID 6470321.
  12. ^ a b Pendergast, Laura L.; Youngstrom, Eric A.; Brown, Christopher; Jensen, Dane; Abramson, Lyn Y.; Alloy, Lauren B. (2015). "Structural invariance of General Behavior Inventory (GBI) scores in Black and White young adults". Psychological Assessment. 27 (1): 21–30. doi:10.1037/pas0000020.
  13. ^ a b Danielson, CK; Youngstrom, EA; Findling, RL; Calabrese, JR (February 2003). "Discriminative validity of the general behavior inventory using youth report". Journal of abnormal child psychology. 31 (1): 29–39. PMID 12597697.
  14. ^ Findling, RL; Youngstrom, EA; Danielson, CK; DelPorto-Bedoya, D; Papish-David, R; Townsend, L; Calabrese, JR (February 2002). "Clinical decision-making using the General Behavior Inventory in juvenile bipolarity". Bipolar disorders. 4 (1): 34–42. doi:10.1034/j.1399-5618.2002.40102.x. PMID 12047493.
  15. ^ Alloy, LB; Abramson, LY; Hogan, ME; Whitehouse, WG; Rose, DT; Robinson, MS; Kim, RS; Lapkin, JB (August 2000). "The Temple-Wisconsin Cognitive Vulnerability to Depression Project: lifetime history of axis I psychopathology in individuals at high and low cognitive risk for depression". Journal of Abnormal Psychology. 109 (3): 403–18. doi:10.1037/0021-843x.109.3.403. PMID 11016110.
  16. ^ Youngstrom, Eric A.; Findling, Robert L.; Danielson, Carla Kmett; Calabrese, Joseph R. (June 2001). "Discriminative validity of parent report of hypomanic and depressive symptoms on the General Behavior Inventory". Psychological Assessment. 13 (2): 267–276. doi:10.1037/1040-3590.13.2.267. PMID 11433802 – via PsycArticles.
  17. ^ Findling, RL; Youngstrom, EA; McNamara, NK; Stansbrey, RJ; Wynbrandt, JL; Adegbite, C; Rowles, BM; Demeter, CA; Frazier, TW; Calabrese, JR (January 2012). "Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled long-term maintenance study of aripiprazole in children with bipolar disorder". The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry. 73 (1): 57–63. doi:10.4088/jcp.11m07104. PMID 22152402.
  18. ^ a b Youngstrom, E; Zhao, J; Mankoski, R; Forbes, RA; Marcus, RM; Carson, W; McQuade, R; Findling, RL (March 2013). "Clinical significance of treatment effects with aripiprazole versus placebo in a study of manic or mixed episodes associated with pediatric bipolar I disorder". Journal of child and adolescent psychopharmacology. 23 (2): 72–9. doi:10.1089/cap.2012.0024. PMC 3696952. PMID 23480324.
  19. ^ Ong, ML; Youngstrom, EA; Chua, JJ; Halverson, TF; Horwitz, SM; Storfer-Isser, A; Frazier, TW; Fristad, MA; Arnold, LE; Phillips, ML; Birmaher, B; Kowatch, RA; Findling, RL; LAMS, Group (1 July 2016). "Comparing the CASI-4R and the PGBI-10 M for Differentiating Bipolar Spectrum Disorders from Other Outpatient Diagnoses in Youth". Journal of abnormal child psychology. doi:10.1007/s10802-016-0182-4. PMID 27364346. {{cite journal}}: |first14= has generic name (help)

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GBI form

Practice parameters

For youth

For adults

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