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In February 2006, Husain was charged with "hurting sentiments of people" because of his nude portraits of [[Hindu deities|Hindu gods and goddesses]].<ref>{{cite news|title=M F Husain booked for his paintings of nude gods|url=http://ia.rediff.com/news/2006/feb/07nude.htm|publisher=[[Rediff]]|date=7 February 2006|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]}}</ref> In addition, in 6 February 2006 issue, ''[[India Today]]'', a national English weekly published an advertisement titled "Art For Mission Kashmir". This advertisement contains a painting of {Bharatmata} (Mother India) as a nude woman posed across a map of India with the names of Indian States on various of her body. The exhibition was organised by [[Nafisa Ali]] of Action India (NGO) and Apparao Art Gallery. Organizations like [[Vishva Hindu Parishad]] (VHP) have protested persistently against Husain displaying the painting on the websites and even in exhibitions in north Europe. As a result, Husain apologized and promised to withdraw the painting from an auction, which was later sold for Rs 80 lakh in the auction.<ref>{{cite news|title=MF Hussain apologises for obscene paintings|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-02-07/india/27814790_1_hjs-m-f-hussain-noted-painter|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=7 February 2006|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=HJS lodges FIR against Nafisa Ali for selling Hussain's art|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/pti_news.asp?id=354472|newspaper=[[Outlook India]]|date=10 February 2006|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071204065111/http://www.outlookindia.com/pti_news.asp?id=354472|archivedate=4 December 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The painting later appeared on Husain's official website.
In February 2006, Husain was charged with "hurting sentiments of people" because of his nude portraits of [[Hindu deities|Hindu gods and goddesses]].<ref>{{cite news|title=M F Husain booked for his paintings of nude gods|url=http://ia.rediff.com/news/2006/feb/07nude.htm|publisher=[[Rediff]]|date=7 February 2006|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]}}</ref> In addition, in 6 February 2006 issue, ''[[India Today]]'', a national English weekly published an advertisement titled "Art For Mission Kashmir". This advertisement contains a painting of {Bharatmata} (Mother India) as a nude woman posed across a map of India with the names of Indian States on various of her body. The exhibition was organised by [[Nafisa Ali]] of Action India (NGO) and Apparao Art Gallery. Organizations like [[Vishva Hindu Parishad]] (VHP) have protested persistently against Husain displaying the painting on the websites and even in exhibitions in north Europe. As a result, Husain apologized and promised to withdraw the painting from an auction, which was later sold for Rs 80 lakh in the auction.<ref>{{cite news|title=MF Hussain apologises for obscene paintings|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-02-07/india/27814790_1_hjs-m-f-hussain-noted-painter|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=7 February 2006|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=HJS lodges FIR against Nafisa Ali for selling Hussain's art|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/pti_news.asp?id=354472|newspaper=[[Outlook India]]|date=10 February 2006|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071204065111/http://www.outlookindia.com/pti_news.asp?id=354472|archivedate=4 December 2007|df=dmy-all}}</ref> The painting later appeared on Husain's official website.


Husain became the best-paid painter in India, his highest-selling piece fetching $1.6&nbsp;million at a 2008 [[Christie's]] auction.<ref name=welllived>{{cite news|last=Mittra|first=Anwesha|title=MF Husain: A life well lived|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-09/people/29637678_1_gaja-gamini-mf-husain-painter|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=9 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Jana|first=Reena|title=The Late M.F. Husain, Already an Icon of Indian Art, Becomes a Market Darling|url=http://www.artinfo.com/news/story/846892/the-late-mf-husain-already-an-icon-of-indian-art-becomes-a|newspaper=[[Art+Auction]]|date=11 December 2012}}</ref>
Husain became the best paid painter in India, his highest selling piece fetching $1.6&nbsp;million at a 2008 [[Christie's]] auction.<ref name=welllived>{{cite news|last=Mittra|first=Anwesha|title=MF Husain: A life well lived|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-09/people/29637678_1_gaja-gamini-mf-husain-painter|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=9 June 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Jana|first=Reena|title=The Late M.F. Husain, Already an Icon of Indian Art, Becomes a Market Darling|url=http://www.artinfo.com/news/story/846892/the-late-mf-husain-already-an-icon-of-indian-art-becomes-a|newspaper=[[Art+Auction]]|date=11 December 2012}}</ref>


Hundreds of lawsuits in connection with Husain's allegedly obscene art were outstanding as of 2007.<ref name=prop>{{cite news|title=Husain’s property: SC issues stay order|url=http://archives.dawn.com/dawnftp/72.249.57.55/dawnftp/2007/05/09/int8.htm|newspaper=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|date=8 May 2007|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20130215193355/http://archives.dawn.com/dawnftp/72.249.57.55/dawnftp/2007/05/09/int8.htm|archivedate=15 February 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> A warrant was issued for his arrest after he did not appear at a hearing, though this warrant was later suspended.<ref name=prop/><ref name=ndtvmfhussain>{{cite news|title=MF Husain, a self-taught artist|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-09/india/29638271_1_hindu-gods-hindu-groups-mf-husain|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=9 June 2011|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]}}</ref><ref name="iht.com">{{cite news|url=http://www.taiwannews.com.tw/etn/news_content.php?id=445526 |title=India's Supreme Court suspends arrest warrant for artist M.F. Husain |agency=[[Associated Press]] |newspaper=[[Taiwan News]]|date=29 March 2009}}</ref> Husain also received death threats.<ref name=ndtvmfhussain/>{{failed verification |date=January 2016}}
Hundreds of lawsuits in connection with Husain's allegedly obscene art were outstanding as of 2007.<ref name=prop>{{cite news|title=Husain’s property: SC issues stay order|url=http://archives.dawn.com/dawnftp/72.249.57.55/dawnftp/2007/05/09/int8.htm|newspaper=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|date=8 May 2007|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20130215193355/http://archives.dawn.com/dawnftp/72.249.57.55/dawnftp/2007/05/09/int8.htm|archivedate=15 February 2013|df=dmy-all}}</ref> A warrant was issued for his arrest after he did not appear at a hearing, though this warrant was later suspended.<ref name=prop/><ref name=ndtvmfhussain>{{cite news|title=MF Husain, a self-taught artist|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-06-09/india/29638271_1_hindu-gods-hindu-groups-mf-husain|newspaper=[[The Times of India]]|date=9 June 2011|agency=[[Press Trust of India]]}}</ref><ref name="iht.com">{{cite news|url=http://www.taiwannews.com.tw/etn/news_content.php?id=445526 |title=India's Supreme Court suspends arrest warrant for artist M.F. Husain |agency=[[Associated Press]] |newspaper=[[Taiwan News]]|date=29 March 2009}}</ref> Husain also received death threats.<ref name=ndtvmfhussain/>{{failed verification |date=January 2016}}

Revision as of 05:58, 29 January 2018

MF Husain
MF Husain at Museum of Islamic Art, Doha
Born
Maqbool Fida Husain

(1915-09-17)17 September 1915
Pandharpur, Bombay Presidency, British India
Died9 June 2011(2011-06-09) (aged 95)
London, England
NationalityIndian (1915-2010)
Qatari (2010–2011)[1]
EducationSir J. J. School of Art
Known forPainting, drawing, writing, filmmaking
Notable workMeenaxi: A Tale of Three Cities
Through the Eyes of a Painter
MovementBombay Progressive Artists' Group
AwardsPadma Shri (1966)
Padma Bhushan (1973)
Padma Vibhushan (1991)

Maqbool Fida Husain (17 September 1915 – 9 June 2011) [2] was a modern Indian painter of international acclaim, and a founding member of Bombay Progressive Artists' Group.

Husain was associated with Indian modernism in the 1940s. His early association with the Bombay Progressive Artists' Group used modern technique, and was inspired by the "new" India after The Partition of 1947. His narrative paintings, executed in a modified Cubist style, can be caustic and funny as well as serious and sombre. His themes—sometimes treated in series—include topics as diverse as Mohandas K. Gandhi, Mother Teresa, the Ramayana, the Mahabharata, the British raj, and motifs of Indian urban and rural life. Early in his painting career, and until his death, he enjoyed depicting the lively and free spirit of horses in many of his works.Husain is the most celebrated and internationally recognized Indian artist of the 20th century. Husain is primarily known for his paintings, but is also known for his drawings and his work as a printmaker, photographer, and filmmaker. Some of his later works stirred controversy, as they depicted traditional deities of India in non-traditional ways including nude portrayals of the deities.

He also directed a few movies. In 1967, he received the National Film Award for Best Experimental Film for Through the Eyes of a Painter.[3] In 2004, he directed Meenaxi: A Tale of Three Cities, a film he worked on with his artist son Owais Husain, which was screened in the Marché du Film section of the 2004 Cannes Film Festival.[4]

Biography

Husain was born on 17 september 1915 in Pandharpur to a Sulaymani Bohra family who trace their roots back to Gujarat within the last 200 years, and then originally to Yemen.[5] He picked up taste in art through studying calligraphy while he stayed at a Madraasa in Baroda.[6] Husain attended the Sir Jamsetjee Jeejebhoy School of Art in Mumbai.[7] Early in his career Husain painted cinema posters in Mumbai. To earn extra money, he worked for a toy company designing and building toys. He often travelled to Gujarat to paint landscapes when he could afford to.[8]

Husain developed his painting skills in the 1930s, painting billboards for the growing Bollywood film industry.[9]This was a clique of young artists who wished to break with the nationalist traditions established by the Bengal school of art and to encourage an Indian avant-garde, engaged at an international level. The artists cite "The Partition" of India and Pakistan 14 August 1947, with its resulting religious rioting and heavy loss of life as their reason for forming The Progressive Artist's Group in Bombay in December 1947. The artists saw the Partition as a "turning point" for India, and their new style of art was urged on by, and was also a turning point for, (modern) Indian Art.[10] Husain's first solo exhibit was in 1952 in Zurich.[11] His first U.S.A. exhibit was at India House in New York in 1964.[12][13] In 1966, he was awarded the prestigious Padma Shri .

1966 – 1990

In 1967, he made his first film,Through the Eyes of a Painter It was shown at the Berlin International Film Festival and won a Golden Bear short film award.[14][15]

Husain was a special invitee along with Pablo Picasso at the Sao Paulo Biennial (Brazil) in 1971.[11] [16][better source needed] He was awarded the Padma Bhushan in 1973[17] and was nominated to the Rajya Sabha in 1986.[16][better source needed] He was awarded the Padma Vibhushan in 1991.[17] From then he was remarked as one of the best painters of the world .he is one of the best artist in india.

1990 – 2005

His paintings allegedly hurt the religious sentiments of Hindu nationalist groups, which beginning in the 1990s mounted a campaign of protest against him.[18] The paintings in question were created in 1970, but did not become an issue until 1996, when they were printed in Vichar Mimansa, a Hindi monthly magazine, which published them in an article headlined "M.F. Husain: A Painter or Butcher".[18] In response, eight criminal complaints were filed against him. In 2004, Delhi High Court dismissed these complaints of "promoting enmity between different groups ... by painting Hindu goddesses – Durga and Sarswati, that was later compromised by Hindu fundamentalist groups."[19][20] In 1998 Husain's house was attacked by Hindu fundamentalist groups like Bajrang Dal and art works were vandalised. The leadership of another fundamentalist political party Shiv Sena endorsed the attack. Twenty-six Bajrang Dal activists were arrested by the police.[21] Protests against Husain also led to the closure of an exhibition in England.

He has also produced & directed several movies, including Gaja Gamini (2000) (with his muse Madhuri Dixit who was the subject of a series of his paintings which he signed Fida). The film was intended as a tribute to Ms. Dixit herself.[22][better source needed] In this film she can be seen portraying various forms and manifestations of womanhood including the muse of Kalidasa, the Mona Lisa, a rebel, and musical euphoria. He also appeared in a scene in film Mohabbat, which had Madhuri Dixit in lead role. In the film, the paintings that were supposedly done by Madhuri were actually Husain's.[23] He went on to make Meenaxi: A Tale of Three Cities (with Tabu). The film was pulled out of cinemas a day after some Muslim organisations raised objections to one of the songs in it.[24] The All-India Ulema Council complained that the Qawwali song Noor-un-Ala-Noor was blasphemous. It argued that the song contained words directly taken from the Quran. The council was supported by Muslim organisations like the Milli Council, All-India Muslim Council, Raza Academy, Jamiat-ul-Ulema-e-Hind and Jamat-e-Islami. Husain's son stated that the words were a phrase referring to divine beauty that were being sung by the central character played by Tabu. He said there was no intention to offend. Following the wave of protests the enraged artist withdrew his movie from cinemas. The film was well received by the critics, however, and went on to win various awards.

2006 - 2011

In February 2006, Husain was charged with "hurting sentiments of people" because of his nude portraits of Hindu gods and goddesses.[25] In addition, in 6 February 2006 issue, India Today, a national English weekly published an advertisement titled "Art For Mission Kashmir". This advertisement contains a painting of {Bharatmata} (Mother India) as a nude woman posed across a map of India with the names of Indian States on various of her body. The exhibition was organised by Nafisa Ali of Action India (NGO) and Apparao Art Gallery. Organizations like Vishva Hindu Parishad (VHP) have protested persistently against Husain displaying the painting on the websites and even in exhibitions in north Europe. As a result, Husain apologized and promised to withdraw the painting from an auction, which was later sold for Rs 80 lakh in the auction.[26][27] The painting later appeared on Husain's official website.

Husain became the best paid painter in India, his highest selling piece fetching $1.6 million at a 2008 Christie's auction.[28][29]

Hundreds of lawsuits in connection with Husain's allegedly obscene art were outstanding as of 2007.[30] A warrant was issued for his arrest after he did not appear at a hearing, though this warrant was later suspended.[30][31][32] Husain also received death threats.[31][failed verification]

Husain lived in self-imposed exile from 2006 until his death.[31] He generally lived in Doha and summered in London.[1] For the last years of his life Husain lived in Doha and London, staying away from India, but expressing a strong desire to return, despite fears of being killed.[33]

In 2008 Husain was commissioned to create 32 large-scale paintings of Indian history. He finished 8 before his death.[2] In 2010, he was conferred Qatari nationality, and he surrendered his Indian passport.[34][35] In Qatar, he principally worked on two large projects, one on the history of Arab civilization, commissioned by Qatar's first lady, Mozah bint Nasser Al Missned, and one on the history of Indian civilization.[1] The works are to be housed in a museum in Doha.[1]

At the age of 92 Husain was given the prestigious Raja Ravi Varma award by the government of Kerala.[36] The announcement led to controversy in Kerala and some cultural organisations campaigned against the granting of the award and petitioned the Kerala courts. Social Activist, Rahul Easwar, went to Kerala High Court and it granted an interim order to stay the granting of the award until the petition had been disposed of.[37]

In 2010, the Jordanian Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre named Husain as one of the 500 most influential Muslims.[38]

Grave of M. F. Husain in Brookwood Cemetery in Surrey, England.

M. F. Husain died, aged 95, on 9 June 2011, following a heart attack. He had been unwell for several months.[39] He died at the Royal Brompton Hospital in London, and was buried in Brookwood Cemetery on 10 June 2011.[40]

Other Indian artists expressed criticism. Satish Gujral publicly asked Husain whether he would dare to portray Islamic figures similarly.[41] However Gujral stated that he deeply regretted the way Husain was treated and forced into an exile because of what Gujral termed "the mob culture".[42]

Writing in The Pioneer, Chandan Mitra wrote, "As long as such a law exists in the statutes, nobody can be faulted for approaching the courts against Husain's objectionable paintings, nor can the judiciary be pilloried for ordering action against the artist for his persistent and deliberate refusal to appear before the court."[43]

In response to the controversy, Husain's admirers petitioned the government to grant Husain the Bharat Ratna, India's highest award. According to Shashi Tharoor, who supported the petition, it praised Husain because his "life and work are beginning to serve as an allegory for the changing modalities of the secular in modern India – and the challenges that the narrative of the nation holds for many of us. This is the opportune and crucial time to honour him for his dedication and courage to the cultural renaissance of his beloved country."[44]

On his part Husain stated that leading Hindu leaders have not spoken a word against his paintings, and they should have been the first ones to have raised their voice and only people with political intentions created controversy.[6]

After Husain's death, Shiv Sena chief Bal Thackeray said, "He only slipped up on the depiction of Hindu gods and goddesses. Otherwise, he was happy and content in his field. If his demise is a loss for modern art, then so be it. May Allah give him peace!"[45][46][47]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d Ram, N. (25 February 2010). "M.F. Husain gets Qatar nationality". The Hindu.
  2. ^ a b http://www.culturalindia.net/indian-art/painters/m-f-hussain.html, also , India's Most Famous Painter, Dies at 95|work=The New York Times|date=9 June 2011|author=William Grimes}}
  3. ^ "15th National Film Awards" (PDF). International Film Festival of India. Retrieved 21 September 2011.
  4. ^ "Meenaxi: Tale of 3 cities screened at Cannes".
  5. ^ "Understanding Husain". 3 May 2012. Retrieved 24 May 2017.
  6. ^ a b Nainar, Nahla (2 June 2010). "I just want to work in peace, says Husain". Gulf Times. Archived from the original on 7 June 2010. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  7. ^ Kumar, Anu (9 January 1999). "JJ Institute: 150 years of lettering the poor". Indian Express. Archived from the original on 26 May 2009. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  8. ^ "MF Husain". Web India. Retrieved 29 July 2015.[permanent dead link‍]
  9. ^ Mcdermon, Daniel (5 July 2017). "M. F. Husain's Modern India at the Art Institute of Chicago". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 17 July 2017.
  10. ^ "Progressive Artists Group of Bombay: An Overview". www.artnewsnviews.com. Retrieved 24 May 2017.
  11. ^ a b "M.F. Husain". www.contemporaryindianart.com. Retrieved 24 May 2017.
  12. ^ "Aesthetica Magazine - M.F. Husain: Master of Modern Indian Painting, V&A, London". Retrieved 24 May 2017.
  13. ^ "List of Famous Indian Personalities, Great Persons in India". www.indiaonline.in. Retrieved 24 May 2017.
  14. ^ "Prizes and Honours 1967". Berlin International Film Festival. Retrieved 30 June 2012.
  15. ^ "M.F. Husain 'Through The Eyes Of A Painter': A chronology". Deccan Herald. Indo-Asian News Service. 9 June 2011. Retrieved 9 January 2013.
  16. ^ a b "M. F. Husain: M. F. Husain paintings, art work at Palette Art Gallery, India". Paletteartgallery.com. Archived from the original on 12 March 2012. Retrieved 30 June 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  17. ^ a b "Padma Awards" (PDF). Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India. 2015. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 November 2014. Retrieved 21 July 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  18. ^ a b William Grimes (9 June 2011). "Maqbool Fida Husain, also , India's Most Famous Painter, Dies at 95". The New York Times.
  19. ^ "Delhi HC dismisses complaints against M.F. Husain". The Hindu. 8 April 2004.
  20. ^ [1][permanent dead link‍]
  21. ^ Padmanabhan, R. (9–22 May 1998). "Assault on art". Frontline. Archived from the original on 14 July 2006. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  22. ^ "youtube.com". The work of the muse. Retrieved 12 December 2006.
  23. ^ "Reema Nath made Husain act in 'Mohabbat'". Deccan Herald. Indo-Asian News Service. 13 June 2011.
  24. ^ Kumar, Shiv (16 April 2004). "Husain pulls Meenaxi out of theatres". The Tribune.
  25. ^ "M F Husain booked for his paintings of nude gods". Rediff. Press Trust of India. 7 February 2006.
  26. ^ "MF Hussain apologises for obscene paintings". The Times of India. Press Trust of India. 7 February 2006.
  27. ^ "HJS lodges FIR against Nafisa Ali for selling Hussain's art". Outlook India. 10 February 2006. Archived from the original on 4 December 2007. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  28. ^ Mittra, Anwesha (9 June 2011). "MF Husain: A life well lived". The Times of India.
  29. ^ Jana, Reena (11 December 2012). "The Late M.F. Husain, Already an Icon of Indian Art, Becomes a Market Darling". Art+Auction.
  30. ^ a b "Husain's property: SC issues stay order". Dawn. 8 May 2007. Archived from the original on 15 February 2013. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  31. ^ a b c "MF Husain, a self-taught artist". The Times of India. Press Trust of India. 9 June 2011.
  32. ^ "India's Supreme Court suspends arrest warrant for artist M.F. Husain". Taiwan News. Associated Press. 29 March 2009.
  33. ^ "Police attach MF Husain's property in Mumbai". Daily News and Analysis. Press Trust of India. 6 May 2007.
  34. ^ "MF Husain dead at 95". India Today. 9 June 2011.
  35. ^ "Has India lost its Husain forever?". NDTV. 25 February 2010. Retrieved 9 January 2013.
  36. ^ "MF Husain selected for Raja Ravi Varma award". Hindustan Times. Press Trust of India. 12 May 2007. Archived from the original on 7 March 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  37. ^ "High Court restraint on award for M.F. Husain". The Hindu. 14 September 2007.
  38. ^ "The 500 Most Influential Muslims" (PDF). The Royal Islamic Strategic Studies Centre. Retrieved 3 January 2011.
  39. ^ "India's most highly prized artist MF Husain dies aged 95". BBC News. 9 June 2011.
  40. ^ Elliott, John (9 June 2011). "MF Husain dies – lauded in exile by India's artistic fraternity". The Independent. Archived from the original on 18 April 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  41. ^ "A brush with genius". Hindustan Times. 24 September 2006. Archived from the original on 22 October 2012. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  42. ^ Gupta, Shekar (7 April 2008). "On the record: 'Husain's exile makes me ashamed of my culture. . . the state hasn't expelled him, mob culture has'". Indian Express. Archived from the original on 11 May 2008. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  43. ^ Mitra, Chandan. "Art for God's sake". The Pioneer. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 27 September 2007. {{cite news}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  44. ^ Tharoor, Shashi (26 November 2006). "Our stories". The Hindu.
  45. ^ "Husain only 'slipped up' on depiction of Hindu gods: Bal Thackeray". The Hindu. 10 June 2011.
  46. ^ Mishra, Ambarish (10 June 2011). "Gave up the country, not his obduracy". The Times of India. Times News Network.
  47. ^ "Bal Thackeray: MF Husain 'slipped'; Raj: Time to put controversies behind". Daily News and Analysis. Press Trust of India. 9 June 2011.
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