Veterinary pharmacy: Difference between revisions
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== History == |
== History == |
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The first mention of veterinary pharmacy may date back around 60 years to when literature was published synthesizing veterinary medicine and antibiotic usage<ref name=":1" />. However, it is difficult to pinpoint exactly when pharmacists and veterinarians began collaborating to the point where the term "veterinary pharmacy" was developed. The role of a pharmacist in veterinary practice has expanded largely due to the workings of drug company production methods, in addition to prices of veterinary medication. For instance, veterinarians historically compounded medications for their patients themselves due to a lack of commercially available veterinary medications<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|date=2015-09-01|title=Evaluation of the practice of veterinary pharmacy|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877129715000714|journal=Currents in Pharmacy Teaching and Learning|language=en|volume=7|issue=5|pages=606–613|doi=10.1016/j.cptl.2015.06.017|issn=1877-1297}}</ref>. While this has changed, with multiple drug companies such as Merck Animal Health selling $3.3 billion worth of drugs for pets and livestock, due to expensive approvals necessary from the Food and Drug Administration, most drugs are often approved for one particular type of patient<ref name=":2" />. As drugs may be approved for simply one species, compounding is extremely beneficial in veterinary medicine. Under the Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act, medicines may be compounded to fit the needs of more than one type of animal<ref name=":2" />. Pharmacists are therefore valuable to veterinarians in their extensive knowledge of pharmacokinetics and pharmacology. Additionally, veterinary pharmacy has gained prominence due to pricing of veterinary medication. As pet owners advocated for more options for their pets' medications in the US, the Fairness to Pet Owners Act was introduced into Congress, and would allow pet owners to find the cheapest medication for their pet<ref>Frankel, G., Kusno, A., & Louizos, C. (2016). Five things every community pharmacist should know when dispensing for 4-legged patients. ''Canadian Pharmacists Journal : CPJ'', ''149''(2), 99–106. <nowiki>http://doi.org/10.1177/1715163516628543</nowiki></ref>. This would likely lead to an increase in medications for pets being distributed in pharmacies, and as a result increase the need for pharmacists to compound and dispense animal medication. |
The first mention of veterinary pharmacy may date back around 60 years to when literature was published synthesizing veterinary medicine and antibiotic usage<ref name=":1" />. However, it is difficult to pinpoint exactly when pharmacists and veterinarians began collaborating to the point where the term "veterinary pharmacy" was developed. The role of a pharmacist in veterinary practice has expanded largely due to the workings of drug company production methods, in addition to prices of veterinary medication. For instance, veterinarians historically compounded medications for their patients themselves due to a lack of commercially available veterinary medications<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|date=2015-09-01|title=Evaluation of the practice of veterinary pharmacy|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877129715000714|journal=Currents in Pharmacy Teaching and Learning|language=en|volume=7|issue=5|pages=606–613|doi=10.1016/j.cptl.2015.06.017|issn=1877-1297}}</ref>. While this has changed, with multiple drug companies such as Merck Animal Health selling $3.3 billion worth of drugs for pets and livestock, due to expensive approvals necessary from the Food and Drug Administration, most drugs are often approved for one particular type of patient<ref name=":2" />. As drugs may be approved for simply one species, compounding is extremely beneficial in veterinary medicine. Under the Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act, medicines may be compounded to fit the needs of more than one type of animal<ref name=":2" />. Pharmacists are therefore valuable to veterinarians in their extensive knowledge of pharmacokinetics and pharmacology. Additionally, veterinary pharmacy has gained prominence due to pricing of veterinary medication. As pet owners advocated for more options for their pets' medications in the US, the Fairness to Pet Owners Act was introduced into Congress, and would allow pet owners to find the cheapest medication for their pet<ref>Frankel, G., Kusno, A., & Louizos, C. (2016). Five things every community pharmacist should know when dispensing for 4-legged patients. ''Canadian Pharmacists Journal : CPJ'', ''149''(2), 99–106. <nowiki>http://doi.org/10.1177/1715163516628543</nowiki></ref>. This would likely lead to an increase in medications for pets being distributed in pharmacies, and as a result increase the need for pharmacists to compound and dispense animal medication. |
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== Education == |
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=== United States === |
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As the term "veterinary pharmacy" continues to evolve, education specific to the field has been slow to develop. As |
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== Veterinary Pharmacy - *GENERAL* Article Outline == |
== Veterinary Pharmacy - *GENERAL* Article Outline == |
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Revision as of 15:09, 21 February 2018
Veterinary Pharmacy
Veterinary pharmacy is still an emerging field of pharmacy practice, in which veterinary pharmacists may compound medications, fill prescriptions, and manage drug therapies for animals.[1] Veterinary medicine is a relatively large area of practice in which veterinarians prescribe medications and treat their animal patients, so pharmacists come into play in the preparation and dispensing of these animal medications. As veterinarians treat a wide variety of animals with a wide variety of products, pharmacists can help manage these treatments through their compounding and drug knowledge. More and more pharmacies are stocking animal medications[2] and additionally these medications might need modification to best treat their animal patients. For instance, 75,000 pharmacies compounded 6,350,000 medications for animal patients, according to the FDA[3]. This compounding is often necessary for animal patients, as they require different dosages and medication forms from humans. Through compounding, pharmacists can adjust a medication for an animal so it is more appealing in taste or appearance[2]. While their is currently no required veterinary pharmacy curriculum in place by the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education, the American Veterinary Medical Association understands that some veterinary education might be beneficial to pharmacists as community pharmacies continue to supply animal medications[4].
History
The first mention of veterinary pharmacy may date back around 60 years to when literature was published synthesizing veterinary medicine and antibiotic usage[1]. However, it is difficult to pinpoint exactly when pharmacists and veterinarians began collaborating to the point where the term "veterinary pharmacy" was developed. The role of a pharmacist in veterinary practice has expanded largely due to the workings of drug company production methods, in addition to prices of veterinary medication. For instance, veterinarians historically compounded medications for their patients themselves due to a lack of commercially available veterinary medications[5]. While this has changed, with multiple drug companies such as Merck Animal Health selling $3.3 billion worth of drugs for pets and livestock, due to expensive approvals necessary from the Food and Drug Administration, most drugs are often approved for one particular type of patient[5]. As drugs may be approved for simply one species, compounding is extremely beneficial in veterinary medicine. Under the Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act, medicines may be compounded to fit the needs of more than one type of animal[5]. Pharmacists are therefore valuable to veterinarians in their extensive knowledge of pharmacokinetics and pharmacology. Additionally, veterinary pharmacy has gained prominence due to pricing of veterinary medication. As pet owners advocated for more options for their pets' medications in the US, the Fairness to Pet Owners Act was introduced into Congress, and would allow pet owners to find the cheapest medication for their pet[6]. This would likely lead to an increase in medications for pets being distributed in pharmacies, and as a result increase the need for pharmacists to compound and dispense animal medication.
Education
United States
As the term "veterinary pharmacy" continues to evolve, education specific to the field has been slow to develop. As
Veterinary Pharmacy - *GENERAL* Article Outline
- Lead - intro
- General definition
- Purpose
- Relation to pharmacy
- Little bit about compounding
- Implications for the future
- History
- When, how, and why did it start to emerge?
- Education/Continuing education
- Residency?
- Elective courses?
- Practice experiences?
- Practice sites
- Compounding pharmacies
- Veterinary hospitals?
- Prevalence
- Stats on current prevalence
- How it might grow, etc
Article Evaluation - Collaborative Practice Agreement
The Wikipedia article "Collaborative Practice Agreement," provides a successful and reliable summary of what a CPA is, how it works, and its implications on pharmacy. The article stays extremely focused on the topic, as each subsequent paragraph relates back to Collaborative Practice Agreements. The article is neutral in the fact that the author(s) do(es) not share a personal opinion, but it does provide brief examples of both criticism and praise for the agreements. Though both views are illustrated in the article, I think that because this is such a pressing topic in the pharmacy community, the article could benefit from slightly more substantial sections on different perspectives from different healthcare professionals. It is apparent that the opinions of physicians and pharmacists should be addressed in the article, but I believe it would really benefit the article to include information on opinions of perhaps nurses or physicians' assistants as well, in addition to expanding on the existing paragraph on perspectives. The majority of the facts included in the article are referenced properly, but it must be known that many of the references come from pharmacy websites or articles, leading one to question if they might be biased in the favor of pharmacists. I don't believe however, that this really raises a question of reliability because the topic is extremely pharmacy-related. The article is very up to date, but it is missing information on each state's individual regulations, as shown in a large chart included in the article. Overall, the article appears to supply a substantial amount of information important to the understanding of a Collaborative Practice Agreement. While there may be room for expansion for perspectives or missing information, it is a part of multiple projects and appears to have relatively minimal problems raised in the Talk Page, leading to my conclusion that it is successful and reliable article.
 | This is a user sandbox of Veterinary pharmacy. You can use it for testing or practicing edits. This is not the sandbox where you should draft your assigned article for a dashboard.wikiedu.org course. To find the right sandbox for your assignment, visit your Dashboard course page and follow the Sandbox Draft link for your assigned article in the My Articles section. |
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- ^ a b Ceresia, Michelle L.; Fasser, Carl E.; Rush, John E.; Scheife, Richard T.; Orcutt, Connie J.; Michalski, Donald L.; Mazan, Melissa R.; Dorsey, Mary T.; Bernardi, Stephen P. (2009-02-19). "The Role and Education of the Veterinary Pharmacist". American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education. 73 (1). ISSN 0002-9459. PMC 2690882. PMID 19513154.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) - ^ a b "Understanding the Veterinary Patient". Pharmacy Times. Retrieved 2018-02-12.
- ^ Davidson, G. (2017). Veterinary Compounding: Regulation, Challenges, and Resources. Pharmaceutics, 9(1), doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics9010005
- ^ Theberge, C. R., & Sehgal, I. (2016). Bringing More Veterinary Pharmacy into the Pharmacy Curriculum. American Journal Of Pharmaceutical Education, 80(5), 89. doi:10.5688/ajpe80589
- ^ a b c "Evaluation of the practice of veterinary pharmacy". Currents in Pharmacy Teaching and Learning. 7 (5): 606–613. 2015-09-01. doi:10.1016/j.cptl.2015.06.017. ISSN 1877-1297.
- ^ Frankel, G., Kusno, A., & Louizos, C. (2016). Five things every community pharmacist should know when dispensing for 4-legged patients. Canadian Pharmacists Journal : CPJ, 149(2), 99–106. http://doi.org/10.1177/1715163516628543