Tauragė Revolt: Difference between revisions
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The '''Tauragė Revolt''' ({{lang-lt|Tauragės sukilimas}}) was an anti-government revolt that took place in [[Tauragė]], [[Lithuania]] on 9 September 1927. Members of the [[Social Democratic Party of Lithuania]] and [[Lithuanian Popular Peasants' Union]] wanted to remove President [[Antanas Smetona]] from power. The rebels took control of Tauragė, the revolt spread to neighboring villages and their forces grew to 200 men. However, the revolt was poorly prepared and was suppressed the same day by units of the [[Lithuanian Army]] that arrived from [[Klaipėda]]. In the aftermath, over 300 people were arrested and 11 were [[Capital punishment in Lithuania|executed]]. A group of rebels escaped abroad where they became known as ''[[plečkaitininkai]]'' and, with the help from [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]], continued to plot{{ |
The '''Tauragė Revolt''' ({{lang-lt|Tauragės sukilimas}}) was an anti-government revolt that took place in [[Tauragė]], [[Lithuania]] on 9 September 1927. Members of the [[Social Democratic Party of Lithuania]] and [[Lithuanian Popular Peasants' Union]] wanted to remove President [[Antanas Smetona]] from power. The rebels took control of Tauragė, the revolt spread to neighboring villages and their forces grew to 200 men. However, the revolt was poorly prepared and was suppressed the same day by units of the [[Lithuanian Army]] that arrived from [[Klaipėda]]. In the aftermath, over 300 people were arrested and 11 were [[Capital punishment in Lithuania|executed]]. A group of rebels escaped abroad where they became known as ''[[plečkaitininkai]]'' and, with the help from [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]], continued to plot{{POV statement|date=November 2017}} against the Smetona's regime until the mid-1930s. It was one of 13 attempts to overthrow Smetona's regime in 1926–1938.<ref name=liekis/> |
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==Background== |
==Background== |
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The opposition was active in Tauragė but also in [[Alytus]] (leaders Juozas Paplauskas and Juozas Kedys), [[Vilkaviškis]] ([[Jeronimas Plečkaitis]]), [[Raseiniai]], [[Kėdainiai]].<ref name=val2/> They collected weapons and printed proclamations in [[Tilsit]], Germany, that claimed that the revolt would receive support from three regiments of the [[Lithuanian Army]].<ref name=luk08/> Reportedly, the preparations started in June 1927.<ref name=merke/> There were plans for a country-wide revolt, but they were rushed and never came to life. In their book ''XX amžiaus slaptieji archyvai'' (Secret Archives of the 20th Century) [[Gražina Sviderskytė]] and {{illm|Arvydas Anušauskas|lt}} argued that the revolt was in large part organized by the Security Police to discredit the opposition.<ref name=val3/> |
The opposition was active in Tauragė but also in [[Alytus]] (leaders Juozas Paplauskas and Juozas Kedys), [[Vilkaviškis]] ([[Jeronimas Plečkaitis]]), [[Raseiniai]], [[Kėdainiai]].<ref name=val2/> They collected weapons and printed proclamations in [[Tilsit]], Germany, that claimed that the revolt would receive support from three regiments of the [[Lithuanian Army]].<ref name=luk08/> Reportedly, the preparations started in June 1927.<ref name=merke/> There were plans for a country-wide revolt, but they were rushed and never came to life. In their book ''XX amžiaus slaptieji archyvai'' (Secret Archives of the 20th Century) [[Gražina Sviderskytė]] and {{illm|Arvydas Anušauskas|lt}} argued that the revolt was in large part organized by the Security Police to discredit the opposition.<ref name=val3/> |
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In the early morning of 9 September, about 30 armed men took over the police station and commandant's office and arrested the officers. They also took control of the post office, railway station, headquarters of the local chapter of the [[Lithuanian Riflemen's Union]].<ref name=kanop/> There was very little resistance; during the single shootout two of the rebels were injured.<ref name=svider/> In the local press, the rebels printed 5,000 copies of a proclamation, signed by reserve captain Antanas Majus as the new head of the Tauragė District, informing locals about the revolt and ordering to surrender all weapons to the new commandant.<ref name=luk08/> Ferdinandas Saltonas stole 200,000 [[Lithuanian litas|litas]] and 3,000 [[United States dollar|dollars]] from the local branch of the [[Bank of Lithuania]] for the "purchase of weapons" though the bank had about 1.5 million litas.<ref name=svider/> The revolt spread to neighboring villages of [[Pagramantis]], {{illm|Sartininkai|lt}}, [[Žygaičiai]] and the rebels numbered some 200 men.<ref name=vle/> However, it was clear that the rebels did not have further plans.<ref name=luk08/> Units from the {{illm|7th Regiment (Lithuanian Army)|lt|Septintasis pėstininkų Žemaičių kunigaikščio Butegeidžio pulkas|lt=7th Regiment}} from [[Klaipėda]] and {{illm|8th Regiment (Lithuanian Army)|lt|Aštuntasis pėstininkų Kauno Kunigaikščio Vaidoto pulkas|lt=8th Regiment}} from [[Šiauliai]] entered Tauragė by 5 p.m. and retook the town with little resistance: one rebel was killed and two were injured.<ref name=svider/> The soldiers shot and killed {{illm|Povilas Mikulskis|lt}}, leader of the revolt and former member of the Seimas, when they tried to arrest him on 10 September.<ref name=val3/> |
In the early morning of 9 September, about 30 armed men took over the police station and commandant's office and arrested the officers. They also took control of the post office, railway station, headquarters of the local chapter of the [[Lithuanian Riflemen's Union]].<ref name=kanop/> There was very little resistance; during the single shootout two of the rebels were injured.<ref name=svider/> In the local press, the rebels printed 5,000 copies of a proclamation, signed by reserve captain Antanas Majus as the new head of the Tauragė District, informing locals about the revolt and ordering to surrender all weapons to the new commandant.<ref name=luk08/> Ferdinandas Saltonas stole 200,000 [[Lithuanian litas|litas]] and 3,000 [[United States dollar|dollars]] from the local branch of the [[Bank of Lithuania]] for the "purchase of weapons" though the bank had about 1.5 million litas.<ref name=svider/> The revolt spread to neighboring villages of [[Pagramantis]], {{illm|Sartininkai|lt}}, [[Žygaičiai]] and the rebels numbered some 200 men.<ref name=vle/> However, it was clear that the rebels did not have further plans.<ref name=luk08/> Units from the {{illm|7th Regiment (Lithuanian Army)|lt|Septintasis pėstininkų Žemaičių kunigaikščio Butegeidžio pulkas|lt=7th Regiment}} from [[Klaipėda]] and {{illm|8th Regiment (Lithuanian Army)|lt|Aštuntasis pėstininkų Kauno Kunigaikščio Vaidoto pulkas|lt=8th Regiment}} from [[Šiauliai]] entered Tauragė by 5 p.m. and retook the town with little resistance: one rebel was killed and two were injured.<ref name=svider/> The soldiers shot and killed {{illm|Povilas Mikulskis|lt}}, leader of the revolt and former member of the Seimas, when they tried to arrest him on 10 September.<ref name=val3/> |
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The revolt in [[Alytus]] ended before it started.<ref name=luk08/> A group of 30–40 men, commanded by [[Jeronimas Plečkaitis]], gathered near [[Balbieriškis]] and planned to attack military barracks hoping that the soldiers would join them. The group, armed with only a few [[revolver]]s, dispersed when they heard of searches being conducted in Alytus and saw military patrols.<ref name=luk08/> |
The revolt in [[Alytus]] ended before it started.<ref name=luk08/> A group of 30–40 men, commanded by [[Jeronimas Plečkaitis]], gathered near [[Balbieriškis]] and planned to attack military barracks hoping that the soldiers would join them. The group, armed with only a few [[revolver]]s, dispersed when they heard of searches being conducted in Alytus and saw military patrols.<ref name=luk08/> |
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==Aftermath== |
==Aftermath== |
||
In total, 324 people were arrested and 209 put on trial.<ref name=vle/> 22 people received death sentences and another 22 received life imprisonment.<ref name=val3/> Several sentences were commuted and only 11 people were actually executed,<ref name=vle/> seven of them a week after the revolt<ref name=val3/><!---source counts Mikulskis as executed---> and the other four on 12 May 1929.<ref name=eidin/> In 1972, a memorial stone was erected on the shore of the [[Jūra]] river where the executed men were buried.<ref name=pumpu/> Tauragė commandant also received an 8-month prison sentence for the failure to defend the town.<ref name=svider/> Ferdinandas Saltonas was arrested attempting to cross the [[Latvia–Lithuania border]], but was not prosecuted raising suspicions that the money he stole from the bank was meant as a compensation from the Security Police for his services in spying on the rebels.<ref name=val3/> Antanas Majus was not present in Tauragė and later claimed that he knew nothing of the revolt.<ref name=val3/> About 60 rebels, including leaders Jeronimas Plečkaitis, Juozas Paplauskas and Juozas Kedys, escaped abroad.<ref name=luksa/> They became known as ''[[plečkaitininkai]]'' and, with the help from Poland, continued to plot against the Smetona's regime until mid-1930s. The government used the threat of this group as one of the arguments for suppressing free press and spying on leftist organizations.<ref name=val3/> Therefore, in the long run, the revolt only strengthened Smetona's regime.<ref name=svider/> |
In total, 324 people were arrested and 209 put on trial.<ref name=vle/> 22 people received death sentences and another 22 received life imprisonment.<ref name=val3/> Several sentences were commuted and only 11 people were actually executed,<ref name=vle/> seven of them a week after the revolt<ref name=val3/><!---source counts Mikulskis as executed---> and the other four on 12 May 1929.<ref name=eidin/> In 1972, a memorial stone was erected on the shore of the [[Jūra]] river where the executed men were buried.<ref name=pumpu/> Tauragė commandant also received an 8-month prison sentence for the failure to defend the town.<ref name=svider/> Ferdinandas Saltonas was arrested attempting to cross the [[Latvia–Lithuania border]], but was not prosecuted raising suspicions that the money he stole from the bank was meant as a compensation from the Security Police for his services in spying on the rebels.<ref name=val3/> Antanas Majus was not present in Tauragė and later claimed that he knew nothing of the revolt.<ref name=val3/> About 60 rebels, including leaders Jeronimas Plečkaitis, Juozas Paplauskas and Juozas Kedys, escaped abroad.<ref name=luksa/> They became known as ''[[plečkaitininkai]]'' and, with the help from Poland, continued to plot against the Smetona's regime until the mid-1930s. The government used the threat of this group as one of the arguments for suppressing free press and spying on leftist organizations.<ref name=val3/> Therefore, in the long run, the revolt only strengthened Smetona's regime.<ref name=svider/> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{reflist|refs= |
{{reflist|refs= |
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<ref name=eidin>{{cite book| first=Alfonsas |last=Eidintas |year=2015 | title=Antanas Smetona and His Lithuania: From the National Liberation Movement to an Authoritarian Regime (1893-1940) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PaGXCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA188 |translator=[[Alfred Erich Senn]] |publisher=Brill Rodopi |series=On the Boundary of Two Worlds |isbn=9789004302037 |page=1887}} |
<ref name=eidin>{{cite book| first=Alfonsas |last=Eidintas |year=2015 | title=Antanas Smetona and His Lithuania: From the National Liberation Movement to an Authoritarian Regime (1893-1940) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PaGXCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA188 |translator=[[Alfred Erich Senn]] |publisher=Brill Rodopi |series=On the Boundary of Two Worlds |isbn=9789004302037 |page=1887}}</ref> |
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<ref name=liekis>{{cite book |first= Šarūnas |last=Liekis |title=1939: The Year that Changed Everything in Lithuania's History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ST3LrBPOM4gC&pg=PA33 |page=33 |publisher=Rodopi |year=2010 |isbn=9789042027626 |series=On the Boundary of Two Worlds: Identity, Freedom, and Moral Imagination in the Baltics }}</ref> |
<ref name=liekis>{{cite book |first= Šarūnas |last=Liekis |title=1939: The Year that Changed Everything in Lithuania's History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ST3LrBPOM4gC&pg=PA33 |page=33 |publisher=Rodopi |year=2010 |isbn=9789042027626 |series=On the Boundary of Two Worlds: Identity, Freedom, and Moral Imagination in the Baltics }}</ref> |
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Revision as of 10:03, 1 March 2018
| Tauragė Revolt | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
| Members of the Social Democratic Party of Lithuania, Lithuanian Popular Peasants' Union | Lithuanian government | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
|
Povilas Mikulskis † Jeronimas Plečkaitis | Chief of Security Police Jonas Budrys[1] | ||||||
| Units involved | |||||||
| 7th Regiment | |||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| 200 | |||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| 2 killed, 4 injured, 324 arrested, 11 executed | None | ||||||
The Tauragė Revolt (Template:Lang-lt) was an anti-government revolt that took place in Tauragė, Lithuania on 9 September 1927. Members of the Social Democratic Party of Lithuania and Lithuanian Popular Peasants' Union wanted to remove President Antanas Smetona from power. The rebels took control of Tauragė, the revolt spread to neighboring villages and their forces grew to 200 men. However, the revolt was poorly prepared and was suppressed the same day by units of the Lithuanian Army that arrived from Klaipėda. In the aftermath, over 300 people were arrested and 11 were executed. A group of rebels escaped abroad where they became known as plečkaitininkai and, with the help from Poland, continued to plot[neutrality is disputed] against the Smetona's regime until the mid-1930s. It was one of 13 attempts to overthrow Smetona's regime in 1926–1938.[2]
Background
The revolt was the third attempt in less than a year to overthrow the government of President Antanas Smetona and Prime Minister Augustinas Voldemaras that was installed by the military coup d'état of December 1926.[3] In January 1927, reserve major Juozas Tomkus, editor of Tautos valia, and reserve captain Pranas Klimaitis, former chairman of the Lithuanian Riflemen's Union, were arrested and sent to the newly established Varniai concentration camp when rumors spread that they planned a coup to install Vincas Grigaliūnas-Glovackis.[4] In March, Juozas Pajaujis, member of the Third Seimas of Lithuania, attempted a coup to "defend the constitution". His subsequent arrest and parliamentary crisis became a pretext for Smetona to dissolve the Seimas.[4] As a result of these attempts, several members of the opposition, primarily members of the Social Democratic Party of Lithuania and Lithuanian Popular Peasants' Union, were deported from Kaunas to the province where they continued to plot against the government.[3]
Revolt
The opposition was active in Tauragė but also in Alytus (leaders Juozas Paplauskas and Juozas Kedys), Vilkaviškis (Jeronimas Plečkaitis), Raseiniai, Kėdainiai.[3] They collected weapons and printed proclamations in Tilsit, Germany, that claimed that the revolt would receive support from three regiments of the Lithuanian Army.[5] Reportedly, the preparations started in June 1927.[6] There were plans for a country-wide revolt, but they were rushed and never came to life. In their book XX amžiaus slaptieji archyvai (Secret Archives of the 20th Century) Gražina Sviderskytė and Arvydas Anušauskas argued that the revolt was in large part organized by the Security Police to discredit the opposition.[1]
In the early morning of 9 September, about 30 armed men took over the police station and commandant's office and arrested the officers. They also took control of the post office, railway station, headquarters of the local chapter of the Lithuanian Riflemen's Union.[7] There was very little resistance; during the single shootout two of the rebels were injured.[8] In the local press, the rebels printed 5,000 copies of a proclamation, signed by reserve captain Antanas Majus as the new head of the Tauragė District, informing locals about the revolt and ordering to surrender all weapons to the new commandant.[5] Ferdinandas Saltonas stole 200,000 litas and 3,000 dollars from the local branch of the Bank of Lithuania for the "purchase of weapons" though the bank had about 1.5 million litas.[8] The revolt spread to neighboring villages of Pagramantis, Sartininkai, Žygaičiai and the rebels numbered some 200 men.[9] However, it was clear that the rebels did not have further plans.[5] Units from the 7th Regiment from Klaipėda and 8th Regiment from Šiauliai entered Tauragė by 5 p.m. and retook the town with little resistance: one rebel was killed and two were injured.[8] The soldiers shot and killed Povilas Mikulskis, leader of the revolt and former member of the Seimas, when they tried to arrest him on 10 September.[1]
The revolt in Alytus ended before it started.[5] A group of 30–40 men, commanded by Jeronimas Plečkaitis, gathered near Balbieriškis and planned to attack military barracks hoping that the soldiers would join them. The group, armed with only a few revolvers, dispersed when they heard of searches being conducted in Alytus and saw military patrols.[5]
Aftermath
In total, 324 people were arrested and 209 put on trial.[9] 22 people received death sentences and another 22 received life imprisonment.[1] Several sentences were commuted and only 11 people were actually executed,[9] seven of them a week after the revolt[1] and the other four on 12 May 1929.[10] In 1972, a memorial stone was erected on the shore of the Jūra river where the executed men were buried.[11] Tauragė commandant also received an 8-month prison sentence for the failure to defend the town.[8] Ferdinandas Saltonas was arrested attempting to cross the Latvia–Lithuania border, but was not prosecuted raising suspicions that the money he stole from the bank was meant as a compensation from the Security Police for his services in spying on the rebels.[1] Antanas Majus was not present in Tauragė and later claimed that he knew nothing of the revolt.[1] About 60 rebels, including leaders Jeronimas Plečkaitis, Juozas Paplauskas and Juozas Kedys, escaped abroad.[4] They became known as plečkaitininkai and, with the help from Poland, continued to plot against the Smetona's regime until the mid-1930s. The government used the threat of this group as one of the arguments for suppressing free press and spying on leftist organizations.[1] Therefore, in the long run, the revolt only strengthened Smetona's regime.[8]
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h Valiušaitis, Vidmantas (2 November 2009). "Slaptoji policija prieškario valstybininkų biografijose (3)" (in Lithuanian). Valstybė via Delfi.lt. Retrieved 12 November 2017.
{{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help) - ^ Liekis, Šarūnas (2010). 1939: The Year that Changed Everything in Lithuania's History. On the Boundary of Two Worlds: Identity, Freedom, and Moral Imagination in the Baltics. Rodopi. p. 33. ISBN 9789042027626.
- ^ a b c Valiušaitis, Vidmantas (31 October 2009). "Slaptoji policija prieškario valstybininkų biografijose (2)" (in Lithuanian). Valstybė via Delfi.lt. Retrieved 12 November 2017.
{{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help) - ^ a b c Lukšas, Aras (20 January 2012). "Perversmas, kurio nebuvo" (in Lithuanian). Lietuvos žinios. Retrieved 12 November 2017.
{{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help) - ^ a b c d e Lukšas, Aras (6 November 2008). "Nepavykusių perversmų paslaptis" (in Lithuanian). Lietuvos žinios. Retrieved 12 November 2017.
{{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in:|publisher=(help) - ^ Merkelis, Aleksandras (1964). Antanas Smetona: jo visuomeninė, kultūrinė ir politinė veikla (in Lithuanian). New York: Amerikos lietuvių tautinės sąjunga. pp. 404–405. OCLC 494741879.
- ^ Kanopkaitė, Sandra, ed. (2012). Tauragės kraštas. Tauragė Region. Translated by Rasa Salatkienė. Kaunas: Terra publica. p. 34. ISBN 978-609-8090-02-4.
- ^ a b c d e Anušauskas, Arvydas; Sviderskytė, Gražina (2008). XX amžiaus slaptieji archyvai: dvylika istorijos detektyvų. Versus aureus. pp. 167–171. ISBN 978-9955-34-118-5.
- ^ a b c "Tauragės sukilimas". Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija (in Lithuanian). Mokslo ir enciklopedijų leidybos centras. 2013-06-03. Retrieved 12 November 2017.
- ^ Eidintas, Alfonsas (2015). Antanas Smetona and His Lithuania: From the National Liberation Movement to an Authoritarian Regime (1893-1940). On the Boundary of Two Worlds. Translated by Alfred Erich Senn. Brill Rodopi. p. 1887. ISBN 9789004302037.
- ^ Pumputienė, Sigutė (14 September 2012). "Paminėtas 1927-ųjų metų Tauragės sukilimas" (in Lithuanian). Tauragiškių balsas. Retrieved 12 November 2017.