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==== Info from 1900 to present ====
==== Info from 1900 to present ====
"a mathematical relationship was developed accounted for these lines in the visible emission spectrum of hydrogen. Subsequently, in 1913, Niels Bohr initiated anew era of spectral interpretation by linking line spectra to the quantum ideas recently proposed by Planck and Einstein. Put simply, Bohr proposed that electrons exist in states of constant energy and only change energy by undergoing a transition from one state to another. During the transition they either absorb or emit an amount of energy that is exactly equal to the energy difference between the two states. This behavior produced the characteristic spectral lines." '''and''' "The significance of visible emission spectroscopy as a method to study the transitions of outer electrons in atoms and molecules provided a convenient tool to examine the electronic structure of matter. Like emission spectra, absorption spectra were classified as either continuous or line spectra and were also used to identify elements or study electronic transitions. August Beer. a German Physicist and professor of mathematics the university of Bonn, recognized the relationship between the absorption of light and concentration (17). One of the first instruments to use the absorption of light to determine concentration was the color comparator (18), which relied on Beer's law. The user visually compared the transmitted light from the sample and a standard solution and adjusted the path length until the transmitted light from both solutions appeared to have the same intensity;. Eventually photodetectors replaced the inaccurate human eye, and in the 1930's a new instrument called the colorimeter or spectrophotometer was developed that used a grating or prism to isolate a specific wavelength for ahsorotion sn&trd analvsis
"a mathematical relationship was developed accounted for these lines in the visible emission spectrum of hydrogen. Subsequently, in 1913, Niels Bohr initiated anew era of spectral interpretation by linking line spectra to the quantum ideas recently proposed by Planck and Einstein. Put simply, Bohr proposed that electrons exist in states of constant energy and only change energy by undergoing a transition from one state to another. During the transition they either absorb or emit an amount of energy that is exactly equal to the energy difference between the two states. This behavior produced the characteristic spectral lines." '''and''' "The significance of visible emission spectroscopy as a method to study the transitions of outer electrons in atoms and molecules provided a convenient tool to examine the electronic structure of matter. Like emission spectra, absorption spectra were classified as either continuous or line spectra and were also used to identify elements or study electronic transitions. August Beer. a German Physicist and professor of mathematics the university of Bonn, recognized the relationship between the absorption of light and concentration (17). One of the first instruments to use the absorption of light to determine concentration was the color comparator (18), which relied on Beer's law. The user visually compared the transmitted light from the sample and a standard solution and adjusted the path length until the transmitted light from both solutions appeared to have the same intensity;. Eventually photodetectors replaced the inaccurate human eye, and in the 1930's a new instrument called the colorimeter or spectrophotometer was developed that used a grating or prism to isolate a specific wavelength for ahsorotion sn&trd analvsis<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Thomas|first=Nicholas C.|date=August 1991|title=The early history of spectrosocpy|url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ed068p631|journal=Journal of Chemical Education|volume=68|pages=631|via=}}</ref>


from The early history of spectroscopy---Nicholas C. Thomas
from The early history of spectroscopy---Nicholas C. Thomas
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==== Information about IR Spectroscopy ====
==== Information about IR Spectroscopy ====
"The discovery of the IR region of the electromagnetic spectrum was made by Herschel in 1800. Using a glass prism with blackened thermometers, Herschel detected the existence of radiant heat beyond the visible region near the red end of the solar spectrum. However, since Herschel's main interest was astronomy, he did not investigate this phenomenon further, and nearly a century elapsed before interest in the infrared region arose again. In 1882 Abney and Festing obtained IR absorption hands with the presence of certain organic groups in the molecules. Using sodium chloride plates, Julius recorded the spectra of 20 organic compounds and noted that methyl groups absorbed at characteristic wavelengths. By the turn of the century interest in IR spectroscopy &as rapidly growing. Beginning in 1903, W. W. Coblentz conducted a series of measurements over several years, during which time he studied the IR spectra of hundreds of organic and inorganic compounds (24). However, early workers studying IR encountered many experimental problems. They had to design, construct, and calibrate their own instruments and components, and measurements were generally recorded at night to minimize the effect of vibrations on the sensitive instruments. In addition, it took 34 hours to record a single spectrum. Due to the difficulty in measuring IR spectra, chemical applications were very limited until the 1940's." '''and''' "During World War II the US. government was interested in producing synthetic rubber by the polymerization of butadiene. This process required the analysis of Ca hydrocarbon isomers for which there was no commonly accepted method of analysis. The government offered support to two industrial research labs to design such an instrument: they were the Shell Development company in California and the Cyanamid Company in Connecticut. Cyanamid convinced the tin Perkin-Elmer optical shop to construct optical elements for a prototype IR. The instrument Perkin-Elmer built was one of the first operating infrared spectrometers, the Model 12. At about the same time the Beckman Company, through a similar arrangement with Shell, developed their Model IR-1 instrument. Once available commercially, these and successive instruments greatly enhanced the popularity of the IR technique, which, with the exception of optical isomers, was able to provide a unique "fingerprint" for any molecule. The Development of" From The early history of spectroscopy---Nicholas C. Thomas
"The discovery of the IR region of the electromagnetic spectrum was made by Herschel in 1800. Using a glass prism with blackened thermometers, Herschel detected the existence of radiant heat beyond the visible region near the red end of the solar spectrum. However, since Herschel's main interest was astronomy, he did not investigate this phenomenon further, and nearly a century elapsed before interest in the infrared region arose again. In 1882 Abney and Festing obtained IR absorption hands with the presence of certain organic groups in the molecules. Using sodium chloride plates, Julius recorded the spectra of 20 organic compounds and noted that methyl groups absorbed at characteristic wavelengths. By the turn of the century interest in IR spectroscopy &as rapidly growing. Beginning in 1903, W. W. Coblentz conducted a series of measurements over several years, during which time he studied the IR spectra of hundreds of organic and inorganic compounds (24). However, early workers studying IR encountered many experimental problems. They had to design, construct, and calibrate their own instruments and components, and measurements were generally recorded at night to minimize the effect of vibrations on the sensitive instruments. In addition, it took 34 hours to record a single spectrum. Due to the difficulty in measuring IR spectra, chemical applications were very limited until the 1940's." '''and''' "During World War II the US. government was interested in producing synthetic rubber by the polymerization of butadiene. This process required the analysis of Ca hydrocarbon isomers for which there was no commonly accepted method of analysis. The government offered support to two industrial research labs to design such an instrument: they were the Shell Development company in California and the Cyanamid Company in Connecticut. Cyanamid convinced the tin Perkin-Elmer optical shop to construct optical elements for a prototype IR. The instrument Perkin-Elmer built was one of the first operating infrared spectrometers, the Model 12. At about the same time the Beckman Company, through a similar arrangement with Shell, developed their Model IR-1 instrument. Once available commercially, these and successive instruments greatly enhanced the popularity of the IR technique, which, with the exception of optical isomers, was able to provide a unique "fingerprint" for any molecule." <ref name=":0" /> From The early history of spectroscopy---Nicholas C. Thomas


Notes
Notes
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== References ==
== References ==
<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Thomas|first=Nicholas C.|date=August 1991|title=The Early History of Spectroscopy|url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/ed068p631|journal=Journal of Chemical Education|volume=68|pages=|via=}}</ref>

<nowiki/>{{dashboard.wikiedu.org sandbox}}
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Revision as of 15:25, 16 March 2018

Tutorial stuff

my sandbox page is at User:tmyh7/sandbox

The tutorial talk page is https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Tmyh7/talk_page_tutorial

Article Evaluation

History of Spectroscopy

  • Is everything in the article relevant to the article topic? Is there anything that distracted you? -- Yes, no distractions
  • Is the article neutral? Are there any claims, or frames, that appear heavily biased toward a particular position? -- yes
  • Are there viewpoints that are overrepresented, or underrepresented? -- no
  • Check a few citations. Do the links work? Does the source support the claims in the article? Yes the citations work and support claims
  • Is each fact referenced with an appropriate, reliable reference? Where does the information come from? Are these neutral sources? If biased, is that bias noted? -- yes it is reliable, most citations are from books.
  • Is any information out of date? Is anything missing that could be added? -- no out of date info. More things could be added about history after 1900.
  • Check out the Talk page of the article. What kinds of conversations, if any, are going on behind the scenes about how to represent this topic? -- They discuss where to put information, in this page or another.
  • How is the article rated? Is it a part of any WikiProjects? -- it is a start class article and highly important. yes 3 wikiprojects.
  • How does the way Wikipedia discusses this topic differ from the way we've talked about it in class? -- We have not discussed it in class.

History of Spectroscopy Article edit

Collaborated with User:Ab6gc/sandbox

We chose this article because it is pretty bare in terms of history, there is no information past 1899. There also isn't very much information in the history prior too 1899, this could easily be expanded upon. We would like to add more in depth info prior to 1899 and start putting in info for history past 1899. This article is also marked as important and a start class article.

Possible sources to help article

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ed068p631 ---The early history of spectroscopy---Nicholas C. Thomas

https://serc.carleton.edu/NAGTWorkshops/mineralogy/mineral_physics/raman_ir.html#Comp ---Infrared and Raman Spectroscopy ---by Sylvia-Monique Thomas

https://web.archive.org/web/20071027110406/http://www.cem.msu.edu/~reusch/VirtualText/Spectrpy/InfraRed/infrared.htm ---Infrared Spectroscopy

Notes from sources

Info from 1900 to present

"a mathematical relationship was developed accounted for these lines in the visible emission spectrum of hydrogen. Subsequently, in 1913, Niels Bohr initiated anew era of spectral interpretation by linking line spectra to the quantum ideas recently proposed by Planck and Einstein. Put simply, Bohr proposed that electrons exist in states of constant energy and only change energy by undergoing a transition from one state to another. During the transition they either absorb or emit an amount of energy that is exactly equal to the energy difference between the two states. This behavior produced the characteristic spectral lines." and "The significance of visible emission spectroscopy as a method to study the transitions of outer electrons in atoms and molecules provided a convenient tool to examine the electronic structure of matter. Like emission spectra, absorption spectra were classified as either continuous or line spectra and were also used to identify elements or study electronic transitions. August Beer. a German Physicist and professor of mathematics the university of Bonn, recognized the relationship between the absorption of light and concentration (17). One of the first instruments to use the absorption of light to determine concentration was the color comparator (18), which relied on Beer's law. The user visually compared the transmitted light from the sample and a standard solution and adjusted the path length until the transmitted light from both solutions appeared to have the same intensity;. Eventually photodetectors replaced the inaccurate human eye, and in the 1930's a new instrument called the colorimeter or spectrophotometer was developed that used a grating or prism to isolate a specific wavelength for ahsorotion sn&trd analvsis[1]

from The early history of spectroscopy---Nicholas C. Thomas

Notes

---- This source help to start the subsection of early 20th Century (1900-1940's) in the History of Spectroscopy article. This article has no information of spectroscopy history past 1900 so this article helps give more information.

Information about IR Spectroscopy

"The discovery of the IR region of the electromagnetic spectrum was made by Herschel in 1800. Using a glass prism with blackened thermometers, Herschel detected the existence of radiant heat beyond the visible region near the red end of the solar spectrum. However, since Herschel's main interest was astronomy, he did not investigate this phenomenon further, and nearly a century elapsed before interest in the infrared region arose again. In 1882 Abney and Festing obtained IR absorption hands with the presence of certain organic groups in the molecules. Using sodium chloride plates, Julius recorded the spectra of 20 organic compounds and noted that methyl groups absorbed at characteristic wavelengths. By the turn of the century interest in IR spectroscopy &as rapidly growing. Beginning in 1903, W. W. Coblentz conducted a series of measurements over several years, during which time he studied the IR spectra of hundreds of organic and inorganic compounds (24). However, early workers studying IR encountered many experimental problems. They had to design, construct, and calibrate their own instruments and components, and measurements were generally recorded at night to minimize the effect of vibrations on the sensitive instruments. In addition, it took 34 hours to record a single spectrum. Due to the difficulty in measuring IR spectra, chemical applications were very limited until the 1940's." and "During World War II the US. government was interested in producing synthetic rubber by the polymerization of butadiene. This process required the analysis of Ca hydrocarbon isomers for which there was no commonly accepted method of analysis. The government offered support to two industrial research labs to design such an instrument: they were the Shell Development company in California and the Cyanamid Company in Connecticut. Cyanamid convinced the tin Perkin-Elmer optical shop to construct optical elements for a prototype IR. The instrument Perkin-Elmer built was one of the first operating infrared spectrometers, the Model 12. At about the same time the Beckman Company, through a similar arrangement with Shell, developed their Model IR-1 instrument. Once available commercially, these and successive instruments greatly enhanced the popularity of the IR technique, which, with the exception of optical isomers, was able to provide a unique "fingerprint" for any molecule." [1] From The early history of spectroscopy---Nicholas C. Thomas

Notes

--- This source greatly helps to develop my understanding of the first IR spectrometers and the history of why they were initially developed. Also helps information from 1900 to present.

References

  1. ^ a b Thomas, Nicholas C. (August 1991). "The early history of spectrosocpy". Journal of Chemical Education. 68: 631.
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