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Version anglaise

Lexicology is the part of linguistics which studies words. This may include their nature and function as symbols,^[1] their meaning, the relationship of their meaning to epistemology in general, and the rules of their composition from smaller elements (morphemes such as the English -ed marker for past or un- for negation; and phonemes as basic sound units). Lexicology also involves relations between words, which may involve semantics (for example, love vs. affection), derivation (for example, fathom vs. unfathomably), use and sociolinguistic distinctions (for example, flesh vs. meat), and any other issues involved in analyzing the whole lexicon of a language.

The term first appeared in the 1970s, though there were lexicologists in essence before the term was coined. Computational lexicology is a related field (in the same way that computational linguistics is related to linguistics) that deals with the computational study of dictionaries and their contents.

An allied science to lexicology is lexicography, which also studies words, but primarily in relation with dictionaries – it is concerned with the inclusion of words in dictionaries and from that perspective with the whole lexicon. Sometimes lexicography is considered to be a part or a branch of lexicology, but properly speaking, only lexicologists who actually write dictionaries are lexicographers. Some consider this a distinction of theory vs. practice.

Etymology

The word "lexicology" derives from the Greek λεξικόν lexicon, neut. of λεξικός lexikos, "of or for words",^[2] from λέξις lexis, "speech", "word"^[3] (in turn from λέγω lego "to say", "to speak"^[4]) and -λογία -logia, "the study of", a suffix derived from λόγος logos, amongst others meaning "speech, oration, discourse, quote, study, calculation, reason",^[5] in turn also from λέγω.

Lexical semantics

Domain

Semantic relations between words are of many kinds, for example homonymy, antonymy, meronymy, and paronymy. Semantics as specifically involved in lexicological work is called lexical semantics. Lexical semantics is somewhat different from the semantics of larger units such as phrases, sentences, and complete texts (or discourses), because it does not involve the same degree of compositional semantics complexities; however, the notion of "word" can be extremely complex, particularly in agglutinative languages.

Outside but related to linguistics, other forms of semantics are studied, such as cultural semantics and computational semantics (the latter may refer either to computational lexicology or mathematical logic.

History

Lexical semantics may not be understood without a brief exploration of its history.

Prestructuralist semantics

Semantics as a linguistic discipline has its beginning in the middle of the 19th century, and because linguistics at the time was predominantly diachronic, thus lexical semantics was diachronic too – it dominated the scene between the years of 1870 and 1930.^[6] Diachronic lexical semantics was interested without a doubt in the change of meaning with predominantly semasiological approach, taking the notion of meaning in a psychological aspect: lexical meanings were considered to be psychological entities), thoughts and ideas, and meaning changes are explained as resulting from psychological processes.

Structuralist and neostructuralist semantics

With the rise of new ideas after the ground break of Saussure's work, prestructuralist diachronic semantics was considerably criticized for the atomic study of words, the diachronic approach and the mingle of nonlinguistics spheres of investigation. The study became synchronic, concerned with semantic structures and narrowly linguistic structures.

Semantic structural relations of lexical entities can be seen in three ways:

semantic similarity
lexical relations such as synonymy, antonymy, and hyponymy
syntagmatic lexical relations were identified

WordNet "is a type of an online electronic lexical database organized on relational principles, which now comprises nearly 100,000 concepts" as Dirk Geeraerts^[7] states it.

Chomskyan school

Generative linguists soon investigated two opposing views of the place of semantics in a grammar, which ultimately clashed in an effusive debate,^[8] these were interpretative and generative semantics.

Cognitive semantics

Cognitive lexical semantics is thought to be most productive of the current approaches.

Phraseology

Another branch of lexicology, together with lexicography is phraseology. It studies compound meanings of two or more words, as in "raining cats and dogs". Because the whole meaning of that phrase is much different from the meaning of words included alone, phraseology examines how and why such meanings come in everyday use, and what possibly are the laws governing these word combinations. Phraseology also investigates idioms.

Etymology

Since lexicology studies the meaning of words and their semantic relations, it often explores the origin and history of a word, i.e. its etymology. Etymologists analyse related languages using a technique known as the comparative method. In this way, word roots have been found that can be traced all the way back to the origin of, for instance, the Proto Indo-European language.

Etymology can be helpful in clarifying some questionable meanings, spellings, etc., and is also used in lexicography. For example, etymological dictionaries provide words with their historical origins, change and development.

Lexicography

A familiar example of lexicology at work is that of dictionaries and thesauri. Dictionaries are books or computer programs (or databases) that actually represent lexicographical work, they are opened and purposed for the use of public.

As there are many different types of dictionaries, there are many different types of lexicographers.

Questions that lexicographers are concerned with are for example the difficulties in defining what simple words such as 'the' mean, and how compound or complex words, or words with many meanings can be clearly explained. Also which words to keep in and which not to include in a dictionary.

Noted lexicographers

Some noted lexicographers include:

Dr. Samuel Johnson (September 18, 1709 – December 13, 1784)
French lexicographer Pierre Larousse (October 23, 1817 – January 3, 1875)
Noah Webster (October 16, 1758 – May 28, 1843)
Russian lexicographer Vladimir Dal (November 10, 1801 – September 22, 1872)

Lexicologists

Peter Rolf Lutzeier: German Lexicologist
Damaso Alonso (October 22, 1898 - January 25, 1990): Spanish literary critic and lexicologist
Roland Barthes (November 12, 1915 – March 25, 1980): French writer, critic and lexicologist
Ghil'ad Zuckermann (born June 1, 1971): linguist, revivalist and lexicologist, author of Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew

References

^ Willard Van Orman Quine, Word and Object, 1960.
^ λεξικός, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek–English Lexicon, on Perseus Digital Library
^ λέξις, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek–English Lexicon, on Perseus Digital Library
^ λέγω, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, on Perseus Digital Library
^ λόγος, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek–English Lexicon, on Perseus Digital Library
^ Dirk Geeraerts, The theoretical and descriptive development of lexical semantics, Prestructuralist semantics, Published in: The Lexicon in Focus. Competition and Convergence in Current Lexicology, ed. Leila Behrens and Dietmar Zaefferer, p. 23–42
^ Dirk Geeraerts, The theoretical and descriptive development of lexical semantics, Structuralist and neostructuralist semantics, Published in: The Lexicon in Focus. Competition and Convergence in Current Lexicology, ed. Leila Behrens and Dietmar Zaefferer, p. 23–42
^ Harris, Randy Allen (1993) The Linguistics Wars, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press

Bibliography

Lexicology/Lexikologie: International Handbook on the Nature and Structure of Words and Vocabulary/Ein Internationales Handbuch Zur Natur and Struktur Von Wortern Und Wortschatzen, Vol 1. & Vol 2. (Eds. A. Cruse et al.)
Words, Meaning, and Vocabulary: An Introduction to Modern English Lexicology, (ed. H. Jackson); ISBN 0-304-70396-6
Toward a Functional Lexicology, (ed. G. Wotjak); ISBN 0-8204-3526-0
Lexicology, Semantics, and Lexicography, (ed. J. Coleman); ISBN 1-55619-972-4
English Lexicology: Lexical Structure, Word Semantics & Word-formation,(Leonhard Lipka.); ISBN 978-3-8233-4995-2
Outline of English Lexicology , (Leonhard Lipka.); ISBN 3-484-41003-5

External links

Societies

Theory

Traduction française

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La lexicologie est la discipline de la linguistique consacrée à l'étude des mots. Elle s'intéresse à leur nature et à leur fonction comme symboles,^[1] à leur sens, et à leur composition à partir des plus petites unités significatives (morphèmes) tels que -ent pour le 3e personne du pluriel ou re- dans re-faire. La lexicologie implique également les relations sémantiques entre les mots (par exemple, amour par opposition à affection ), et les distinctions sociolinguistiques (par exemple, "chair" par opposition à "viande"), et toutes les autres questions impliquées dans l'analyse du lexique complet d'une langue.

Le terme "lexicologie" est apparu pour la première fois dans les années 1970. La lexicologie computationnelle est un domaine connexe qui traite de l'étude computationnelle des dictionnaires et de leurs contenus. La lexicographie est un autre domaine qui étudie les mots, mais elle se concerne surtout l'inclusion des mots dans les dictionnaires.

La sémantique lexicale

La domaine

Il existe plusieurs types de relations sémantiques entre les mots, par exemple l'homonymie, l'antonyme, la méronymie et la paronymie. La relation particulière entre la sémantique et le travail lexicologique est appelé la sémantique lexicale.

L'histoire

La sémantique lexicale est mieux comprise avec une brève exploration de son histoire.

La sémantique préstructuraliste

La sémantique en tant que discipline linguistique trouve son origine au milieu du 19ème siècle. Comme la linguistique a cette époque était principalement diachronique, la sémantique lexicale était aussi diachronique – elle a dominé la scène entre les années 1870 et 1930. La sémantique lexicale diachronique s'intéressait principalement au changement de sens avec une approche sémasiologique, prenant la notion de sens dans un aspect psychologique: les significations lexicales étaient considérées comme des entités psychologiques et les changements de sens ont été considérés comme résultant de processus psychologiques.

La sémantique structuraliste et néostructuraliste

Les contributions novateurs de Ferdinand de Saussure ont donné naissance à de nouvelles idées qui critiquent la sémantique diachronique préstructuraliste pour son étude atomique des mots. L'étude est donc devenue sychronique, s'intéressant aux structures sémantiques et aux structures étroitement linguistiques.

La phraséologie

La phraséologie est une autre branche de la lexicographie qui intègre la lexicographie. Elle étudie des expressions fixes et des idiomes tels que "coup de foudre" ou "en avoir marre," où plusieurs mots agissent comme une seule unité lexicale. Puisque la signification d'une expression dans son ensemble est différente de la signification des mots composants, la phraséologie examine comment et pourquoi de telles significations deviennent une partie du discours quotidien.

L'étymologie

La lexicographie explore souvent l'origine et l'histoire d'un mot: son étymologie. Les étymologistes utilisent une technique appelée la méthode comparative pour analyser les langues apparentées qui ont évolué à partir d'une langue ancestrale commune. De cette façon, les racines des mots ont été trouvés qui peuvent être tracés jusqu'à l'origine, par exemple, de la langue proto-indo-européenne.

L'étymologie peut être utile pour fournir une explication à des significations contestables et orthographes. Les dictionnaires étymologiques fournissent des mots avec leurs origines historiques, leur changement et leur développement.

Lexicographie

Le travail en lexicographie est ce qui produit des dictionnaires et des thesauri. Les dictionnaires sont des livres ou des programmes informatiques qui représentent le travail lexicographique. Ils sont généralement destinés à l'usage du public.

Les lexicographes rencontrent plusieurs difficultés lors de la compilation d'un dictionnaire. Ils doivent trouver un moyen de définir des mots tels que le déterminant "le" et d'expliquer clairement des mots composés ou des mots ayant plusieurs significations. Les lexicographes doivent également décider quels mots à inclure et quels mots à ne pas inclure dans un dictionnaire.

Lexicographes éminents

Quelques lexicographes connus incluent:

Dr. Samuel Johnson (18 septembre 1709 - 13 décembre 1784)
Lexicographe français Pierre Larousse (23 octobre 1817 - 3 janvier 1875)
Noah Webster (16 octobre 1758 - 28 mai 1843)
Lexicographe russe Vladimir Dal (10 novembre 1801 - 22 septembre 1872)

Lexicologues

Peter Rolf Lutzeier: lexicologue allemand
Damaso Alonso (22 octobre, 1898 - 25 janvier, 1990): critique littéraire et lexicologue espagnol
Roland Barthes (12 novembre, 1915 – 25 mars, 1980): écrivain, critique, et lexicologue français
Ghil'ad Zuckermann (né le 1 juin, 1971): linguiste, revivaliste, et lexicologue, auteur de Language Contact and Enrichment lexical en hébreu israélien

Références

^ Willard Van Orman Quine, Word and Object, 1960.

Bibliographie

Lexicology/Lexikologie: International Handbook on the Nature and Structure of Words and Vocabulary/Ein Internationales Handbuch Zur Natur and Struktur Von Wortern Und Wortschatzen, Vol 1. & Vol 2. (Eds. A. Cruse et al.)
Words, Meaning, and Vocabulary: An Introduction to Modern English Lexicology, (ed. H. Jackson); ISBN 0-304-70396-6
Toward a Functional Lexicology, (ed. G. Wotjak); ISBN 0-8204-3526-0
Lexicology, Semantics, and Lexicography, (ed. J. Coleman); ISBN 1-55619-972-4
English Lexicology: Lexical Structure, Word Semantics & Word-formation,(Leonhard Lipka.); ISBN 978-3-8233-4995-2
Outline of English Lexicology , (Leonhard Lipka.); ISBN 3-484-41003-5

Liens externes

Sociétés

Théorie

Glossaire

'L' entries (from lexeme to lexicon) at SIL (Summer Institute of Linguistics)'s glossary of linguistic terms

Matériel d'enseignement

English and General Historical Lexicology (by Joachim Grzega and Marion Schöner

Journaux

Lexis, E-Journal in English Lexicology (by Denis Jamet)

[1] Willard Van Orman Quine, Word and Object, 1960.

[2] λεξικός, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek–English Lexicon, on Perseus Digital Library

[3] λέξις, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek–English Lexicon, on Perseus Digital Library

[4] λέγω, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, on Perseus Digital Library

[5] λόγος, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek–English Lexicon, on Perseus Digital Library

[6] Dirk Geeraerts, The theoretical and descriptive development of lexical semantics, Prestructuralist semantics, Published in: The Lexicon in Focus. Competition and Convergence in Current Lexicology, ed. Leila Behrens and Dietmar Zaefferer, p. 23–42

[7] Dirk Geeraerts, The theoretical and descriptive development of lexical semantics, Structuralist and neostructuralist semantics, Published in: The Lexicon in Focus. Competition and Convergence in Current Lexicology, ed. Leila Behrens and Dietmar Zaefferer, p. 23–42

[8] Harris, Randy Allen (1993) The Linguistics Wars, Oxford, New York: Oxford University Press

[9] Willard Van Orman Quine, Word and Object, 1960.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[1]

@@ Line 169: / Line 169: @@
 La phraséologie est une autre branche de la lexicographie qui intègre la lexicographie. Elle étudie des expressions fixes et des idiomes tels que "coup de foudre" ou "en avoir marre," où plusieurs mots agissent comme une seule unité lexicale. Puisque la signification d'une expression dans son ensemble est différente de la signification des mots composants, la phraséologie examine comment et pourquoi de telles significations deviennent une partie du discours quotidien.
-== Etymology ==
+== L'étymologie ==
+La lexicographie explore souvent l'origine et l'histoire d'un mot: son étymologie. Les étymologistes utilisent une technique appelée la [[méthode comparative]] pour analyser les langues apparentées qui ont évolué à partir d'une langue ancestrale commune. De cette façon, les racines des mots ont été trouvés qui peuvent être tracés jusqu'à l'origine, par exemple, de la [[langue proto-indo-européenne]].
-{{Main|Etymology}}
+L'étymologie peut être utile pour fournir une explication à des significations contestables et orthographes. Les dictionnaires étymologiques fournissent des mots avec leurs origines historiques, leur changement et leur développement.
-Since lexicology studies the meaning of words and their semantic relations, it often explores the origin and history of a word, i.e. its etymology. Etymologists analyse related languages using a technique known as the [[comparative method]]. In this way, [[root (linguistics)|word roots]] have been found that can be traced all the way back to the origin of, for instance, the [[Proto Indo-European language]].
+== Lexicographie ==
-Etymology can be helpful in clarifying some questionable meanings, spellings, etc., and is also used in lexicography. For example, etymological dictionaries provide words with their historical origins, change and development.
+Le travail en lexicographie est ce qui produit des [[dictionnaires]] et des [[thesaurus | thesauri]]. Les dictionnaires sont des livres ou des programmes informatiques qui représentent le travail lexicographique. Ils sont généralement destinés à l'usage du public.
+Les lexicographes rencontrent plusieurs difficultés lors de la compilation d'un dictionnaire. Ils doivent trouver un moyen de définir des mots tels que le déterminant "le" et d'expliquer clairement des mots composés ou des mots ayant plusieurs significations. Les lexicographes doivent également décider quels mots à inclure et quels mots à ne pas inclure dans un dictionnaire.
-== Lexicography ==
-{{Main|Lexicography}}
-A familiar example of lexicology at work is that of [[dictionaries]] and [[thesaurus|thesauri]]. Dictionaries are books or computer programs (or databases) that actually represent lexicographical work, they are opened and purposed for the use of public.
+=== Lexicographes éminents ===
-As there are many different types of dictionaries, there are many different types of lexicographers.
+Quelques lexicographes connus incluent:
+* Dr. [[Samuel Johnson]] (18 septembre 1709 - 13 décembre 1784)
+* Lexicographe français [[Pierre Larousse]] (23 octobre 1817 - 3 janvier 1875)
+* [[Noah Webster]] (16 octobre 1758 - 28 mai 1843)
+* Lexicographe russe [[Vladimir Dal]] (10 novembre 1801 - 22 septembre 1872)
+== Lexicologues ==
-Questions that lexicographers are concerned with are for example the difficulties in defining what simple words such as 'the' mean, and how compound or complex words, or words with many meanings can be clearly explained. Also which words to keep in and which not to include in a dictionary.
+* Peter Rolf Lutzeier: lexicologue allemand
+* Damaso Alonso (22 octobre, 1898 - 25 janvier, 1990): critique littéraire et lexicologue espagnol
+* [[Roland Barthes]] (12 novembre, 1915 – 25 mars, 1980): écrivain, critique, et lexicologue français
+* [[Ghil'ad Zuckermann]] (né le 1 juin, 1971): linguiste, revivaliste, et lexicologue, auteur de [[Language Contact and Enrichment lexical en hébreu israélien]]
+==Références==
-=== Noted lexicographers ===
-{{Main|Lexicographer}}
-Some noted lexicographers include:
-* Dr. [[Samuel Johnson]] (September 18, 1709 – December 13, 1784)
-* French lexicographer [[Pierre Larousse]] (October 23, 1817 – January 3, 1875)
-* [[Noah Webster]] (October 16, 1758 – May 28, 1843)
-* Russian lexicographer [[Vladimir Dal]] (November 10, 1801 – September 22, 1872)
-== Lexicologists ==
-* Peter Rolf Lutzeier: German Lexicologist
-* Damaso Alonso (October 22, 1898 - January 25, 1990): Spanish literary critic and lexicologist
-* [[Roland Barthes]] (November 12, 1915 – March 25, 1980): French writer, critic and lexicologist
-* [[Ghil'ad Zuckermann]] (born June 1, 1971): linguist, revivalist and lexicologist, author of [[Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew]]
-==References==
 <references />
@@ Line 210: / Line 203: @@
 * ''Outline of English Lexicology '', (Leonhard Lipka.); {{ISBN|3-484-41003-5}}
-==External links==
+==Liens externes==
 {{Wiktionary}}
 {{Commonscat}}
-===Societies===
+===Sociétés===
 * [http://www.atala.org Association for Automatic Language Processing (ATALA), Paris, France]
 * [http://www.le.ac.uk/english/jmc21/ishll.html International Society for Historical Lexicography and Lexicology, University of Leicester]
-===Theory===
+===Théorie===
 * [http://www.ciil-ebooks.net/html/lexico/link4.htm Lexicology vs. lexicography – an explanation]
 * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070707050350/http://coral.lili.uni-bielefeld.de/Classes/Winter99/GSdictionary/CompLex/node2.html Lexicography, lexicology, lexicon theory]
-===Glossary===
+===Glossaire===
 * [http://www.sil.org/linguistics/GlossaryOfLinguisticTerms/GlossaryLinguisticsL.htm 'L' entries (from lexeme to lexicon) at SIL (Summer Institute of Linguistics)'s glossary of linguistic terms]
-===Teaching Material===
+===Matériel d'enseignement===
 *[http://www1.ku-eichstaett.de/SLF/EngluVglSW/OnOnMon1.pdf ''English and General Historical Lexicology'' (by Joachim Grzega and Marion Schöner]
-===Journals===
+===Journaux===
 *[http://lexis.univ-lyon3.fr/ ''Lexis, E-Journal in English Lexicology'' (by Denis Jamet)]

Revision as of 03:37, 29 March 2018

Mon plan

Version anglaise

Etymology

Lexical semantics

Domain

History

Prestructuralist semantics

Structuralist and neostructuralist semantics

Chomskyan school

Cognitive semantics

Phraseology

Etymology

Lexicography

Noted lexicographers

Lexicologists

See also

References

Bibliography

External links

Societies

Theory

Glossary

Teaching Material

Journals

Traduction française

La sémantique lexicale

La domaine

L'histoire

La sémantique préstructuraliste

La sémantique structuraliste et néostructuraliste

La phraséologie

L'étymologie

Lexicographie

Lexicographes éminents

Lexicologues

Références

Bibliographie

Liens externes

Sociétés

Théorie

Glossaire

Matériel d'enseignement

Journaux