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First introduced in the US in 1977, [[plastic shopping bag]]s for bagging groceries at stores flourished in the 1980s and 1990s, replacing paper bags.{{Citation needed|date=December 2009}} In 1990s, governments in some countries started to impose [[tax]]es on distribution of disposable plastic bags or to regulate the use of them. Some supermarkets have encouraged shoppers to stop using disposable plastic bags, by for example offering inexpensive reusable shopping bags or providing information on plastic bags{{'}} environmental damage.<ref>Cherrier H., “Consumer identity and moral obligations in non-plastic bag consumption: a dialectical perspective</ref> The physical shape of reusable shopping bags is often different than was typical before the prevalence of plastic bags. The apparel industry promotes reusable shopping bags as [[sustainable fashion]].
First introduced in the US in 1977, [[plastic shopping bag]]s for bagging groceries at stores flourished in the 1980s and 1990s, replacing paper bags.{{Citation needed|date=December 2009}} In 1990s, governments in some countries started to impose [[tax]]es on distribution of disposable plastic bags or to regulate the use of them. Some supermarkets have encouraged shoppers to stop using disposable plastic bags, by for example offering inexpensive reusable shopping bags or providing information on plastic bags{{'}} environmental damage.<ref>Cherrier H., “Consumer identity and moral obligations in non-plastic bag consumption: a dialectical perspective</ref> The physical shape of reusable shopping bags is often different than was typical before the prevalence of plastic bags. The apparel industry promotes reusable shopping bags as [[sustainable fashion]].


Many [[supermarket]]s encourage the use of reusable shopping bags to increase sales and profit margins. Most [https://zedpackonline.com/product-category/e-shop/non-woven-shopping-bags/ non woven bags] cost $0.10-0.25 to produce but are sold for $0.99-$3.00.{{Citation needed|date=December 2009}} As stores receive diminishing returns due to saturated markets, there are concerns that prices will drop and they will become the new single-use bag. Some major supermarket chains have string or [[Calico (textile)|calico]] bags available for sale. They are sold with announcement of environmental issues in many cases. The ones sold in supermarkets often have designs related to nature, such as prints of trees or that of the earth, in order to emphasize environmental issues. One startup company out of [[Duluth, Minnesota]], embroiders their bags with their local [[Aerial Lift Bridge]] on it.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://reducereuseduluth.com|work= Reduce Reuse Duluth|date= April 9, 2017}}</ref> Some supermarkets have rewards programs for [[customers]] who bring own shopping bags. When the customers collect a certain amount of points, they can usually get discount coupons or gifts, which motivate customers to reduce plastic bag use. Some retailers such as [[Whole Foods Market]] and [[Target Corporation|Target]] offer a cash discount for bringing in reusable bags.<ref name="cash discount">{{cite news| url=https://www.usatoday.com/money/industries/retail/2010-01-26-retailfuture26_CV_N.htm | work=USA Today | title=Retailers try new survival strategies for 2010 | first=Jayne | last=O'Donnell | date=2010-01-29}}</ref><ref name="cash discount 2">{{cite web|url=http://www.whiteapricot.com/fab_finds/rm_reusable_shopping_bags.php |title=Eco friendly Reusable Shopping Bags |publisher=White Apricot |date=2008-04-22 |accessdate=2011-02-03}}</ref>
Many [[supermarket]]s encourage the use of reusable shopping bags to increase sales and profit margins. Most non woven bags cost $0.10-0.25 to produce but are sold for $0.99-$3.00.{{Citation needed|date=December 2009}} As stores receive diminishing returns due to saturated markets, there are concerns that prices will drop and they will become the new single-use bag. Some major supermarket chains have string or [[Calico (textile)|calico]] bags available for sale. They are sold with announcement of environmental issues in many cases. The ones sold in supermarkets often have designs related to nature, such as prints of trees or that of the earth, in order to emphasize environmental issues. One startup company out of [[Duluth, Minnesota]], embroiders their bags with their local [[Aerial Lift Bridge]] on it.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://reducereuseduluth.com|work= Reduce Reuse Duluth|date= April 9, 2017}}</ref> Some supermarkets have rewards programs for [[customers]] who bring own shopping bags. When the customers collect a certain amount of points, they can usually get discount coupons or gifts, which motivate customers to reduce plastic bag use. Some retailers such as [[Whole Foods Market]] and [[Target Corporation|Target]] offer a cash discount for bringing in reusable bags.<ref name="cash discount">{{cite news| url=https://www.usatoday.com/money/industries/retail/2010-01-26-retailfuture26_CV_N.htm | work=USA Today | title=Retailers try new survival strategies for 2010 | first=Jayne | last=O'Donnell | date=2010-01-29}}</ref><ref name="cash discount 2">{{cite web|url=http://www.whiteapricot.com/fab_finds/rm_reusable_shopping_bags.php |title=Eco friendly Reusable Shopping Bags |publisher=White Apricot |date=2008-04-22 |accessdate=2011-02-03}}</ref>


Since 1999, 6.25 billion reusable bags were imported into the [[United States]] for resale and give-aways under Harmonized Tariff Code (HTC) 4202923031 as reported by the [[United States International Trade Commission]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dataweb.usitc.gov/scripts/query.asp |title=US International Trade Commission Import Database |publisher=Dataweb.usitc.gov |date= |accessdate=2016-02-18}}</ref>
Since 1999, 6.25 billion reusable bags were imported into the [[United States]] for resale and give-aways under Harmonized Tariff Code (HTC) 4202923031 as reported by the [[United States International Trade Commission]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dataweb.usitc.gov/scripts/query.asp |title=US International Trade Commission Import Database |publisher=Dataweb.usitc.gov |date= |accessdate=2016-02-18}}</ref>

Revision as of 10:02, 17 April 2018

A blue reusable shopping bag
String bag with shopping items

A reusable shopping bag, sometimes called bag-for-life in the UK,[1][2] is a type of shopping bag which can be reused many times. It is an alternative to single-use paper or plastic bags. It is often made from fabric such as canvas, natural fibres such as Jute, woven synthetic fibers, or a thick plastic that is more durable than disposable plastic bags, allowing multiple use.

Reusable shopping bags are a kind of carrier bag, which are available for sale in supermarkets and apparel shops. Some reusable bags have been found to contain high amounts of lead.[3] Reusable bags require more energy to produce than common plastic shopping bags. one reusable bag requires the same amount of energy as an estimated 28 traditional plastic shopping bags or eight paper bags. "If used once per week, four or five reusable bags will replace 520 plastic bags a year", according to Nick Sterling, research director at Natural Capitalism Solutions.[4] A study commissioned by the United Kingdom Environment Agency in 2005 found that the average cotton bag is used only 51 times before being thrown away.[5] In some cases, reusable bags need to be used over 100 times before they are better for the environment than single-use plastic bags.[6]

History

Use in the United States

First introduced in the US in 1977, plastic shopping bags for bagging groceries at stores flourished in the 1980s and 1990s, replacing paper bags.[citation needed] In 1990s, governments in some countries started to impose taxes on distribution of disposable plastic bags or to regulate the use of them. Some supermarkets have encouraged shoppers to stop using disposable plastic bags, by for example offering inexpensive reusable shopping bags or providing information on plastic bags' environmental damage.[7] The physical shape of reusable shopping bags is often different than was typical before the prevalence of plastic bags. The apparel industry promotes reusable shopping bags as sustainable fashion.

Many supermarkets encourage the use of reusable shopping bags to increase sales and profit margins. Most non woven bags cost $0.10-0.25 to produce but are sold for $0.99-$3.00.[citation needed] As stores receive diminishing returns due to saturated markets, there are concerns that prices will drop and they will become the new single-use bag. Some major supermarket chains have string or calico bags available for sale. They are sold with announcement of environmental issues in many cases. The ones sold in supermarkets often have designs related to nature, such as prints of trees or that of the earth, in order to emphasize environmental issues. One startup company out of Duluth, Minnesota, embroiders their bags with their local Aerial Lift Bridge on it.[8] Some supermarkets have rewards programs for customers who bring own shopping bags. When the customers collect a certain amount of points, they can usually get discount coupons or gifts, which motivate customers to reduce plastic bag use. Some retailers such as Whole Foods Market and Target offer a cash discount for bringing in reusable bags.[9][10]

Since 1999, 6.25 billion reusable bags were imported into the United States for resale and give-aways under Harmonized Tariff Code (HTC) 4202923031 as reported by the United States International Trade Commission.[11]

Most U.S. grocery store customers do not bring their own bags, and many reusable bags go unused by customers, according to a 2008 article in the Wall Street Journal.[12]

In 2009, Walmart Stores proposed turning three California stores into reusable bag only stores.[13] Concurrently, Walmart was prepared to introduce a $0.15 reusable bag. On 23 October 2009, Walmart abandoned plans to remove carrier bags and introduced the new lower-cost bags.[citation needed] In contrast to previous bags sold at $0.99 and $0.50, these lower cost bags may reduce price incentive to reuse these heavier-duty bags.[original research?]

Use in the United Kingdom

Reusable shopping bags are offered in most British supermarkets. These are sold for a nominal sum, usually 10 pence, and are replaced for free. The bags are more durable than standard bags, meaning that they can be reused many times over.

The main purpose of this is to ensure that packaging waste legislation was met and to encourage the bags to be recycled (which usually earns the retailer a small amount of money per bag), and unlike with 5p carrier bags there is a (small) financial incentive to bring the bags back for recycling, lessening the environmental impact.

In contrast to most spartan carrier bags, bags for life tend to be colourful and sometimes show some aspect of the supermarket's advertising. Some supermarkets maintain the same design for years at a time, whereas some, like Waitrose, rotate the designs to tie in with either the season or the most recent advertising campaign.

Waitrose was the first British Supermarket to launch Bag For Life in association with British Polythene Industries. It was the brainchild of Gini Ekstein, from British Polythene industries. Gini Ekstein with Paul Oustedal and Nick Jones, of Waitrose, launched Bag For Life in 1998.[14] It was the first closed-loop recycling initiative; returned and broken bags are made into black benches places outside Waitrose stores. The initial marketing messages designed by Gini Ekstein, British Polythene Industries and Beth Chiles, of Message Marketing, are still in use today. As of April 2008, Marks and Spencer are giving their "bags for life" free to every customer, as their normal plastic bags will have to be paid for from May 6. This will be a small sum of 5 pence a carrier. The bags are given to the customer every time they shop, so they will have plenty when the switchover in May comes live.[citation needed] Later on, Sainsbury's and other supermarkets introduced the bag for life. As of 2016, the UK Government introduced a tax on all carrier bags, which means that every consumer pays 5p for any carrier bag from any store.

Apollo Bags was the first company in the United Kingdom to introduce the popular shopping bag with a rubber-based biodegradable lining which will degrade within our lifetime.[citation needed]

The increasing use of jute and juco bags (a mix of cotton and jute) has provided a natural alternative to single-use plastic bags and reusable plastic bags. These are found in many of the major supermarkets, and over 50 million have been sold in the UK alone.[citation needed] These bags have a 3-4 year lifespan and so are often seen as the ecological option. Reusable plastic bags do not have a simple end-of-life disposal route. Many are made of mixed plastics, so they cannot be easily recycled or are so highly coloured the only reuse is black bin bags which are energy-intensive to convert.[citation needed]

Jute bags have become a crossover product from an alternative to plastics to a fashion/shopper accessory. Jute bags will last for about 4 years – if used correctly will replace over 600 single bags. At end of life, they can be used as planters for growing garden vegetables.[citation needed]

Use in Ireland

In Ireland, they were introduced in March 2002, when the Plastic Bag Environmental Levy was brought in to reduce the massive amount of disposable bags being used annually. Bags costing 70 euro cents or more are exempt from the levy.

Use in Australia and New Zealand

A "green bag" from Australia

These bags are known as green bags in Australia due to their relative environmental friendliness and usual (though far from universal) green color. Green Bags and similar reusable shopping bags are commonly distributed at the point of sale by supermarkets and other retail outlets. They are intended to be reused repeatedly to replace the use of hundreds of High-density polyethylene (HDPE) plastic bags. Most green bags are made of 100% Non-woven Polypropylene (NWPP)[15] which is recyclable but not biodegradable. Some companies claim to be making NWPP bags from recycled material, however with current manufacturing techniques this is not possible. All NWPP bags are made from virgin material.[citation needed] Similar bags are made of jute, canvas, calico or hemp but are not discussed here. A typical base insert is 200 mm × 300 mm and weighs 30 g. It is generally made of a stiff plastic.

Food safety

Most reusable bag shoppers do not wash their bags once they return home, and the bags may be leading to food poisoning, according to Dr. Richard Summerbell, research director at Toronto-based Sporometrics and former chief of medical mycology for the Ontario Ministry of Health.[16] Because of their repeated exposure to raw meats and vegetables, there is an increased risk of foodborne illness. A 2008 study of bags, sponsored by the Environmental and Plastics Industry Council of Canada, found mold and bacterial levels in one reusable bag to be 300% greater than the levels that would be considered safe in drinking water.[17][18] The study does not differentiate between non-hemp bags and hemp bags, which have natural antimildew and antimicrobial properties.[19]

A 2010 joint University of Arizona and Limo Loma University study (sponsored by the American Chemistry Council, a trade group that advocates on behalf of disposable plastic bag manufacturers) they found that "Reusable grocery bags can be a breeding ground for dangerous foodborne bacteria and pose a serious risk to public health".[20] The study found that 97% of users did not wash them and that greater than 50% of the 84 bags contained coliform (a bacterium found in fecal material), while E. coli was found in 12% of the bags.[21] The study made the following recommendations:

  1. States should consider requiring printed instructions on reusable bags indicating they need to cleaned or bleached between uses.
  2. State and local governments should invest in a public education campaign to alert the public about risk and prevention.
  3. When using reusable bags, consumers should be careful to separate raw foods from other food products.
  4. Consumers should not use reusable food bags for other purposes such as carrying books or gym clothes.
  5. Consumers should not store meat or produce in the trunks of their cars because the higher temperature promotes growth of bacteria, which can contaminate reusable bags.

The study further showed that machine or hand washing even without the presence of bleach was effective in reducing coliform and other bacteria in the bags to levels below detection.[22]

A Consumer Reports article criticized the 2010 study, calling into question the small sample size of bags examined in the study and the questionable danger of the type and amount of bacteria found. Michael Hansen, senior staff scientist at Consumers Union, stated "A person eating an average bag of salad greens gets more exposure to these bacteria than if they had licked the insides of the dirtiest bag from this study". But Hansen notes that there are some reminders to take away from the study. It’s easy to spread bacteria from meat, fish, or poultry to other foods – in your kitchen or in your grocery bags. So he does think it’s wise to carry those items in disposable bags. Reusable bags are fine for most everything else, but it’s a good idea to wash them occasionally.[23]

Product safety

In September 2010, "Wegmans Food Markets Inc., owner of a chain of East Coast supermarkets, announced it would replace reusable shopping bags after a consumer group found the sacks had high levels of lead." [24] Bloomberg News also stated that the high levels were related to two specific designs, totaling more than 725,000 bags.

After a report in the Tampa Tribune[25] in November 2010 that elevated levels of lead were found in similar reusable bags, the Food and Drug Administration opened an investigation responding to calls by U.S. environmental and consumer groups, as well as U.S. Senator Charles Schumer, to investigate the reusable bags commonly distributed by grocery stores and large retail chains.[26] Winn-Dixie recalled their bags after they were directly cited in the investigation.[27]

In December 2010, Canadian-based athletic retailer Lululemon Athletica recalled complimentary reusable bags distributed since November 2009 because "environmental concerns were raised over the proper disposal of reusable bags due to lead content." [28] Sears' Canadian stores announced a recall on reusable bags because of similar findings on January 6, 2011.[29] On January 12, 2011, The Center for Environmental Health announced Disney-themed bags from U.S. grocery chain Safeway have been found to contain levels of lead 15 to 17 times the current federal limit of 300ppm.[30] Safeway recalled bags that had been identified as containing high levels of lead in late January 2011.

In January 2011, USA Today ran an article based on a report from the Center for Consumer Freedom, a front group for the "hospitality industries", that bags sold in the U.S. by Bloom, Giant, Giant Eagle, Safeway, Walgreens, and other grocery chains and retailers contained levels of lead in excess of 100 parts per million, the maximum amount allowed under law in many U.S. states. They have not produced their testing methods and data, and many organizations feel this was an attempt to discredit the use of reusable bags.[31] Bloom stopped distributing the bags due to toxicity levels prior to the study, but did not recall the bags.[32]

Other concerns have been raised about the safety of reusable bags due to infrequent washing and the presence of bacteria.[33]

In May 2012, Oregon Public Health published a study in the Journal of Infectious Diseases, traced an outbreak of the dangerous norovirus to a reusable grocery bag that members of a Beaverton girls' soccer team passed around when they shared cookies.[34][35][36]

Legislation and reusable bags

Main article: Phase-out of lightweight plastic bags

Some governments have encouraged or required the use of reusable shopping bags through the regulation of plastic bags with bans, recycling mandates, taxes or fees.[37] The legislation to discourage plastic bag use has been passed in parts of Hong Kong, Ireland, South Africa, the United States, Canada, and Taiwan.

In 2002, the Australian federal government studied the use of throwaway plastic bags and threatened to outlaw them if retailers did not voluntarily discourage their use. In 2003, the government negotiated with the Australian Retailers Association a voluntary progressive reduction of plastic bag use which led to a number of initiatives, including the widespread distribution and promotion of Green Bags.[citation needed]

From 1 October 2011, the Welsh government began enforcing a minimum tax of 5p on single use carrier bags.[citation needed]

In 2012, San Luis Obispo County, CA outlawed disposable plastic bags and began requiring shoppers to bring their own bags or pay a 10 cent per bag fee for paper bags.[38] In 2009, the District of Columbia began requiring a 5¢ fee for each disposable bag.[39] In 2012, Portland, Oregon began mandated programs to eliminate disposable checkout bags.[40]

In 2015, the Canadian province of Quebec voted in a program to ban disposable bags, but the program must be adopted by each municipality.[41][42] Toronto had tried a similar program, but was eliminated after a short time.[43]

Fashion trend

Because of the encouragement of reusable shopping bags by governments and supermarkets, reusable shopping bags have become one of the new fashion trends. The apparel industry also contributed to making it popular to have fashionable reusable shopping bags instead of disposable plastic bags. In 2007, British designer Anya Hindmarch's $15 "I'm Not A Plastic Bag" (an unbleached cotton bag) sold out in one day, and fetched $800 on the Internet.[44] The brand Envirosax started out producing reusable shopping bags, but have expanded their lines with more color and pattern options, in addition to licensing properties like Sesame Street.

Environmental concerns,[45] Ostalgie (nostalgia for East Germany), and a general fashion for retro style have led to the resurgence, in all parts of Germany, of what was once considered the frumpy Omas Einkaufsnetz (Grandma's shopping net).[46][47] The DDR Museum in Berlin has a collection of Einskaufsnetz, and the bags are now often sold as DDR kult Klassiker (East German cult classics).[48][47]

In terms of consumer behaviour, use of reusable bags is positively correlated with organic purchases and with self-indulgent purchases such as ice cream or cookies.[49][clarification needed]

Select types of reusable shopping bag

Type Bio degradabe Anti microbial Insulating (Thermal bag)
Jute Yes No No
Hemp Yes Yes No
Synthetic Textiles no yes no
Nonwoven fabric, Tyvek, etc no yes no

References

  1. ^ "Bag-for-life 'bug risk' advice". BBC News. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
  2. ^ "How can plastic bag addiction be cured?". BBC News. Retrieved 1 October 2015.
  3. ^ "Studies find lead in reusable shopping bags". Retrieved 2016-09-21.
  4. ^ Gamerman, Ellen (2008-09-26). "An Inconvenient Bag". Wall Street Journal.
  5. ^ Hickman, Martin (2011-02-20). "Plastic fantastic! Carrier bags 'not eco-villains after all'". The Independent. London.
  6. ^ "The Truth about Reusable Shopping Bags". MarketWatch. February 23, 2015.
  7. ^ Cherrier H., “Consumer identity and moral obligations in non-plastic bag consumption: a dialectical perspective
  8. ^ Reduce Reuse Duluth. April 9, 2017 https://reducereuseduluth.com. {{cite news}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  9. ^ O'Donnell, Jayne (2010-01-29). "Retailers try new survival strategies for 2010". USA Today.
  10. ^ "Eco friendly Reusable Shopping Bags". White Apricot. 2008-04-22. Retrieved 2011-02-03.
  11. ^ "US International Trade Commission Import Database". Dataweb.usitc.gov. Retrieved 2016-02-18.
  12. ^ Gamerman, Ellen (2008-09-26). "An Inconvenient Bag". The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved 2010-03-19.
  13. ^ "Wal-Mart postpones trial removing free plastic bags, Chicago Tribune". Chicagotribune.com. 2009-10-22. Retrieved 2010-03-19.
  14. ^ "Norfolk News, Norfolk Sport, Norfolk Business News, Norfolk Jobs, Norfolk Cars, Norfolk Houses - EDP24". New.edp24.co.uk. Archived from the original on January 6, 2009. Retrieved 2010-03-19. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  15. ^ "FAQ". greenpac.com.au. Retrieved 22 September 2013.
  16. ^ "Back to plastic? Reusable grocery bags may cause food poisoning - The Appetizer". Network.nationalpost.com. Retrieved 2010-03-19.
  17. ^ "CTV Toronto - Reusable bags contain bacteria, mould: study - CTV News, Shows and Sports - Canadian Television". Toronto.ctv.ca. 2008-11-27. Retrieved 2010-03-19.
  18. ^ "Microsoft Word - A Microbiological Study of Reusable Plastic Grocery Bags - Rpt & Cover Note-May 19-09.doc" (PDF). Retrieved 2011-02-03.
  19. ^ "Hemp Defined". Naihc.org. Retrieved 2011-02-03.
  20. ^ "Reusable Grocery Bags Contaminated With E. Coli, Other Bacteria". UANews.org. 2010-06-24. Retrieved 2011-02-03.
  21. ^ http://uanews.org/pdfs/GerbaWilliamsSinclair_BagContamination.pdf
  22. ^ Gerba, Charles P.; Williams, David; Sinclair, Ryan (June 9, 2010). Assessment of the Potential for Cross Contamination of Food Products by Reusable Shopping Bags. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |lastauthoramp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)
  23. ^ "Can reusable grocery bags make you sick, or is that just baloney?". ConsumerReports.org. 2010-07-22. Retrieved 2011-07-21.
  24. ^ Plungis, Jeff (2010-09-10). "Wegmans Markets Replaces Reusable Bags After Group Cites High Lead Levels". Bloomberg. Retrieved 2011-02-03.
  25. ^ "Refunds offered on reusable grocery bags containing lead". .tbo.com. 2010-11-14. Retrieved 2011-02-03.
  26. ^ "FDA opens investigation into reusable grocery bags". tbo.com. November 16, 2010.
  27. ^ Armour, Stephanie (2010-11-19). "Lead in reusable grocery bags prompts call for federal inquiry". Usatoday.Com. Retrieved 2011-02-03.
  28. ^ "Lululemon recalls reusable shopping bags". Edmonton Journal.
  29. ^ "Sears bag recalled over high lead content". Ottawacitizen.com. 2011-01-06. Retrieved 2011-02-03.
  30. ^ "Lead found in Disney-licensed shopping bags". tbo.com. 2011-01-12. Retrieved 2011-02-03.
  31. ^ Amy Westervelt (2011-03-23). "Is the Plastic Industry the New Tobacco Industry?". Earth Island Journal.
  32. ^ O'Donnell, Jayne (2011-01-27). "Tests find high levels of lead in reusable bags". Usatoday.Com. Retrieved 2011-02-03.
  33. ^ "Reusable grocery bags found to be full of bacteria". washingtonpost.com.
  34. ^ Kimberly K. Repp. "A Point-Source Norovirus Outbreak Caused by Exposure to Fomites". oxfordjournals.org.
  35. ^ "Most Popular E-mail Newsletter". USA Today. 2012-05-10.
  36. ^ "Norovirus Outbreak Traced to Reusable Grocery Bag". webmd.com.
  37. ^ “China bans free plastic shopping bags”, International Herald Tribune, January 9, 2008
  38. ^ "Plastic Bag Ban Starts Monday". SanLuisObispo.com. September 29, 2012.
  39. ^ "Anacostia River Clean Up and Protection Act of 2009 | ddoe". doee.dc.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-14.
  40. ^ "Frequently-asked Questions about Portland's Plastic Bag Ban | Bring Your Bag! | The City of Portland, Oregon". www.portlandoregon.gov. Retrieved 2015-12-14.
  41. ^ "Some types of plastic bags could soon be banned in Montreal". Montreal Gazette. Retrieved 2015-12-14.
  42. ^ "Montreal bans single-use plastic bags as of 2018". phys.org. Retrieved 2015-12-14.
  43. ^ "Plastic Bag Ban | Toronto Environmental Alliance". www.torontoenvironment.org. Retrieved 2015-12-14.
  44. ^ Bonisteel, Sara (2007-06-19). "Behold the $800 Reusable Grocery Bag - Business And Money | Business News | Financial News". FOXNews.com. Retrieved 2010-03-19.
  45. ^ Mediendenk (21 December 2013). Umweltaktion von Bürgerblick Passau: Netz gegen Plastikmüll (in German) (Accessed: 4 December 2016)
  46. ^ Wiebrecht V., Skuppin, R. (2005) in Tagesspiegel. Aus der Mode, aus dem Sinn Das Einkaufsnetz (in German). (Accessed: 4 December 2016)
  47. ^ a b Keseling, Uta (2010). Der Stoff, aus dem die DDR war, kehrt zurück in Berliner Morgenpost (in German).(Accessed: 4 December 2016)
  48. ^ DDR Museum. „Dederon, ein Begriff für Qualität“ - Eine DDR-Kunstfaser setzt sich durch (in German). (Accessed: 4 December 2016)
  49. ^ Karmarkar, Uma. "BYOB: How Bringing your Own Shopping Bags Leads to Treating Yourself, and the Environment" (PDF). Harvard Business School. Retrieved 27 February 2014.

Additional reading

  • Heckscher M. (July 2, 2008). "Trendy grocery totes tout eco-chic style". The Seattle Times.
  • Country Report: MSW management for waste minimization in Taiwan: The last two decades. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |authors= ignored (help)
  • Njeru J., “The urban political ecology of plastic bag waste problem in Nairobi, Kenya"
  • Wilson E., “Eco fashion? A world consumed by guilt”
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