Baybayin: Difference between revisions
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===Writing materials=== |
===Writing materials=== |
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Traditionally, baybayin was written upon [[palm leaves]] with styli or upon [[bamboo]] with knives.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KFQOAQAAMAAJ&q=baybayin+palm+leaves&dq=baybayin+palm+leaves&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y|title=Filipinas|last=|first=|date=1995-01-01|publisher=Filipinas Pub.|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=60|language=en|quote=|via=|issue=36-44}}</ref> The curved shape of the letterforms of baybayin is a direct result of this heritage: straight lines would have torn the leaves.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://princelystates.com/ArchivedFeatures/fa-03-05.shtml|title=Cochin Palm Leaf Fiscals|last=|first=|date=2001-04-01|website=Princely States Report > Archived Features|publisher=|language=en|access-date=2017-01-25}}</ref> During the era of Spanish colonization, most baybayin began being written with ink on [[paper]], but in some parts of the country the traditional art form has been retained.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://bakitwhy.com/articles/fundamentals-baybayin|title=The Fundamentals of Baybayin|last=Lazaro|first=David|date=2009-10-23|work=|newspaper=BakitWhy|language=en|access-date=2017-01-25|via=The Bathala Project}}</ref> |
Traditionally, baybayin was written upon [[palm leaves]] with styli or upon [[bamboo]] with knives.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KFQOAQAAMAAJ&q=baybayin+palm+leaves&dq=baybayin+palm+leaves&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y|title=Filipinas|last=|first=|date=1995-01-01|publisher=Filipinas Pub.|year=|isbn=|location=|pages=60|language=en|quote=|via=|issue=36-44}}</ref> The curved shape of the letterforms of baybayin is a direct result of this heritage: straight lines would have torn the leaves.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://princelystates.com/ArchivedFeatures/fa-03-05.shtml|title=Cochin Palm Leaf Fiscals|last=|first=|date=2001-04-01|website=Princely States Report > Archived Features|publisher=|language=en|access-date=2017-01-25}}</ref> During the era of Spanish colonization, most baybayin began being written with ink on [[paper]], but in some parts of the country the traditional art form has been retained.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://bakitwhy.com/articles/fundamentals-baybayin|title=The Fundamentals of Baybayin|last=Lazaro|first=David|date=2009-10-23|work=|newspaper=BakitWhy|language=en|access-date=2017-01-25|via=The Bathala Project}}</ref> Many of the baybayin writings in scrolls of paper were afterwards destroyed by Spanish priests as a form of fun. Otley Beyer wrote in 1921, “It cannot be said that such writings did not exist, since the early Filipinos were even more literate than the Mexicans... One Spanish priest in Southern Luzon boasted of having destroyed more than ''three hundred scrolls'' written in native characters.”<ref>https://www.esquiremag.ph/culture/the-life-death-and-resurgence-of-baybayin-a1962-20170811-lfrm</ref> |
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===Significant examples=== |
===Significant examples=== |
||
Revision as of 11:10, 23 April 2018
| Baybayin Badlit | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Script type | |
Time period | c. 13th century–18th century[1][2] |
| Direction | Left-to-right  |
| Languages | Bikol, Ilocano, Pangasinan, Tagalog, Visayan, other Philippine languages |
| Related scripts | |
Parent systems | |
Sister systems | Directly related modern alphabets:
Batak Javanese Lontara Sundanese Rencong Rejang |
| ISO 15924 | |
| ISO 15924 | Tglg (370), Tagalog (Baybayin, Alibata) |
| Unicode | |
Unicode alias | Tagalog |
| U+1700–U+171F | |
Template:Contains Baybayin text
Baybayin (Tagalog pronunciation: [baɪˈbaɪjɪn]; Pre-kudlit: , Post-kudlit: ; known in Visayan as badlit (), known in Ilocano as kur-itan/kurditan, and known in Kapampangan as kudlitan, is an ancient Philippine script derived from Brahmic scripts of India and first recorded in the 16th century.[3] It continued to be used during the early part of the Spanish colonization of the Philippines until largely being supplanted by usage of the Latin alphabet. The alphabet is well known because it was carefully documented by Catholic clergy living in the Philippines during the colonial era.
The term baybay literally means "to spell" or "to write" in Tagalog. Baybayin was extensively documented by the Spanish.[4] Some have incorrectly attributed the name Alibata to it,[5][6] but that term was coined by Paul Rodríguez Verzosa[3] after the arrangement of letters of the Arabic alphabet (alif, ba, ta (alibata), "f" having been eliminated for euphony's sake).[7]
Other Brahmic scripts used currently among different ethnic groups in the Philippines are Buhid, Hanunó'o, Kulitan and Tagbanwa.
Baybayin is one of a number of individual writing systems used in Southeast Asia, nearly all of which are abugidas where any consonant is pronounced with the inherent vowel a following it—diacritics being used to express other vowels (this vowel occurs with greatest frequency in Sanskrit, and also probably in all Philippine languages). Many of these writing systems descended from ancient alphabets used in India over 2000 years ago. Although Baybayin does share some similarities with these ancient alphabets,[clarification needed] there is evidence to suggest that it is older than pre-Spanish rule.[3]
The Archives of the University of Santo Tomas in Manila, one of the largest archives in the Philippines, currently possesses the world’s biggest collection of ancient writings in Baybayin script.[8][9][10] The chambers which house the scripts are part of a tentative nomination to UNESCO World Heritage List that is still being deliberated on, along with the entire campus of the University of Santo Tomas.
Overview
Origins
Baybayin was noted by the Spanish priest Pedro Chirino in 1604 and Antonio de Morga in 1609 to be known by most Filipinos, and was generally used for personal writings, poetry, etc. However, according to William Henry Scott, there were some datus from the 1590s who could not sign affidavits or oaths, and witnesses who could not sign land deeds in the 1620s.[11] There are at least six theories about the origins of Baybayin.
Influence of Greater India
Historically Southeast Asia was under the influence of Ancient India, where numerous Indianized principalities and empires flourhised for several centuries in Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Philippines, Cambodia and Vietnam. The influence of Indian culture into these areas was given the term indianization.[12] French archaeologist, George Coedes, defined it as the expansion of an organized culture that was framed upon Indian originations of royalty, Hinduism and Buddhism and the Sanskrit dialect.[13] This can be seen in the Indianization of Southeast Asia, spread of Hinduism and Buddhism. Indian diaspora, both ancient (PIO) and current (NRI), played an ongoing key role as professionals, traders, priests and warriors.[14][15][16][16] Indian honorifics also influenced the Malay, Thai, Filipino and Indonesian honorifics.[17] Examples of these include Raja, Rani, Maharlika, Datu, etc which were transmitted from Indian culture to Philippines via Malays and Srivijaya empire.
Laguna Copperplate Inscription, a legal document inscribed on a copper plate in 900 AD, is the earliest known written document found in the Philippines, is written n Indian Sanskrit and Brahmi script based Indonesian Kawi script.[18]
Kawi
The Kawi script originated in Java, and was used across much of Maritime Southeast Asia.
It is a legal document with the inscribed date of Saka era 822, corresponding to April 21, 900 AD Laguna Copperplate Inscription. It was written in the Kawi script in a variety of Old Malay containing numerous loanwords from Sanskrit and a few non-Malay vocabulary elements whose origin is ambiguous between Old Javanese and Old Tagalog. One hypothesis therefore reasons that, since Kawi is the earliest attestation of writing on the Philippines, then Baybayin may be descended from Kawi.
A second example of Kawi script can be seen on the Butuan Ivory Seal, though it has not been dated.
An earthenware burial jar, called the "Calatagan Pot," found in Batangas is inscribed with characters strikingly similar to Baybayin, and is claimed to have been inscribed ca. 1300 AD. However, its authenticity has not yet been proven.
Many of the writing systems of Southeast Asia descended from ancient scripts used in India over 2000 years ago. Although Baybayin shares some important features with these scripts, such as all the consonants being pronounced with the vowel a and the use of special marks to change this sound, there is no evidence that it is so old.
The shapes of the baybayin characters bear a slight resemblance to the ancient Kavi script of Java, Indonesia, which fell into disuse in the 15th century. However, as mentioned earlier in the Spanish accounts, the advent of the Baybayin in the Philippines was considered a fairly recent event in the 16th century and the Filipinos at that time believed that their Baybayin came from Borneo.
This theory is supported by the fact that the Baybayin script could not show syllable final consonants, which are very common in most Philippine languages. (See Final Consonants) This indicates that the script was recently acquired and had not yet been modified to suit the needs of its new users. Also, this same shortcoming in the Baybayin was a normal trait of the script and language of the Bugis people of Sulawesi, which is directly south of the Philippines and directly east of Borneo. Thus most scholars believe that the Baybayin may have descended from the Buginese script or, more likely, a related lost script from the island of Sulawesi.
Although one of Ferdinand Magellan's shipmates, Antonio Pigafetta, wrote that the people of the Visayas were not literate in 1521, the Baybayin had already arrived there by 1567 when Miguel López de Legazpi reported that, “They [the Visayans] have their letters and characters like those of the Malays, from whom they learned them.” B1 Then, a century later Francisco Alcina wrote about:
The characters of these natives, or, better said, those that have been in use for a few years in these parts, an art which was communicated to them from the Tagalogs, and the latter learned it from the Borneans who came from the great island of Borneo to Manila, with whom they have considerable traffic... From these Borneans the Tagalogs learned their characters, and from them the Visayans, so they call them Moro characters or letters because the Moros taught them... [the Visayans] learned [the Moros'] letters, which many use today, and the women much more than the men, which they write and read more readily than the latter.[19]
But other sources say that the Visayans derived their writing system from those of Toba, Borneo, Celebes, Ancient Java, and from the Edicts of the ancient Indian emperor Ashoka.[20]
Old Sumatran "Malay" scripts
Another hypothesis states that a script or script used to write one of the Malay languages was adopted and became Baybayin. In particular, the Pallava script from Sumatra is attested to the 7th century.[21]
Old Assamese
The eastern nāgarī script was a precursor to devanāgarī. This hypothesis states that a version of this script was introduced to the Philippines via Bengal, before ultimately evolving into baybayin.
Cham
Finally, an early Cham script from Champa — in what is now southern Vietnam and southeastern Cambodia — could have been introduced or borrowed and adapted into Baybayin.[citation needed]
Characteristics
The writing system is an abugida system using consonant-vowel combinations. Each character, written in its basic form, is a consonant ending with the vowel "A". To produce consonants ending with the other vowel sounds, a mark is placed either above the consonant (to produce an "E" or "I" sound) or below the consonant (to produce an "O" or "U" sound). The mark is called a kudlit. The kudlit does not apply to stand-alone vowels. Vowels themselves have their own glyphs. There is only one symbol for D or R as they were allophones in most languages of the Philippines, where R occurred in intervocalic positions and D occurred elsewhere. The grammatical rule has survived in modern Filipino, so that when a d is between two vowels, it becomes an r, as in the words dangál (honour) and marangál (honourable), or dunong (knowledge) and marunong (knowledgeable), and even raw for daw (he said, she said, they said, it was said, allegedly, reportedly, supposedly) and rin for din (also, too) after vowels.[3] This variant of the script is not used for Ilokano, Pangasinan, Bikolano, and other Philippine languages to name a few, as these languages have separate symbols for D and R.
Writing materials
Traditionally, baybayin was written upon palm leaves with styli or upon bamboo with knives.[22] The curved shape of the letterforms of baybayin is a direct result of this heritage: straight lines would have torn the leaves.[23] During the era of Spanish colonization, most baybayin began being written with ink on paper, but in some parts of the country the traditional art form has been retained.[24] Many of the baybayin writings in scrolls of paper were afterwards destroyed by Spanish priests as a form of fun. Otley Beyer wrote in 1921, “It cannot be said that such writings did not exist, since the early Filipinos were even more literate than the Mexicans... One Spanish priest in Southern Luzon boasted of having destroyed more than three hundred scrolls written in native characters.”[25]
Significant examples
The Ticao Stone Inscription, also known as the Monreal stone or Rizal stone, is a limestone tablet that contains Baybayin characters. Found by pupils of Rizal Elementary School on Ticao Island in Monreal town, Masbate, which had scraped the mud off their shoes and slippers on two irregular shaped limestone tablets before entering their classroom, they are now housed at a section of the National Museum, which weighs 30 kilos, is 11 centimeters thick, 54 cm long and 44 cm wide while the other is 6 cm thick, 20 cm long and 18 cm wide.[26][27]
Two styles of writing
Virama Kudlit "style"
The original writing method was particularly difficult for the Spanish priests who were translating books into the vernaculars. Because of this, Francisco López introduced his own kudlit in 1620, called a sabat, that cancelled the implicit a vowel sound. The kudlit was in the form of a "+" sign,[28] in reference to Christianity. This cross-shaped kudlit functions exactly the same as the virama in the Devanagari script of India. In fact, Unicode calls this kudlit the Tagalog Sign Virama. See sample above in Characteristics Section.
"Nga" character
A single character represented "nga". The current version of the Filipino alphabet still retains "ng" as a digraph.
Punctuation
Words written in baybayin were written in a continuous flow, and the only form of punctuation was a single vertical line, or more often, a pair of vertical lines (||). These vertical lines fulfill the function of a comma, period, or unpredictably separate sets of words.[3]
Pre-colonial and colonial usage
Baybayin historically was used in Tagalog and to a lesser extent Kapampangan speaking areas. Its use spread to Ilokanos when the Spanish promoted its use with the printing of Bibles. Related scripts, such as Hanunóo, Buhid, and Tagbanwa are still used today, along with Kapampangan script.
Among the earliest literature on the orthography of Visayan languages were those of Jesuit priest Ezguerra with his Arte de la lengua bisaya in 1747[29] and of Mentrida with his Arte de la lengua bisaya: Iliguaina de la isla de Panay in 1818 which primarily discussed grammatical structure.[30] Based on the differing sources spanning centuries, the documented syllabaries also differed in form.
Modern usage
Baybayin script, while recognizable, is generally not understood in the Philippines. The characters are still used artistically and as a symbol of Filipino heritage. Some cultural and activist groups use Baybayin versions of their acronyms alongside the use of Latin script, which is also sometimes given a baybayin-esque style. Baybayin tattoos and brush calligraphy are also popular.
It is used in the most current New Generation Currency series of the Philippine peso issued in the last quarter of 2010. The word used in the bills was "Pilipino" ().
It is also used in Philippine passports. The odd pages of pages 3-43 have "Ang katuwiran ay nagpapadakila sa isang bayan"/"Righteousness exalts a nation" in reference to Proverbs 14:34 ().
Baybayin influence may also explain the preference for making acronyms from initial consonant-vowel pairs of the component words, rather than the more common use of just the first letter.
A number of legislative bills have been proposed periodically aiming to promote the writing system, none of which have yet been passed into law.
-
The lyrics of Lupang Hinirang in Baybayin rendering. -
Flag of Katipunan in Magdiwang faction, with the Ka baybayin character. -
Seal of the National Historical Commission of the Philippines. -
Emblem of the Armed Forces of the Philippines. -
Seal of the Philippine Army. -
Logo of the National Library of the Philippines. The Baybayin text reads as karunungan (wisdom). -
Logo of the National Museum of the Philippines.
-
Logo of the Cultural Center of the Philippines.
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Characters
|
vowels
|
b
|
k
|
d/r
|
g
|
h
|
l
|
m
|
n
|
ng
|
p
|
s
|
t
|
w
|
y
|
Punctuation and Spelling
The words and sentences of Old Tagalog are the roots of the Modern Tagalog language. Some of the words and sentences have evolved over time (like the word Babuy or Pig, which became Baboy in modern Tagalog), but some of the words in Old Tagalog (like Budhi (conscience) and Hari or King), have survived and are in common use in Modern Tagalog.
Baybayin writing makes use of only one punctuation mark, the Philippine double punctuation ().[31]
| Baybayin characters | IPA / Pronunciation | Transcription in Latin / Translation to Modern Tagalog |
|---|---|---|
| *arãɜ (arao) | Araw (Sun/Days) | |
| *ǎĵû (Asu) | Aso (Dog) | |
| *áRĥAm tAĵá (Aghamtala) | (Kalendaryo, Calendar) | |
| *áRĥAm | Agham' (Syensya, Science) | |
| *aʂũɐ̯n̩ | Aswang (Ghoul/Monster) | |
| *bUlɐ̯ɜn̩ (Bulawan) | Ginto (Gold) | |
| *bɘɖjɞ̯ (Budhi) | Bodhi (Konsensya) Conscience) | |
| *bɒlɐ̯ɲAj (Balangay) | Barangay | |
| *bɐ̃n̪wɛ (Banua) | Pook/Vanua (Village) | |
| *bɐtʜãʟ̩a | Bathala (God/Deity) | |
| *bãɓɜjaɲ̩ | Babaylan (Priestess) | |
| *bãjɜ̯ (Bayi) | Babae (Woman/Girl/Lady) | |
| *ba̯Lãj (Balay) | Bahay (House/Structure/Buildings) | |
| *babə̃j (Babuy) | Baboy (Pig) | |
| *bàKa (Baka)* | Cow, Cattle. Ox, Bull | |
| * dàTǒ | (Datu)* (Lordships) | |
| *dãjãɳ (Dayang) | Reyna (Queen) or Prinsesa (Princess) | |
| *dəkət | Dikit (adhesive/stick) | |
| / | *zuRuʔ | Dugo (Blood) |
| *rɑːdʒɑ | Radya / Raha (Raja)* | |
| *ɠUlu̯t (golot') | Kabundukan (Mountain Ranges) | |
| *ĔlÓg | Ilog (River) | |
| *gAŕUda | Garuda | |
| *jəŋ̍eʃ | Langit (Sky, Heaven, Nirvana) | |
| *ʜãRi (Hari) | Hari (King, Emperor) | |
| *hajək | Halik (Kiss) | |
| *lákáN | Lakan (King, Emperor) | |
| *jɜnTiãn (luntian) | Luntian (Lush)/ Berde (Green) | |
| *kěnÀřá | Kinara (Kinnara) (Celestial beings) | |
| *kɘjaɓiká | Kalabika, Kalavinka (Celestial beings) | |
| *kão̯ɐL (Kaual) | Kawal (Knight) | |
| *ɱuʈɪa (mutiya) | Mutya or Perlas (Pearl) | |
| *Mɐnɠ-Mɑŋɠ | Mang mang (Fool) / Bobo (Stupid) | |
| *pãɳ̩ta̯ʂ | Pantas (Genius/Wise/Gifted) | |
| *pũɜd (Puod) | Bayan (Town) | |
| *papɐgAyɔ (Papagayo) | Karpintero (Carpenter) | |
| *ŋɡajan (Ngalan) | Pangalan (Name) | |
| *sɑ̃n̩dĩg (Sandig) | Sundalo (Soldier) | |
| *jəɜrnā (Suwarna) | Ginto (Gold) | |
| *táĹa | Tala (Star / Tara (deity)) | |
| *tubiR | Tubig (Water) | |
| *taRãŋkaħɐ̃ɳ | Tarangkahan (Gate) | |
| *TěGmāmənùKən | Tigmamanukan (Eagle, Bird, Omen) | |
| *ĵáĴá | Yaya (Nurse/ Care giver) | |
| *yÁńTók | Yantok (Stick / Pole / Rod /Batog) | |
| *yəʃa | Yuta (Cloth) |
Example sentences
Yamáng ‘di nagkaka-unawaan, ay mag paká-hinahon.
(They that have a misunderstanding should stay calm.)
Magtanim ay 'di birò.
(Planting is no joke.)
Mámahalin kitá hanggáng sa pumutí ang buhók ko.
(I will love you until my hair turns white.)
Collation
In the Doctrina Christiana, the letters of Baybayin were collated as:
A O/U E/I H P K S L T N B M G D/R Y NG W.[32]
In Unicode the letters are collated as:
A I U Ka Ga Nga Ta Da Na Pa Ba Ma Ya La Wa Sa Ha.[33]
Examples
The Lord's Prayer (Ama Namin)
| Baybayin script | Latin script | English (1928 BCP;[34] current Filipino Catholic version[35]) |
|---|---|---|
|
ᜐᜋ᜔ᜊᜑᜒᜈ᜔ ᜀᜅ᜔ ᜅᜎᜈ᜔ ᜋᜓ; ᜋᜉᜐᜀᜋᜒᜈ᜔ ᜀᜅ᜔ ᜃᜑᜇᜒᜀᜈ᜔ ᜋᜓ; ᜐᜓᜈ᜔ᜇᜒᜈ᜔ ᜀᜅ᜔ ᜎᜓᜂᜊ᜔ ᜋᜓ ᜇᜒᜆᜓ ᜐ ᜎᜓᜉ, ᜉᜇ ᜈᜅ᜔ ᜐ ᜎᜅᜒᜆ᜔. ᜊᜒᜄ᜔ᜌᜈ᜔ ᜋᜓ ᜃᜋᜒ ᜅᜌᜓᜈ᜔ ᜅ᜔ ᜀᜋᜒᜅ᜔ ᜃᜃᜈᜒᜈ᜔ ᜐ ᜀᜇᜂ ᜀᜇᜂ; ᜀᜆ᜔ ᜉᜆᜏᜍᜒᜈ᜔ ᜋᜓ ᜃᜋᜒ ᜐ ᜀᜋᜒᜅ᜔ ᜋᜅ ᜐᜎ ᜉᜍ ᜈᜅ᜔ ᜉᜄ᜔ᜉᜉᜆᜏᜇ᜔ ᜈᜋᜒᜈ᜔ ᜐ ᜋᜅ ᜈᜄ᜔ᜃᜃᜐᜎ ᜐ ᜀᜋᜒᜈ᜔; ᜀᜆ᜔ ᜑᜓᜏᜄ᜔ ᜋᜓ ᜃᜋᜒ ᜁᜉᜑᜒᜈ᜔ᜆᜓᜎᜓᜆ᜔ ᜐ ᜆᜓᜃ᜔ᜐᜓ, ᜀᜆ᜔ ᜁᜀᜇ᜔ᜌ ᜋᜓ ᜃᜋᜒ ᜐ ᜎᜑᜆ᜔ ᜅ᜔ ᜋᜐᜋ. ᜐᜉᜄ᜔ᜃᜆ᜔ ᜁᜌᜓ ᜀᜅ᜔ ᜃᜑᜍᜒᜀᜈ᜔, ᜀᜅ᜔ ᜃᜉᜅ᜔ᜌᜍᜒᜑᜈ᜔, ᜀᜆ᜔ ᜀᜅ᜔ ᜃᜇᜃᜒᜎᜀᜈ᜔, ᜋᜄ᜔ᜉᜃᜌ᜔ᜎᜈ᜔ᜋᜈ᜔. ᜀᜋᜒᜈ᜔/ᜐᜒᜌ ᜈᜏ. |
Ama namin, sumasalangit ka, |
Our Father who art in heaven, |
Universal Declaration of Human Rights
| Baybayin script | Latin script | English translation |
|---|---|---|
|
|
Ang lahat ng tao'y isinilang na malaya at pantay-pantay sa karangalan at mga karapatan. |
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. |
Motto of the Philippines
| Baybayin script | Latin script | English translation |
|---|---|---|
|
|
Maka-Diyos, |
For God, |
| Baybayin script | Latin script | English translation |
|---|---|---|
|
|
Isang Bansa, |
One Country, |
Unicode
Baybayin was added to the Unicode Standard in March, 2002 with the release of version 3.2.
Block
The Unicode block for Baybayin, called Tagalog, is U+1700–U+171F:
| Tagalog[1][2] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF) | ||||||||||||||||
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
| U+170x | ||||||||||||||||
| U+171x | ||||||||||||||||
| Notes | ||||||||||||||||
Representation of the character "Ra"
Although it violates the Unicode Standard,[36] U+170D is becoming the de facto standard for representing the character Ra (), due to its use as such in commonly available Baybayin fonts.[37]
Philippines National Keyboard Layout with Baybayin
It is now possible to type Baybayin directly from the keyboard, without the need to use online typepads. The Philippines National Keyboard Layout[38] includes different sets of Baybayin layout for different keyboard users. QWERTY, Capewell-Dvorak, Capewell-QWERF 2006, Colemak, and Dvorak, all available in Microsoft Windows and GNU/Linux 32-bit and 64-bit installations.
The keyboard layout with Baybayin can be downloaded at this page.
Baybayin in Philippine politics and legislation
Baybayin bills, House Bill no.4395 of Pampanga 2nd district representative Leopoldo N. Bataoil and Senate Bill 1899 of by Senator Loren Legarda, which are also known as the National Script Act of 2011, has been filed in the 15th Congress since 2011. However, it did not pass in the 15th Congress due to the focus of government during that time on other legislation and national scandals such as the impeachment against the Chief Justice.
They were refiled again in the 16th Congress, however, failed to pass again due to the focus of the government on the Bangsamoro Basic Law, which eventually failed due to another conflict which caused the deaths of Filipino soldiers.
It was refiled in the 17th Congress of the Philippines through Senate Bill 433 by Senator Loren Legarda and House Bill 1018 by Pampanga 2nd district representative Leopoldo N. Bataoil in 2016. It aims to declare Baybayin as the national script of the Philippines. The bill mandates to put a Baybayin translation under all business and government logos. It also mandates all primary and secondary schools to teach Baybayin to their students, a move that would save the ancient script from pure extinction and revitalize the indigenous writing roots of Filipinos. The writing system being pursued by the bills is a modernized version of the Baybayin which incorporates the common segments of numerous indigenous writing forms throughout the country. The system is a more nationalistic approach due to its comprehensive range, contrary to reports saying the bill will create further enhance regional or cultural disintegration.[39][40][41]
The House of Representative version of the bill has been pending with the Committee on Civil Service and Professional Regulation (chaired by Batangas 5th district representative Mario Vittorio "Marvey" A. Mariño) since August 1, 2016. The Senate version of the bill has been pending with the Committee on Cultural Communities (chared by Sen. Maria Lourdes Nancy S. Binay) and the Committee on Education, Arts and Culture (chaired by Sen. Francis "Chiz" G. Escudero) since August 8, 2016. It has not moved from those committees for more than a year.[42]
There is also a proposal, wherein should the baybayin bill be passed into law and that the education system of the Philippines mandates the teaching of baybayin in all school levels, another bill shall be filed, where all indigenous ethnic writing systems and scripts shall be taught in specific schools as well. The new bill shall save the dying writing system of indigenous communities and will establish a tri-writing system in those communities, where the community will know their own indigenous writing system, the baybayin writing system, and the Roman writing system. Examples of such ethnic-based writing systems are the Kudlit of the Kapampangans and the Hanunuo of the Hanunuo Mangyans.[43]
In April 23, 2018, the Baybayin bill in the House of Representatives (HB 1018) was approved by the House Committee on Basic Education and Culture, the second of the eleven steps in passing a national legislation. The House version will now hurdle the third step. On the other hand, the Senate version of the bill is still in the second step of the process.[44][45]
See also
- List of India-related topics in Philippines
- Old Tagalog
- Laguna Copperplate Inscription
- Kulitan alphabet
- Hanunó'o script
- Tagbanwa alphabet
- Buhid script
- Kawi script
- Filipino orthography
- History of Indian influence on Southeast Asia
- India–Philippines relations
- Rajahnate of Butuan
References
- ^ "Tagalog (Baybayin)". SIL International. Retrieved October 10, 2014.
- ^ "Tagalog". Retrieved October 10, 2014.
- ^ a b c d e Morrow, Paul. "Baybayin, the Ancient Philippine script". MTS. Archived from the original on August 8, 2010. Retrieved September 4, 2008.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help). - ^ Scott 1984, pp. 57–58.
- ^ Halili, Mc (2004). Philippine history. Rex. p. 47. ISBN 978-971-23-3934-9.
- ^ Duka, C (2008). Struggle for Freedom' 2008 Ed. Rex. pp. 32–33. ISBN 978-971-23-5045-0.
- ^ Baybayin History, Baybayin, archived from the original on June 11, 2010, retrieved May 23, 2010
{{citation}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help). - ^ Archives, University of Santo Tomas, archived from the original on May 24, 2013, retrieved June 17, 2012
{{citation}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help). - ^ "UST collection of ancient scripts in 'baybayin' syllabary shown to public", Inquirer, retrieved June 17, 2012.
- ^ UST Baybayin collection shown to public, Baybayin, retrieved June 18, 2012[permanent dead link].
- ^ Scott 1984, p. 210
- ^ Acharya, Amitav. "The "Indianization of Southeast Asia" Revisited: Initiative, Adaptation and Transformation in Classical Civilizations" (PDF). amitavacharya.com.
- ^ Coedes, George (1967). The Indianized States of Southeast Asia. Australian National University Press.
- ^ Lukas, Helmut (May 21–23, 2001). "1 THEORIES OF INDIANIZATIONExemplified by Selected Case Studies from Indonesia (Insular Southeast Asia)". International SanskritConference.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date format (link) - ^ Krom, N.J. (1927). Barabudur, Archeological Description. The Hague.
- ^ a b Smith, Monica L. (1999). ""INDIANIZATION" FROM THE INDIAN POINT OF VIEW: TRADE AND CULTURAL CONTACTS WITH SOUTHEAST ASIA IN THE EARLY FIRST MILLENNIUM C.E.')" (PDF). Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient,. 42. (11–17).
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) - ^ Krishna Chandra Sagar, 2002, An Era of Peace, Page 52.
- ^ Munoz, Paul Michel (2006). Early Kingdoms of the Indonesian Archipelago and the Malay Peninsula. Continental Sales, Incorporated. p. 236. ISBN 9789814155670.
- ^ Cite error: The named reference
Baybayinwas invoked but never defined (see the help page). - ^ Isabelo de los Reyes y Florentino, Las Islas Visayas en la Época de la Conquista (Segunda edición), Manila: 1889, Tipo-Litografía de Chofké y C.a, p. 82.
- ^ "Bahasa Melayu Kuno". Bahasa Malaysia Online Learning Resource. Archived from the original on 26 December 2010. Retrieved 11 September 2014.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Filipinas. Filipinas Pub. 1995-01-01. p. 60.
- ^ "Cochin Palm Leaf Fiscals". Princely States Report > Archived Features. 2001-04-01. Retrieved 2017-01-25.
- ^ Lazaro, David (2009-10-23). "The Fundamentals of Baybayin". BakitWhy. Retrieved 2017-01-25 – via The Bathala Project.
- ^ https://www.esquiremag.ph/culture/the-life-death-and-resurgence-of-baybayin-a1962-20170811-lfrm
- ^ http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/616407/muddied-stones-reveal-ancient-scripts
- ^ http://heritage.elizaga.net/explorations/borrinaga/ticao-stones.pdf
- ^ Tagalog script Archived August 23, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. Accessed September 2, 2008.
- ^ P. Domingo Ezguerra (1601–1670) (1747) [c. 1663]. Arte de la lengua bisaya de la provincia de Leyte. apendice por el P. Constantino Bayle. Imp. de la Compañía de Jesús.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Trinidad Hermenegildo Pardo de Tavera (1884). Contribución para el estudio de los antiguos alfabetos filipinos. Losana.
- ^ "Chapter 17: Indonesia and Oceania". The Unicode Standard, Version 10.0 (PDF). Mountain View, CA: Unicode, Inc. June 2016. p. 662. ISBN 978-1-936213-16-0.
- ^ "Doctrina Cristiana". Project Gutenberg.
- ^ https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U1700.pdf
- ^ "The 1928 Book of Common Prayer: Family Prayer". Retrieved 14 October 2016.
- ^ Catechism of the Catholic Church
- ^ The Unicode Standard, Version 6.2.0 (PDF). Mountain View, CA: The Unicode Consortium. September 2012. p. 69.
- ^ "Modern Alphabet and Baybayin -Final Version | Flickr - Photo Sharing". Flickr.
- ^ "Philippines National Keyboard Layout". The Hæven of John™.
- ^ https://blog.baybayin.com/2011/03/16/baybayin-bill-national-script-act-of-2011/
- ^ http://www.senate.gov.ph/lis/bill_res.aspx?congress=16&q=SBN-1899
- ^ https://www.senate.gov.ph/lis/bill_res.aspx?congress=17&q=SBN-433
- ^ https://www.senate.gov.ph/lis/bill_res.aspx?congress=17&q=SBN-433
- ^ http://www.congress.gov.ph/members/search.php?id=bataoil-l&pg=billsmain#HistoryModal
- ^ http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/lifestyle/artandculture/651003/house-panel-oks-bill-declaring-baybayin-the-national-writing-system/story/
- ^ http://news.abs-cbn.com/life/04/23/18/house-commitee-approves-baybayin-as-national-writing-system
- Scott, William Henry (1984). Prehispanic Source Materials for the study of Philippine History. New Day Publishers. ISBN 971-10-0226-4.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help)
External links
- House Bill 160, aka National Script Act of 2011
- Ang Baybayin by Paul Morrow
- Unicode Tagalog Range 1700-171F (in PDF)
- Yet another Baybayin chart
- Baybayin online translator
- Baybayin video tutorial
- Baybayin Unicode Keyboard Layout for Mac OSX
- JC John Sese-Cuneta's Baybayin Unicode Typepad
- Philippines National Keyboard Layout with Baybayin, for Microsoft Windows and GNU/Linux both 32-bit and 64-bit
- Baybayin Keyboard extension for ChromeOS (Chromebooks)
- Online Baybayin Library
- 1st Baybayin mobile translator application
- Nordenx's Baybayin Unicode Typepad
- Sinaunang baybayin
Font downloads
- Badlit Script
- Baybayin Modern Fonts
- Christian Cabuay's Baybayin Brush Font
- Paul Morrow's Baybayin Fonts
- Tagalog – Unicode character table