Gaighata: Difference between revisions
Chandan Guha (talk | contribs) Removed Indic script as per No Indic scripts policy |
Chandan Guha (talk | contribs) →Geography: Revised |
||
| Line 24: | Line 24: | ||
| founder = |
| founder = |
||
| named_for = |
| named_for = |
||
| government_type = [[ |
| government_type = [[Representative democracy]] |
||
| governing_body = |
| governing_body = |
||
| leader_party = All India Trinamool Congress |
| leader_party = All India Trinamool Congress |
||
| Line 31: | Line 31: | ||
| unit_pref = Metric |
| unit_pref = Metric |
||
| area_footnotes = |
| area_footnotes = |
||
| area_total_km2 = |
| area_total_km2 = 240.30 |
||
| area_rank = |
| area_rank = |
||
| elevation_footnotes = |
| elevation_footnotes = |
||
| Line 64: | Line 64: | ||
}} |
}} |
||
'''Gaighata''' is |
'''Gaighata''' is a [[Community development block in India|community development block]] that forms an administrative division in [[Bangaon subdivision]] of [[North 24 Parganas district]] in the [[India]]n [[States and territories of India|state]] of [[West Bengal]]. |
||
==Geography== |
==Geography== |
||
===Location=== |
|||
Situated on the banks of the river [[Jamuna (West Bengal)|Jamuna]], Gaighata is located at {{coord|22.93|N|88.73|E|format=dms}}. |
Situated on the banks of the river [[Jamuna (West Bengal)|Jamuna]], Gaighata is located at {{coord|22.93|N|88.73|E|format=dms}}. |
||
Gaighata CD Block is bounded by [[Bangaon (community development block)|Bangaon]] CD Block in the north, [[Sharsha Upazila]] in [[Jessore District]] of Bangladesh in the east, [[Swarupnagar (community development block)|Swarupnagar]] and [[Habra I]] CD Blocks in the south and [[Haringhata (community development block)|Haringhata]] CD Block in Nadia district in the west.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://north24parganas.gov.in/n24p/page.php?nm=Map_Gallery# |title = North 24 Parganas District |work = Map Gallery – CD Blocks| publisher= North 24 Parganas district administration | accessdate = 10 March 2016}}</ref> |
Gaighata CD Block is bounded by [[Bangaon (community development block)|Bangaon]] CD Block in the north, [[Sharsha Upazila]] in [[Jessore District]] of Bangladesh in the east, [[Swarupnagar (community development block)|Swarupnagar]] and [[Habra I]] CD Blocks in the south and [[Haringhata (community development block)|Haringhata]] CD Block in Nadia district in the west.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://north24parganas.gov.in/n24p/page.php?nm=Map_Gallery# |title = North 24 Parganas District |work = Map Gallery – CD Blocks| publisher= North 24 Parganas district administration | accessdate = 10 March 2016}}</ref> |
||
Gaighata CD Block is part of the Ichhamati-Raimangal Plain, one of the three physiographic regions in the district located in the lower [[Ganges Delta]]. It contains soil of mature black or brownish [[loam]] to recent [[alluvium]]. The [[Ichamati River|Ichhamati]] flows through the eastern part of the district.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook North Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Page 13 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| accessdate = 16 April 2018}}</ref> |
|||
===Area=== |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
Gaighata CD Block has an area of 243.30 km<sup>2</sup>. It has 1 [[Panchayat Samiti (Block)|panchayat samity]], 13 [[gram panchayat]]s, 201 gram sansads (village councils), 105 [[mouza]]s and 105 inhabited villages, as per the District Statistical Handbook: North 24 Parganas. Gaighata police station serves this block.<ref>{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook |work = North 24 Parganas 2010-2011, Tables 2.1, 2.2 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |accessdate = 16 April 2018|}}</ref>Headquarters of this CD Block is at [[Chandpara|Chandpara Bazar]].<ref>{{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1911_PART_A_DCHB_NORTH%20TWENTY%20FOUR%20PARGANAS.pdf |title = District Census Handbook North Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Map of North Twenty Four Parganas with CD Block HQs and Police Stations (on the fifth page) | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| accessdate = 16 April 2018}}</ref> |
|||
===Physical features=== |
|||
North 24 Parganas district is part of the Gangetic delta, lying east of the [[Hooghly River]]. The country is flat. It is a little raised above flood level and the highest ground borders the river channels. The rivers in the district were formerly distributaries of the [[Ganges]] but their mouths have long been filled up and blocked. The area is described as a sort of a drowned land broken by swamps. Land in the north-east of the district is higher than that of the rest of the district. The sturdy peasants raise crops of rice, jute and sugarcane from the alluvial soil. There are clumps of palm and fruit trees in which village homesteads nestle. Industrial activity is concentrated in the narrow strip of land along the Hooghly River. The south-eastern part of the district gradually merges into the [[Sunderbans]].<ref>{{cite web | url = https://books.google.co.in/books?id=7Hkj2xOrEwkC&pg=PA1&lpg=PA1&dq=24+parganas+district+gazetteer&source=bl&ots=rw714IaGHm&sig=EVq1LnNZ52cYZp_FDJkUdDx-uss&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjH3J_hurrLAhWJcI4KHXAQADMQ6AEIQjAI#v=onepage&q=24%20parganas%20district%20gazetteer&f=false|title = Bengal District Gazetteers: 24 Parganas|last = LSS O’Malley|work= p 1-4| accessdate = 12 March 2016 | publisher = Google Books}}</ref> Parts of the metropolitan city of [[Kolkata]] extend over southern part of the district. |
|||
===Gram panchayats=== |
|||
[[Gram panchayat]]s of Gaighata block/ panchayat samiti are: Chandpara, Fulsara, Jaleswar II, Sutia, Dharmapur I, Ichapur I, Jhaudanga, Dharmapur II, Ichapur II, Ramnagar, Duma, Jaleswar I and Shimulpur.<ref>From [[Barasat Sadar subdivision]] page.</ref> |
[[Gram panchayat]]s of Gaighata block/ panchayat samiti are: Chandpara, Fulsara, Jaleswar II, Sutia, Dharmapur I, Ichapur I, Jhaudanga, Dharmapur II, Ichapur II, Ramnagar, Duma, Jaleswar I and Shimulpur.<ref>From [[Barasat Sadar subdivision]] page.</ref> |
||
| Line 87: | Line 82: | ||
In 2011, Gaighata (village) had a population of 3,878.<ref name=census2011/> |
In 2011, Gaighata (village) had a population of 3,878.<ref name=census2011/> |
||
As per 2001 census, Gaighata block has a total population of 300,418 out of which 177,515 were males and 166,459 were females. Gaighata block registered a population growth of 16.72 per cent during the 1991-2001 decade. Decadal growth for the district was 22.40 per cent.<ref name=census |
As per 2001 census, Gaighata block has a total population of 300,418 out of which 177,515 were males and 166,459 were females. Gaighata block registered a population growth of 16.72 per cent during the 1991-2001 decade. Decadal growth for the district was 22.40 per cent.<ref name=census>{{cite web|url=http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_11.htm |title=Census of India 2001, Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal, Table - 4 |accessdate=2010-10-25 |work=North Twenty Four Parganas District (11) |publisher=Government of West Bengal |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927041813/http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_11.htm |archivedate=27 September 2007}}</ref> |
||
| ⚫ | Decadal growth in West Bengal was 17.84 per cent.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |title=Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4 |accessdate=2011-01-20 |last= |first= |work=Census of India 2001 |publisher=Census Commission of India |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20030926014449/http://www.wbcensus.gov.in/DataTables/02/Table4_1.htm |archivedate=26 September 2003 }}</ref> |
||
===Census towns and large villages=== |
===Census towns and large villages=== |
||
| Line 142: | Line 138: | ||
Recently another privately operated bus ( No. DN 44 ) from ( Bangaon to Dakshineswar ) also goes via Chandpara, Gaighata, Habra, Barasat, Madhyamgram, Birati.Nearest Railway Station Thakurnagar, Chandpara, Gobardanga and Bibhutibhusan Halt and WBSTC Bus Such as D18- Thakurnagar- Howrah . Green Line Kolkata - Dhaka Express Bus. |
Recently another privately operated bus ( No. DN 44 ) from ( Bangaon to Dakshineswar ) also goes via Chandpara, Gaighata, Habra, Barasat, Madhyamgram, Birati.Nearest Railway Station Thakurnagar, Chandpara, Gobardanga and Bibhutibhusan Halt and WBSTC Bus Such as D18- Thakurnagar- Howrah . Green Line Kolkata - Dhaka Express Bus. |
||
==Healthcare== |
|||
Gaighata block is one of the areas where ground water is affected by [[Arsenic contamination of groundwater|arsenic contamination]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.soesju.org/arsenic/wb2.htm | title = Groundwater Arsenic contamination in West Bengal-India (20 years study ) | accessdate = 2011-02-17 | last = | first = | work = Groundwater arsenic contamination status of North 24-Parganas district, one of the nine arsenic affected districts of West Bengal-India | publisher = SOES}}</ref> According to the findings of the Arsenic Dushan Protirodh Committee (ADPC), a national-level NGO which aims to spread awareness of arsenic and prevent arsenic poisoning through water, found at least 70 tube-wells were reportedly supplying water highly contaminated with arsenic. The ADPC tested water from wells across Gaighata block in North 24-Parganas as well as urine samples of 100 school children.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.sos-arsenic.net/english/mitigation/index.html | title = Arsenic mitigation programme | accessdate = 2007-09-19 | last = | first = | work = | publisher =sos- arsenic.net}}</ref> |
Gaighata block is one of the areas where ground water is affected by [[Arsenic contamination of groundwater|arsenic contamination]].<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.soesju.org/arsenic/wb2.htm | title = Groundwater Arsenic contamination in West Bengal-India (20 years study ) | accessdate = 2011-02-17 | last = | first = | work = Groundwater arsenic contamination status of North 24-Parganas district, one of the nine arsenic affected districts of West Bengal-India | publisher = SOES}}</ref> According to the findings of the Arsenic Dushan Protirodh Committee (ADPC), a national-level NGO which aims to spread awareness of arsenic and prevent arsenic poisoning through water, found at least 70 tube-wells were reportedly supplying water highly contaminated with arsenic. The ADPC tested water from wells across Gaighata block in North 24-Parganas as well as urine samples of 100 school children.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.sos-arsenic.net/english/mitigation/index.html | title = Arsenic mitigation programme | accessdate = 2007-09-19 | last = | first = | work = | publisher =sos- arsenic.net}}</ref> |
||
Revision as of 16:00, 29 April 2018
Gaighata | |
|---|---|
Community development block | |
  Gaighata Location in West Bengal, India | |
| Coordinates: 22°56′N 88°44′E / 22.93°N 88.73°E | |
| Country |  India |
| State | West Bengal |
| District | North 24 Parganas |
| Government | |
| • Type | Representative democracy |
| • MLA | Phulin Bihary Roy (All India Trinamool Congress) |
| Area | |
• Total | 240.30 km2 (92.78 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 12 m (39 ft) |
| Population (2011) | |
• Total | 330,287 |
| • Density | 1,400/km2 (3,600/sq mi) |
| Languages | |
| • Official | Bengali, English |
| Literacy (2011) | |
| • Total literates | 247,838 (82.32%) |
| Time zone | UTC+5:30 (IST) |
| PIN | 743249 (Gaighata) 743245 (Chandpara Bazar) Thakurnagar-743287 |
| Telephone/STD code | 03216 |
| ISO 3166 code | IN-WB |
| Vehicle registration | WB-23, WB-24, WB-25, WB-26 |
| Lok Sabha constituency | Bangaon |
| Vidhan Sabha constituency | Gaighata, Bangaon Dakshin |
| Website | north24parganas |
Gaighata is a community development block that forms an administrative division in Bangaon subdivision of North 24 Parganas district in the Indian state of West Bengal.
Geography
Situated on the banks of the river Jamuna, Gaighata is located at 22°56′N 88°44′E / 22.93°N 88.73°E.
Gaighata CD Block is bounded by Bangaon CD Block in the north, Sharsha Upazila in Jessore District of Bangladesh in the east, Swarupnagar and Habra I CD Blocks in the south and Haringhata CD Block in Nadia district in the west.[1]
Gaighata CD Block is part of the Ichhamati-Raimangal Plain, one of the three physiographic regions in the district located in the lower Ganges Delta. It contains soil of mature black or brownish loam to recent alluvium. The Ichhamati flows through the eastern part of the district.[2]
Gaighata CD Block has an area of 243.30 km2. It has 1 panchayat samity, 13 gram panchayats, 201 gram sansads (village councils), 105 mouzas and 105 inhabited villages, as per the District Statistical Handbook: North 24 Parganas. Gaighata police station serves this block.[3]Headquarters of this CD Block is at Chandpara Bazar.[4]
Gram panchayats of Gaighata block/ panchayat samiti are: Chandpara, Fulsara, Jaleswar II, Sutia, Dharmapur I, Ichapur I, Jhaudanga, Dharmapur II, Ichapur II, Ramnagar, Duma, Jaleswar I and Shimulpur.[5]
Demographics
As per 2011 Census of India Gaighata CD Block had a total population of 330,287, of which 265,526 were rural and 64,761 were urban. There were 169,216 (51%) males and 161,071 (49%) females. Population below 6 years was 29,228. Scheduled Castes numbered 162,281 (49.13%) and Scheduled Tribes numbered 14,432 (1.76%).[6]
In 2011, Gaighata (village) had a population of 3,878.[6]
As per 2001 census, Gaighata block has a total population of 300,418 out of which 177,515 were males and 166,459 were females. Gaighata block registered a population growth of 16.72 per cent during the 1991-2001 decade. Decadal growth for the district was 22.40 per cent.[7]
Decadal growth in West Bengal was 17.84 per cent.[8]
Census towns and large villages
Census towns in Gaighata CD Block were (2011 census figures in brackets): Chandpara,(7,113), Chhekati (4,995), Sonatikiri (6,919), Dhakuria (10,165), Chikanpara (9,594), Shimulpur (20,803) and Bara (5,172).[6]
Large villages in Gaighata CD Block were (2011 census fgures in brackets): Hanspur (4,113), Patabuka (4,845), Dharmpur (5,090), Jaleshwar (5,602), Narikela (5,222), Rampur (6,936), Ichhapur (5,999), Karola (4,127), Bagchara (5,745), Phulsara (8,716), Mondalpara (5,607), Angrail (6,978), Barnagaria (4,789), Bishnupur (4,119), Barasat (7,441), Panchpota (8,312) and Ramnagar (4,521). (Thakurnagar is not identified in 2011 census data).[6]
Literacy
As per 2011 census the total number of literates in Gaighata CD Block was 247,838 (82.32% of the population over 6 years) out of which 134,183 (54%) were males and 113,655 (46%) were females.[6]
As per 2011 census, literacy in North 24 Parganas district was 84.06 (including urban areas outside the CD Blocks).[9] Literacy in West Bengal was 77.08% in 2011.[10] Literacy in India in 2011 was 74.04%.[10]
See also – List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate
| Literacy in CD blocks of North 24 Parganas district |
|---|
| Barasat Sadar subdivision |
| Amdanga – 80.69% |
| Deganga – 79.65% |
| Barasat I – 81.50% |
| Barasat II – 77.71% |
| Habra I – 83.15% |
| Habra II – 81.05% |
| Rajarhat – 83.13% |
| Basirhat subdivision |
| Baduria – 78.75% |
| Basirhat I – 72.10% |
| Basirhat II – 78.30% |
| Haroa – 73.13% |
| Hasnabad – 71.47% |
| Hingalganj – 76.85% |
| Minakhan – 71.33% |
| Sandeshkhali I – 71.08% |
| Sandeshkhali II – 70.96% |
| Swarupnagar – 77.57% |
| Bangaon subdivision |
| Bagdah – 75.30% |
| Bangaon – 79.71% |
| Gaighata – 82.32% |
| Barrackpore subdivision |
| Barrackpore I – 85.91% |
| Barrackpore II – 84.53% |
| Source: 2011 Census: CD Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data |
Language
As per census definition, mother-tongue is the language spoken in childhood by the person’s mother to the person. As a mother-tongue, Bengali has decreased its share from 91.3% of the population of North Twenty Four Parganas district in 1961 to 87.9% in 2001, Hindi has increased its share from 5.0% in 1961 to 8.3% in 2001, Urdu has increased its share from 2.0% in 1961 to 2.5% in 2001. Other mother-tongues spoken in 2001 were Odiya (0.4%), Telugu (0.2%), Santhali (0.1%), Nepali (0.1%), Bhojpuri (0.1%) and Sadan/ Sadri (0.1%).[11]
In the 2011 census Hindus numbered 308,073 and formed 93.27% of the population in Gaighata CD Block. Muslims numbered 21,198 and formed 6.42% of the population. Others numbered 1,016 and formed 0.31% of the population.[12]
In 1981 Hindus numbered 179,251 and formed 93.31% of the population and Muslims numbered 12,247 and formed 6.38% of the population. In 1991 Hindus numbered 246,643 and formed 93.43% of the population and Muslims numbered 16,160 and formed 6.28% of the population in Gaighata CD Block. (In 1981 and 1991 census was conducted as per jurisdiction of the police station.)[13]
In the 2011 census, Hindus numbered 7,352,769 and formed 73.46% of the population in North 24 Parganas district. Muslims numbered 2,584,684 and formed 25.82% of the population.[12] In West Bengal Hindus numbered 64,385,546 and formed 70.53% of the population. Muslims numbered 24,654,825 and formed 27.01% of the population.[12]
Human Development Report
According to Census 2001, 54% of the population of North 24 Parganas district lived in the urban areas. The district had 1,571 inhabited villages spread over 22 community development blocks. In the urban area there were 27 municipalities, 20 census towns, 7 urban outgrowths and one town under Cantonment Board. The North 24 Parganas district Human Development Report opines that in spite of agricultural productivity in North 24 Parganas district being rather impressive 81.84% of rural population suffered from shortage of food. The number of families living below the poverty line varied widely from block to block. Even in some municipal areas, such as Baduria, Gobardanga, Taki, Basirhat, Bangaon and Habra (Thakurnagar is Upcoming Municipality)
surveys have revealed large percentage of people living under the poverty line. Several poverty alleviation schemes are under implementation mostly at the block level. North 24 Parganas district with a population density of 2,192 persons per square km, was the third densest in West Bengal, after Kolkata and Howrah. The high density of population in the district is largely because of large scale migration of refugees from erstwhile East Pakistan, particularly in the period 1947 to 1955. In 2004, life expectancy at birth of a female was 71 years and that of a male was 66 years. With a literacy rate of 68.74% in 2001, the district was second only to Kolkata in the state in literacy. There were 6,139 habitations in the rural areas of North 24 Parganas. Out of these 2,331 habitations have primary schools within the villages and another 3,334 habitations have primary schools within 1 km. There are 474 habitations with primary schools beyond 1 km from the village. There were 258 high schools in the rural areas of the district.[14]
Gaighata CD Block had a population density of 1,172 persons per km2. It was ranked 14 amongst the 22 CD Blocks for density of population in 2001. It had a literacy rate of 74.85%, ranking of 4. Male literacy rate was 82.16% and female literacy rate was 67.11%. Percentage distribution of main workers in Gaighata CD Block was cultivators 21.45, agricultural labourers 26.77, household industry workers 6.10 and other workers 45.69 (non-agricultural, non-household). 22.71% of households in this CD Block lived below poverty line.[14]
In the Gaighata CD Block 15 villages had secondary schools and for 94.29% villages a college was more than 5 km away. Gaighata had 19 high schools with 16,810 students and 290 teachers. It had 12 higher secondary schools with 17,574 students and 331 teachers.[14]
In Gaighata, 91.43% of the villages had electricity for domestic use, 83.81% villages had paved approach roads, 100% villages had primary schools, 20.95% of the villages had maternity and child welfare centres, and 100% villages had drinking water. The tube well is the source of drinking water in 1,244 out of 1,572 villages in the district. In Gaighata CD Block, 105 villages had tube wells for drinking water. Gaighata CD Block had 174 km surfaced roads and 749 km unsurfaced roads.[14]
North 24 Parganas is one of the leading districts in the formation and development of self-help groups. In Gaighata there were 1,280 such groups. The major activities done by these groups were vermi-compost production, animal husbandry, poultry and goat rearing. Gaighata CD Block had 5 health centres and 46 sub-centres.[14]
Template:BPL Households in CD Blocks of North 24 Parganas district
Transport
Gaighata is on NH 35 from Barasat to Bangaon and the Bangladesh border. A privately operated express bus (No. 250) from Esplanade to Bangaon goes via Gaighata (It's Close From 2008).[15] Gaighata now has good connectivity with all surrounding villages by means of autorikshas and trekars. One can easily reach Ranaghat and Basirhat by bus. Recently another privately operated bus ( No. DN 44 ) from ( Bangaon to Dakshineswar ) also goes via Chandpara, Gaighata, Habra, Barasat, Madhyamgram, Birati.Nearest Railway Station Thakurnagar, Chandpara, Gobardanga and Bibhutibhusan Halt and WBSTC Bus Such as D18- Thakurnagar- Howrah . Green Line Kolkata - Dhaka Express Bus.
Gaighata block is one of the areas where ground water is affected by arsenic contamination.[16] According to the findings of the Arsenic Dushan Protirodh Committee (ADPC), a national-level NGO which aims to spread awareness of arsenic and prevent arsenic poisoning through water, found at least 70 tube-wells were reportedly supplying water highly contaminated with arsenic. The ADPC tested water from wells across Gaighata block in North 24-Parganas as well as urine samples of 100 school children.[17]
The possibility of a low cost river water treatment plant utilizing water from Yamuna-Ichhamati at Gighata has been considered. However, this is not considered feasible because the river is highly polluted, costs would considerably increased because of installation of chemical treatment plant to remove pollutants, and the volume of water in the river in summer season is not sufficient.[18]
Project Well, a NGO, is implementing a self-supporting community-based mitigation program in Gaighata to provide arsenic safe water by constructing 20 modified conventional dugwells along with education on water related health effects to change behaviour.[19]
References
- ^ "North 24 Parganas District". Map Gallery – CD Blocks. North 24 Parganas district administration. Retrieved 10 March 2016.
- ^ "District Census Handbook North Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A" (PDF). Page 13. Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
- ^ "District Statistical Handbook". North 24 Parganas 2010-2011, Tables 2.1, 2.2. Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
{{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|1=(help) - ^ "District Census Handbook North Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A" (PDF). Map of North Twenty Four Parganas with CD Block HQs and Police Stations (on the fifth page). Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
- ^ From Barasat Sadar subdivision page.
- ^ a b c d e "C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA)". West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks. Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 10 March 2015.
- ^ "Census of India 2001, Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal, Table - 4". North Twenty Four Parganas District (11). Government of West Bengal. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 2010-10-25.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Provisional Population Totals, West Bengal. Table 4". Census of India 2001. Census Commission of India. Archived from the original on 26 September 2003. Retrieved 2011-01-20.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "District Census 2011". Population Census 2011. Retrieved 24 January 2016.
- ^ a b "Provisional population tables and annexures" (PDF). Census 2011:Table 2(3) Literates and Literacy rates by sex. Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 9 February 2016.
- ^ "District Census Handbook North Twenty Four Parganas, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A" (PDF). Page 50: Mother-tongue. Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. Retrieved 16 April 2018.
- ^ a b c "C1 Population by Religious Community". West Bengal. Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 20 July 2016.
- ^ "Block Level Statistics of North 24 Parganas District" (PDF). Handbook 2004. Government of West Bengal. Retrieved 20 July 2016.
- ^ a b c d e "District Human Development Report: North 24 Parganas" (PDF). Intro Pp 3, 6, 8, 22, 38, 202; Block specific Pp 20, 22, 27, 28, 31, 86, 89, 123, 145, 151, 189. Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2010. Retrieved 18 March 2016.
- ^ "Travel - Transport". Kolkata Bus Routes. calcuttaweb. Retrieved 2007-08-24.
- ^ "Groundwater Arsenic contamination in West Bengal-India (20 years study )". Groundwater arsenic contamination status of North 24-Parganas district, one of the nine arsenic affected districts of West Bengal-India. SOES. Retrieved 2011-02-17.
- ^ "Arsenic mitigation programme". sos- arsenic.net. Retrieved 2007-09-19.
- ^ "An assessment of alternative methods of providing arsenic free water in villages of North-24-Parganas, West Bengal, India". Archived from the original on 8 September 2006. Retrieved 2007-09-19.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "India, West Bengal - Arsenic Safe Drinking Water: Gaighata". info@blueplanetrun.org. Retrieved 2007-09-19.
