Oak processionary

Oak processionary
Oak processionary caterpillars
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Lepidoptera
Family:	Thaumetopoeidae
Genus:	Thaumetopoea
Species:	T. processionea
Binomial name
Thaumetopoea processionea (Linnaeus, 1758)

The oak processionary (Thaumetopoea processionea) is a moth whose caterpillars can be found in oak forests. They are a human irritant because of their poisonous setae (hairs), which can cause skin irritation and asthma.

Distribution

The moths are widely distributed in central and southern Europe, and are occasionally found as far north as Sweden. In the southern countries of Europe the populations are controlled by natural predators, but these predators do not exist in northern Europe. Their range is expanding northward, possibly or partly as a result of global warming. The moth now has an established population in the UK. The eggs arrived on oak imported to the Richmond and Ealing areas of London in 2006 and the range of the species in the UK has been steadily expanding despite efforts to eradicate it.

Description

The imago (adult stage)

The wingspan of adult stage moths is between 25 and 35 millimetres (0.98 and 1.38 in). Their pattern of tan, brown and white make the adults difficult to see against oak bark. Adults fly during July and August. The larvae construct communal nests of white silk from which they crawl at night in single file, head to tail in large processions to feed on foliage in the crowns of trees, returning in the same manner.

Oak is its preferred food source, but the moth also eats the leaves of hazel, hornbeam, sweet chestnut, birch and beech.

Public health problem

Caterpillar

The moths pose an increasing threat to humans as their range is extended. The backs of older caterpillars (3rd to 6th instars) are covered with up to 63,000 pointed defensive bristles, which contain an urticating toxin (e.g., the protein thaumetopoein). The setae break off readily, become airborne and can cause epidemic caterpillar dermatitis (lepidopterism), manifested as a papular rash, pruritus, conjunctivitis and, if inhaled, pharyngitis and respiratory distress, including asthma or even anaphylaxis; however, as of this date, there have been no known deaths related to or caused by such exposures to this toxin.

It has been found that the skin irritation itching effects of contact with these hairs can be largely eliminated by the use of cetirizine-based antihistamines in tablet form.

Transmission of the hairs can be airborne, by ground contact via plants or grass or even by water contact in stillwater e.g. garden ponds. The toxicity of the hairs remains active beyond the normal life cycle of the moth and in some cases can remain a problem for several seasons.

With regard to lawn maintenance, normal grass cutting removal techniques can bring the individual into contact with these hairs. One alternative is to adopt a grass mulching technique to reduce possible contact and furthermore speed up the biological breakdown of the irritant hairs into the soil.

Control

Control

England

Infestations of this caterpillar were first found in several locations in London in 2006. The general public have been asked to look out for these caterpillars and to report them, rather than deal with them themselves. The London Boroughs of Brent, Ealing, Hounslow and Richmond upon Thames have set up task forces to deal with outbreaks. Sightings of these caterpillars in other areas should be reported to the Forestry Commission. The research agency of the Forestry Commission has issued guidance on the way to contain outbreaks and deal with infestations, so as not to increase the risk to the public.

On 31 March 2008 an emergency amendment added the moth to the list of pests in The Plant Health (Forestry) Order 2005, and has required all oak trees coming into the UK from the rest of Europe to have Plant Passports.

In 2013 the Forestry Commission announced helicopters would be deployed to "blanket spray woodland" where the caterpillars posed a health threat.

In April 2018, an outbreak of the caterpillars was reported across Greater London and surrounding areas.

Belgium

The moth is now fairly common in Belgium, notably in the Campine but also elsewhere, with fluctuating population numbers from year to year. In 2007 infestations in the Belgian province of Limburg were so acute that soldiers were deployed to burn them.

Netherlands

In the Netherlands, the caterpillars are dealt with by biological pest control. Local authorities use, like in Germany, fluids containing bacteria that are toxic only to the caterpillars. These fluids are sprayed onto the infected trees. Furthermore, an experiment with bird houses for the great tit is carried out since 2016. It has been observed, that the great tit likes to eat the young, not yet hairy caterpillars in the month of April. In serious cases of contamination, the use of relatively mild chemical pest killers is allowed, after being allowed by local authorities.

See also

• Lonomia obliqua, poisonous caterpillar of Brazil

References

• Maier, H.; Spiegel, W.; Kinaciyan, T.; Krehan, H.; Cabaj, A.; Schopf, A.; Honigsmann, H. (24 November 2003). "The oak processionary caterpillar as the cause of an epidemic airborne disease: survey and analysis". British Journal of Dermatology. 149 (5): 990–997. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2133.2003.05673.x.
• Rahlenbeck, S.; Utikal, J. (1 August 2015). "The oak processionary moth: a new health hazard?". British Journal of General Practice. 65 (637): 435–436. doi:10.3399/bjgp.15X686341.

External links

• Oak processionary up UKmoths
• Moths and Butterflies of Europe and North Africa (with photos of larvae and adults)
• Forestry Commission: Oak processionary moth
• Life-cycle, risks and treatments
• Lepidoptera of Belgium
• Lepiforum.de
• Vlindernet.nl Template:Nl