Timeline of Berlin: Difference between revisions
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** Titania Palast (theatre) opens.<ref name=cinema>{{cite web |url= http://cinematreasures.org/theaters/germany/berlin?status=all |title=Movie Theaters in Berlin, Germany |work=CinemaTreasures.org |publisher= Cinema Treasures LLC |location=Los Angeles |accessdate=18 December 2013 }}</ref> |
** Titania Palast (theatre) opens.<ref name=cinema>{{cite web |url= http://cinematreasures.org/theaters/germany/berlin?status=all |title=Movie Theaters in Berlin, Germany |work=CinemaTreasures.org |publisher= Cinema Treasures LLC |location=Los Angeles |accessdate=18 December 2013 }}</ref> |
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* 1929 |
* 1929 |
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** May: |
** May: [https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blutmai Blutmai(de)] unrest. |
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** [[Lichtburg]] cinema opens. |
** [[Lichtburg]] cinema opens. |
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* 1930 |
* 1930 |
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Revision as of 14:22, 22 May 2018
The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Berlin, Germany.
Prior to 18th century
| History of Berlin |
|---|
 |
| Margraviate of Brandenburg (1157–1806) |
| Kingdom of Prussia (1701–1918) |
| German Empire (1871–1918) |
| Free State of Prussia (1918–1947) |
| Weimar Republic (1919–1933) |
| Nazi Germany (1933–1945) |
| West Germany and East Germany (1945–1990) |
|
| Federal Republic of Germany (1990–present) |
| See also |
- 1163 – Berlin founded by Albert the Bear (approximate date).[1]
- 1230 – St. Nicholas' Church built.
- 1272 - Bakers' guild established.[2]
- 1380 – Fire.
- 1433 - Schützengilde Berlin Korp. von 1433 (militia) formed.
- 1451 – Stadtschloss (palace) built.
- 1454 – St. Erasmus Chapel consecrated.
- 1484 – Jerusalem Church built.[3]
- 1539 – Protestant Reformation.
- 1540 - Printing press in operation.[4]
- 1636 – Joachimsthalsches Gymnasium (school) relocates to Berlin.[citation needed]
- 1650 – Berlin Fortress construction begins.
- 1678 – Dorotheen Church built.[3]
- 1688 – Leipziger Straße (street) laid out.[citation needed]
- 1695 – Lange-brucke (bridge) built.[5]
- 1696 – Academy of Art founded.
- 1700
- Electoral Brandenburg Society of Sciences founded.
- Population: 28,500.
18th century
- 1701 – Berlin becomes capital of the Kingdom of Prussia.[citation needed]
- 1703 – Parochial Church built.[3]
- 1705 – French Cathedral built in Friedrichstadt.
- 1708 – German Cathedral built in Friedrichstadt.
- 1713
- Charlottenburg Palace built.
- Nicolaische Buchhandlung (bookseller) in business.[6]
- 1714 – Berlin merges with the cities of Cölln, Dorotheenstadt, Friedrichstadt, and Friedrichswerder.[1]
- 1715 – City hosts Treaty of Berlin (1715).
- 1721 – Population: 64,600.
- 1722 – Garrison Church built.[3]
- 1732 – Crown Prince's Palace remodelled.
- 1734 – Potsdam Gate constructed.
- 1737 – Berlin Customs Wall and Opera Palace[7] constructed.
- 1739 – Holy Trinity Church built.
- 1742
- Berlin State Opera house inaugurated.
- City hosts signing of the Treaty of Berlin (1742).[8]
- 1743 – Opernplatz (square) laid out.
- 1748 – Berlin Cathedral built.[3]
- 1750 – Population: 113,289.
- 1757 - October: "Austrian general Hadik raids Berlin."[9]
- 1760 – 9–13 October: City taken by Russian and Austrian forces.[8][9]
- 1763 – Royal Porcelain Factory founded in Charlottenburg.[3]
- 1765 – Bank established.[8]
- 1766 – Ephraim-Palais built in Nikolaiviertel.
- 1775 – St. Hedwig's Church built.[3]
- 1780 – Alte Bibliothek (Berlin) (library) built.[7]
- 1783
- Wednesday Society active.
- Berlinische Monatsschrift (magazine) begins publication.
- 1786 – Bellevue Palace built.
- 1791 – Sing-Akademie zu Berlin (choral society) founded.[10]
- 1793 – Brandenburg Gate built.[5]
19th century
1800s-1860s
- 1804 – Population: 182,157.[11]
- 1806 – 21 November: Napoleon issues Berlin Decree while passing through city.[1]
- 1810 – University of Berlin established.[1]
- 1812 – Café Josty in business (approximate date).
- 1815 – City becomes part of the Province of Brandenburg.
- 1821 – Schauspielhaus Berlin (theatre) opens.[12]
- 1824 – Schloßbrücke (Berlin-Mitte) (bridge) built.[5]
- 1825
- Sing-Akademie building constructed.[3]
- Population: 219,968.
- 1827 – 29 April: Premiere of Mendelssohn's opera Hochzeit des Camacho.[13]
- 1828 - Berlin Geographical Society founded.
- 1830 – Königliches Museum opens.[14]
- 1834 – Café Kranzler in business.
- 1835 – Berlin Observatory built.[3]
- 1838
- first railway in Prussia, the Berlin–Potsdam railway opened[15]
- Bote & Bock music publisher in business.[16]
- 1840 – Population: 322,626.
- 1841 – Verein Berliner Künstler (artists association) founded.
- 1842 - Springer-Verlag (publisher) in business.[17]
- 1843 – Royal Opera House rebuilt.[3]
- 1844 – Kroll's and Berlin Zoological Garden open.
- 1845 – Physical Society of Berlin established.
- 1846 - 24 September: Discovery of Neptune planet at the Observatory.
- 1847
- April: Prussian parliament begins meeting in the Stadtschloss.[18]
- Stern Gesangverein founded.[10]
- 1848
- 18 March: "Barricade fights."[19]
- 15 June: Political unrest.[8][19]
- 1849
- Moabit Prison built.[20]
- Wolffs Telegraphisches Bureau in business.
- Population: 423,902.[21]
- 1850 – Berliner Musikschule (music school) founded.
- 1851 – 31 May: Statue of Frederick II of Prussia inaugurated on Unter den Linden.[8]
- 1852 – Luisenstadt Canal constructed.
- 1853 – F. W. Borchardt delicatessen and C. Bechstein Pianofortefabrik in business.
- 1855
- Advertising columns installed in city.[22]
- New Museum opens.[14]
- 1858 – Population: 458,637.[21]
- 1859 - 10 May: Humboldt funeral.[23]
- 1861
- 1862 - Berthold Kempinski wine shop in business.[2]
- 1863
- Photographers Association founded.[24]
- Exchange built.[3]
- Grieben-Verlag (publisher) in business.
- 1864
- Wallner Theater built.
- Population: 632,700.
- 1866
- Lette-Verein (women's educational organization) founded.[25][26]
- New Synagogue was built.[11]
- 1868 – City wall dismantled.[5]
- 1869 – Rotes Rathaus (city hall) built.
1870s-1890s
- 1871
- Berlin becomes capital of the newly unified German Empire.[1]
- Berlin Ringbahn (railway) begins operating.[5]
- Population: 826,341.[11]
- 1872 – Ludwig Loewe & Co. in business.
- 1873 – Victory Column inaugurated on Königsplatz.[3]
- 1875
- Socialist Workers' Party of Germany headquartered in Berlin.
- Hotel Kaiserhof in business.
- Königliche Hochschule für Musik active.[10]
- 1876 – National Gallery opens.[3]
- 1878
- Berlin Stadtbahn (city railway) begins operating.[5]
- City hosts Congress of Berlin.[11]
- 1879 – Imperial Treasury headquartered in city.
- 1880 – Population: 1,122,330.[11]
- 1881
- Berlin administrative district separates from Province of Brandenburg.[5]
- Industrial museum established.[11]
- 1882 – Berlin Stadtbahn (railway) begins operating.[11]
- 1884
- Dankeskirche (church) built.[11]
- City hosts West Africa Conference.
- 1885 – St. George's Anglican Church built.
- 1886 – Ethnological museum established.[11]
- 1887
- German Colonial Society headquartered in Berlin.
- Berlin Philharmonic active.
- Kaiser-Wilhelm-Brücke (Berlin) (bridge)[11] and Heiligekreuzkirche (church)[11] built.
- Society for Friends of Photography founded.[24]
- 1888 – Lessing Theater opens.
- 1889
- Museum of Natural History opens.
- Academic Alpine Club of Berlin formed.[27]
- 1890 – May Day begins.[7]
- 1891 – Hotel Bristol in business.
- 1892 – Theater am Schiffbauerdamm opens.
- 1894 – Reichstag building constructed.[11]
- 1895
- 1 September: Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church inaugurated.
- 13 December: Premiere of Mahler's Symphony No. 2.
- 1896
- Oberbaum Bridge rebuilt.
- 1 May: Great Industrial Exposition of Berlin and Treptow Observatory open.
- Messter Film in business.[28]
- 1897
- National Kaiser Wilhelm Monument unveiled.
- International Automobile Exhibition begins.[29]
- 1898
- Berlin Secession (art group) founded.
- Café des Westens in business.
- 1899 - Deutsches Kolonialmuseum (museum) opens.
- 1900 – Berlin Automobile Association founded.[30]
20th century
1900s-1945
- 1901 – Population: 1,901,567.[1]
- 1902 – Berlin U-Bahn begins operating.
- 1903 - Deutsches Kolonialhaus built.
- 1904
- Kaiser-Friedrich-Museum opens.[31]
- Tietz department store in business on Alexanderplatz.
- 1905
- Berlin Cathedral rebuilt.
- Population: 2,040,148.[1]
- 1906 – Virchow Hospital opens in Moabit.[5]
- 1907
- Märkisches Museum built in Köllnischer Park.
- Kaufhaus des Westens (shop), Edeka supermarket chain,[2] and Hotel Fürstenhof in business.
- 1908
- Hotel Excelsior in business.
- Friedrichstraßenpassage shopping arcade built.
- 1910 - Der Sturm magazine begins publication.
- 1911
- Kaiser Wilhelm Society for the Advancement of Sciences founded.
- Hotel Esplanade built.[32]
- Die Aktion magazine begins publication.
- 1913 – Deutsches Stadion (stadium) and Cines-Palast (cinema) open.
- 1914
- Volksbühne (theatre) and Bendlerblock built.
- Pacifist Bund Neues Vaterland headquartered in city.
- 1918 – Die Rote Fahne newspaper begins publication.
- 1919
- January: Spartacist uprising; socialists Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht killed.
- February: Dadaist Jedermann sein eigner Fussball published.
- May: Premiere of LGBT-themed film Anders als die Andern.[28]
- City becomes capital of the Weimar Republic.[citation needed]
- Deutsche Luft-Reederei airline begins operating its Weimar-Berlin route.[28]
- Population: 1,902,509.[33]
- 1920
- March: Kapp Putsch.
- June: First International Dada Fair held.[34]
- 1 October: City area expands per Greater Berlin Act, incorporating Charlottenburg, Köpenick, Lichtenberg, Neukölln, Schöneberg, Spandau, and Wilmersdorf.
- 1922
- 24 June: Foreign Minister Walther Rathenau assassinated.
- December: International of Revolutionary Syndicalists founded in Berlin.[35]
- 1923 – Tempelhof Airport and Berlin Psychoanalytic Institute established.
- 1924
- Traffic light installed in Potsdamer Platz.[7]
- Internationale Funkausstellung Berlin (radio exhibit) begins.
- Berlin Radio Symphony Orchestra active.[36]
- 1925
- Ahmadiyya Mosque Berlin built.
- Population: 4,024,286.
- 1926 – Funkturm Berlin (radio tower) erected.
- 1927
- 10 January: Premiere of film Metropolis.
- 1 May: Hitler gives his first speech in Berlin, at the Clou Concert Hall.
- 1928
- 31 August: Premiere of Brecht's The Threepenny Opera.[37]
- Titania Palast (theatre) opens.[38]
- 1929
- May: Blutmai(de) unrest.
- Lichtburg cinema opens.
- 1930
- Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Berlin established.[39]
- Pergamon Museum built.
- 1931 – Großsiedlung Siemensstadt housing built.
- 1932 – Columbushaus built on Potsdamer Platz.
- 1933
- Nazi headquarters relocated to Berlin from Munich.
- 27 February: Reichstag fire.
- 26 April: Nazi Gestapo (secret police) headquartered in Berlin, on Prinz-Albrecht-Straße.
- 10 May: Nazi book burnings in Opernplatz.
- City becomes capital of the Greater German Reich.
- Hufeisensiedlung housing built.[40]
- Strength Through Joy national leisure programme headquartered in Berlin.
- 1934
- City becomes seat of the Greater Berlin and Mark Brandenburg Gaue (Nazi administrative divisions).
- Columbia concentration camp in operation.
- 1935
- 28 March: Premiere of film Triumph of the Will.
- Nazi SS-Hauptamt headquartered in Berlin, on Prinz-Albrecht-Straße.
- Deutschlandhalle built.
- 1936
- Olympic Stadium and Air Ministry Building constructed.
- August: 1936 Summer Olympics held.[41][42]
- Sachsenhausen concentration camp and Berlin-Marzahn concentration camp established near city.
- 1937
- Julius Lippert becomes mayor.
- Albert Speer becomes Generalbauinspektor for the Reich capital.
- Volkswagen auto manufactory in business.
- 1938
- 9–10 November: Kristallnacht; Fasanenstrasse Synagogue burned.
- Helicopter flight demonstrated.[28]
- 1939 – Population: 4,332,242.[43]
- 1940
- Bombing of Berlin in World War II begins.
- Ludwig Steeg becomes mayor.
- 1941 - Tempelhof Airport terminal built.[44]
- 1943 – November: Battle of Berlin (RAF campaign) begins.
- 1944 - 21 July: Execution of 20 July plot conspirators.[45]
- 1945
- 16 April: Battle of Berlin begins.[46]
- 30 April: Death of Adolf Hitler in the Führerbunker.
- 2 May: Battle of Berlin ends.[42]
- 2 May: Nikolai Berzarin becomes commander of the Soviet sector of city.
- 8 May: Ceremonial German Instrument of Surrender signed in Karlshorst.
- 4 July: Floyd L. Parks becomes commander of the U.S. sector of city.
- 5 July: Lewis Lyne becomes commander of the British sector of city.
- 11 July: Geoffroi du Bois de Beauchesne becomes commander of the French sector of city.
- 17 July-2 August: Potsdam Conference held.[45]
- 21 July: Victory Parade.
- 30 August: Allied Control Council constituted.
1946-1989
- 1946
- Technical University of Berlin opens.
- October: City election held.[47]
- 1947
- Ernst Reuter becomes mayor.
- Population: 3,224,420.
- 1948
- 24 June: Soviet blockade begins.[48]
- 26 June: Allied airlift of supplies begins.[49]
- Free University of Berlin established.
- Handelsorganisation grocery opens in East Berlin.[2]
- 1949
- 12 May: Berlin Blockade ends.[48]
- City divided into East Berlin and West Berlin.[43]
- East Berlin becomes capital of the German Democratic Republic.[43]
- Currywurst introduced on Kantstraße.[2]
- 1950
- Academy of Arts established in East Berlin.
- Freedom Bell installed in city hall of West Berlin.
- 1951
- Landtag (parliament) of West Berlin established.
- East Berlin hosts 3rd World Festival of Youth and Students.
- Berliner Festspiele established in West Berlin.
- Berlin Film Festival begins in West Berlin.
- 1952 – Deutsche Waggon und Maschinenfabrik in business.
- 1953 – June: Uprising in East Berlin.[48]
- 1954
- Academy of Arts established in West Berlin.
- Berlin Conference (1954) held.
- 1956 – Rotes Rathaus reconstructed; becomes city hall of East Berlin.
- 1957 – Haus der Kulturen der Welt built in West Berlin.
- 1959
- Institute for European Politics founded in West Berlin.[50]
- Jüdisches Gemeindehaus Fasanenstraße (Jewish centre) inaugurated in West Berlin.
- 1960 – Gropiusstadt developed.
- 1961
- 4 June: Berlin Crisis of 1961 begins.
- 13–15 August: Berlin Wall construction begins between East Berlin and West Berlin.[41][42]
- Ampelmännchen pedestrian signal introduced in East Berlin.
- 1963
- Berliner Philharmonie (concert hall) built in West Berlin.
- Berliner Singakademie founded in East Berlin.[citation needed]
- 26 June: U.S. president Kennedy gives Ich bin ein Berliner speech in West Berlin.
- 1964 – JazzFest Berlin begins in West Berlin.
- 1967 - Sister city relationship established with Los Angeles, USA.[51]
- 1968 – New National Gallery opens in West Berlin.
- 1969
- Fernsehturm Berlin (TV tower) erected in East Berlin.
- Neuer Berliner Kunstverein founded.[52]
- 1971 – Movement 2 June anarchist group active in West Berlin.
- 1972 – June: Four Power Agreement on Berlin signed.
- 1970 – Hotel Stadt Berlin built in East Berlin.
- 1973 – Großgaststätte Ahornblatt (restaurant) built in East Berlin.
- 1974 – Berlin Marathon begins in West Berlin.
- 1975
- Hochschule der Künste Berlin (art school) formed.
- Peter Lorenz becomes president of the Landtag of West Berlin.
- 1978
- Berlin Motor Show begins in West Berlin.
- Berlin State Library building opens on Haus Potsdamer Straße in West Berlin.
- 1979 - International Congress Centre built in West Berlin.[53]
- 1980
- Islamische Föderation Berlin founded.[54]
- Memorial to the German Resistance erected.
- 1983 - Berliner Rock- und Pop-Archiv founded.
- 1984 - Eberhard Diepgen becomes mayor of West Berlin.
- 1985 – West Berlin hosts Bundesgartenschau (garden show).[55]
- 1986 – 5 April: 1986 Berlin discotheque bombing in West Berlin.
- 1987
- 750th anniversary of founding of Berlin.
- Topography of Terror exhibit opens.[56]
- 1 May: May Day in Kreuzberg begins.
- 12 June: U.S. president Reagan gives Tear down this wall! speech in West Berlin.[42]
- 1988 – West Berlin designated a European Capital of Culture.
- 1989
- Population: 1,279,212 in East Berlin.
- 4 November: Alexanderplatz demonstration in East Berlin.
- 9 November: Berlin Wall opened between East Berlin and West Berlin.[42][57]
1990s
- 1990
- 3 October: German reunification; unified Berlin designated capital of the Federal Republic of Germany.
- Federal Commissioner for the Stasi Records and German Academy for Urban and Regional Spatial Planning headquartered in Berlin.
- Kunsthaus Tacheles established.
- 1993
- Berlin Cathedral renovated.
- Transparency International headquartered in city.
- 1994 – Russian and Allied forces depart.[41]
- 1995
- German-Russian Museum opens.
- June: Artist Christo wraps the Reichstag.
- 1996
- City website online (approximate date).[58]
- Berggruen Museum and Café Einstein Unter den Linden open.
- 1997 - Computer Games Museum founded.
- 1998 – Gemäldegalerie and Treptowers built.
- 1999
- German Bundestag (legislature) relocated to Berlin from Bonn per Berlin-Bonn Act.
- Molecule Man (sculpture) installed in the Spree River.
- Clocktower reinstalled on Potsdamer Platz.[59]
- 2000
- Sony Center built.
- Population: 3,382,169.
21st century
- 2001
- June 16: Klaus Wowereit becomes governing mayor.[60]
- Merger of boroughs: Charlottenburg-Wilmersdorf, Friedrichshain-Kreuzberg, Marzahn-Hellersdorf, Steglitz-Zehlendorf, Tempelhof-Schöneberg, and Treptow-Köpenick formed.
- Jewish Museum opens.
- Berlin International Literature Festival begins.
- 2004 – Festival of Lights begins.
- 2005
- Memorial to the Murdered Jews of Europe unveiled.
- Angela Merkel takes office as German Chancellor.[relevant?]
- 2006
- Berlin Hauptbahnhof (Central station) constructed.
- FIFA World Cup Final held at Olympiastadion.
- Türk Bakım Evi nursing home established.
- 2009 - Prinzessinnengärten (garden) created.[61]
- 2013
- 3 November: Berlin energy referendum, 2013 held.
- Hohenzollern Stadtschloss (palace) reconstruction begins.
- Population: 3,517,424. Of these, 538,729 residents were of foreign nationality
- 2014 – March: .berlin internet domain name begins.[62]
- 2016
- July: Protest against gentrification in Friedrichshain.[63][64]
- 19 December : 2016 Berlin attack
- 2017 - Urban Nation museum opens.[1]
See also
References
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- ^ a b c d e Ursula Heinzelmann (2008). "Timeline". Food Culture in Germany. Greenwood Press. ISBN 978-0-313-34495-4.
{{cite book}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Bradshaw 1898.
- ^ Henri Bouchot (1890). "Topographical index of the principal towns where early printing presses were established". In H. Grevel (ed.). The book: its printers, illustrators, and binders, from Gutenberg to the present time. London: H. Grevel & Co.
{{cite book}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c d e f g h Britannica 1910.
- ^ Allgemeines Adreßbuch für den deutschen Buchhandel ... 1870 (in German). Leipzig: O.A. Schulz. 1870.
- ^ a b c d Bell 2011.
- ^ a b c d e Townsend 1867.
- ^ a b Franz A.J. Szabo (2013). "Chronology of Major Events". The Seven Years War in Europe: 1756-1763. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-88697-6.
{{cite book}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c Claude Egerton Lowe (1896). "Chronological Summary of the Chief Events in the History of Music". Chronological Cyclopædia of Musicians and Musical Events. London: Weekes & Co.
{{cite book}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Chambers 1901.
- ^ Neuer Theater-Almanach (in German). Berlin: F.A. Günther & Sohn. 1908.
- ^ Roger Parker, ed. (2001). Oxford Illustrated History of Opera. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-285445-2.
- ^ a b Königliche Museen zu Berlin (1904). Kunsthandbuch für Deutschland (in German) (6th ed.). Georg Reimer.
- ^ "Potsdamer Bahn" (in German).
- ^ Chester L. Alwes (2012). "Choral Music in the Culture of the 19th Century". In André de Quadros (ed.). Cambridge Companion to Choral Music. Cambridge Companions to Music. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-11173-7.
Music publishers of the 18th to the early 20th c. (chronological list)
{{cite book}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - ^ Mary H. Munroe (2004). "Springer Timeline". The Academic Publishing Industry: A Story of Merger and Acquisition. Archived from the original on October 2014 – via Northern Illinois University.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|archivedate=(help); Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Knight 1866.
- ^ a b Ernest F. Henderson (1937). "Chronological Table: 1658-1914". A Short History of Germany. New York: Macmillan – via HathiTrust.
{{cite book}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - ^ Mitchel P. Roth (2006). "Chronology". Prisons and Prison Systems: A Global Encyclopedia. Greenwood. ISBN 978-0-313-32856-5.
{{cite book}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c Georg Friedrich Kolb (1862). "Die europäischen Großmächte: Preussen". Grundriss der Statistik der Völkerzustands- und Staatenkunde (in German). Leipzig: A. Förstnersche Buchhandlung.
{{cite book}}: Check|author=value (help); External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ Steven Anzovin; Janet Podell, eds. (2000). Famous First Facts. H.W. Wilson Co. ISBN 0824209583.
- ^ Andrea Wulf (2015). The Invention of Nature: Alexander von Humboldt's New World. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-385-35067-9.
- ^ a b "Continental Photographic Societies", International Annual of Anthony's Photographic Bulletin, New York: E. & H. T. Anthony & Company, 1890
{{citation}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - ^ Berliner Chronik mit Fakten aus acht Jahrhunderten [Chronology of Berlin with Facts from Eight Centuries] (in German), Luisenstädtischer Bildungsverein, retrieved 30 September 2015
- ^ United States Bureau of Education (1896), "Higher Education of Women", Report of the Commissioner of Education, vol. 1894–95, v.1, Washington DC: Government Printing Office, p. 921 – via HathiTrust,
Educational Status of Women in Different Countries: Germany
- ^ A.J. Mackintosh (1907). "Mountaineering Clubs, 1857-1907". Alpine Journal (177). UK.
- ^ a b c d Patrick Robertson (2011). Robertson's Book of Firsts. Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-1-60819-738-5.
- ^ Mark Garrett, ed. (2014). "Chronology". Encyclopedia of Transportation. Sage. ISBN 978-1-4833-4651-9.
{{cite book}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - ^ "Vereinsgeschichte" (in German). Berliner Automobil-Club. Retrieved 18 December 2013.
- ^ Preyer 1912.
- ^ Friedemann Kreuder (2000). "Hotel Esplanade: The Cultural History of a Berlin Location". PAJ: A Journal of Performance and Art. 22. JSTOR 3245890.
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{{cite book}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - ^ Mel Gordon (1974). "Dada Berlin: "A History of Performance (1918-1920)". The Drama Review. 18. JSTOR 1144908.
- ^ James C. Docherty; Peter Lamb (2006). "Chronology". Historical Dictionary of Socialism (2nd ed.). Scarecrow Press. ISBN 978-0-8108-6477-1.
{{cite book}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - ^ Colin Lawson, ed. (2003). "Orchestras Founded in the 20th Century (chronological list)". Cambridge Companion to the Orchestra. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-00132-8.
{{cite book}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - ^ Radio 3. "Opera Timeline". BBC. Retrieved 30 March 2015.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ "Movie Theaters in Berlin, Germany". CinemaTreasures.org. Los Angeles: Cinema Treasures LLC. Retrieved 18 December 2013.
- ^ "Chronology of Catholic Dioceses: Germany". Norway: Oslo katolske bispedømme (Oslo Catholic Diocese). Retrieved 30 September 2015.
- ^ "A history of cities in 50 buildings", The Guardian, UK, 2015
- ^ a b c "Germany Profile: Timeline". BBC News. Retrieved 18 December 2013.
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{{citation}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - ^ "Seven Leading Architects Defend the World's Most Hated Buildings", New York Times, 5 June 2015
- ^ a b Richard Overy, ed. (2013). New York Times Book of World War II 1939-1945. USA: Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers. ISBN 978-1-60376-377-6.
- ^ Fabrizio Bensch; Georgiy Samsonov; Reuters (4 May 2015), Berlin battleground- 70 years later, The Big Picture, Boston Globe
{{citation}}:|author3=has generic name (help) (comparative photographs, 1945 and 2015) - ^ Simpson 1957.
- ^ a b c Bernard A. Cook, ed. (2013). "Chronology of Major Political Events". Europe Since 1945: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-17939-7.
{{cite book}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - ^ "Timeline: The Berlin Airlift". Berlin Airlift. American Experience. USA: Public Broadcasting Service. Retrieved 15 March 2014.
- ^ "Think Tank Directory". Philadelphia, USA: Foreign Policy Research Institute. Retrieved 18 December 2013.
- ^ "Sister Cities of Los Angeles". USA: City of Los Angeles. Retrieved 30 December 2015.
- ^ "Germany". Art Spaces Directory. New York: New Museum. Retrieved 26 December 2013.
- ^ "Demolition dreams: the world's 'worst' buildings", Financial Times, 31 October 2014
- ^ Joel S. Fetzer; J. Christopher Soper (2005). Muslims and the State in Britain, France, and Germany. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-53539-7.
- ^ "Bisherige Gartenschauen" [Previous Garden Shows] (in German). Bonn: Deutsche Bundesgartenschau-Gesellschaft. Retrieved 18 December 2013.
- ^ Czaplicka 1995.
- ^ "50th anniversary of the Berlin Wall: a timeline". The Guardian. UK. 12 August 2011.
- ^ "www.berlin.de" (in German). Archived from the original on December 1996 – via Internet Archive, Wayback Machine.
{{cite web}}: Check date values in:|archivedate=(help) - ^ Urban 2003.
- ^ "German mayors". City Mayors.com. London: City Mayors Foundation. Retrieved 18 December 2013.
- ^ New York Times 2015.
- ^ "Berlin the world's first city with its own domain name", GlobalPost, Boston, 14 March 2014
- ^ "Berlin riot: 123 police injured in anti-gentrification protest", BBC News, 10 July 2016
- ^ "Verletzte bei Demonstration von Linksautonomen", Die Zeit (in German), 10 July 2016
This article incorporates information from the German Wikipedia.
Bibliography
Published in 17th-19th centuries
- "Berlin". Topographia Electoratus Brandenburgici et Ducatus Pomeraniae. Topographia Germaniae.
{{cite book}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) 1652/1680 - Thomas Nugent (1749), "Berlin", The Grand Tour, vol. 2: Germany and Holland, London: S. Birt
{{citation}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - "Berlin". A Geographical, Historical and Political Description of the Empire of Germany, Holland, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Prussia, Italy, Sicily, Corsica and Sardinia: With a Gazetteer. London: John Stockdale. 1800. OCLC 79519893.
{{cite book}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - Abraham Rees (1819), "Berlin", The Cyclopaedia, London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme & Brown
{{citation}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - John Russell (1828), "Berlin", A Tour in Germany, and Some of the Southern Provinces of the Austrian Empire, in 1820, 1821, 1822, Edinburgh: Constable, OCLC 614379840
{{citation}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - David Brewster, ed. (1830). "Berlin". Edinburgh Encyclopædia. Edinburgh: William Blackwood.
{{cite book}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - Edward Augustus Domeier (1830), "Berlin", Descriptive Road-Book of Germany, London: Samuel Leigh
{{citation}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - Mariana Starke (1839), "Berlin", Travels in Europe (9th ed.), Paris: A. and W. Galignani
{{citation}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - Charles Knight, ed. (1866). "Berlin". Geography. English Cyclopaedia. Vol. 2. London: Bradbury, Evans, & Co.
{{cite book}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - Berlin and its Treasures. New York: D. Appleton and Company. 1867.
- George Henry Townsend (1867), "Berlin", A Manual of Dates (2nd ed.), London: Frederick Warne & Co.
{{citation}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - William Henry Overall, ed. (1870), "Berlin, Prussia", Dictionary of Chronology, London: William Tegg, OCLC 2613202
{{citation}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - "Berlin", Northern Germany (5th ed.), Coblenz: Karl Baedeker, 1873, OCLC 5947482; famous guidebook
- "Berlin". Handbook for North Germany. London: J. Murray. 1877.
{{cite book}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - Henry Vizetelly (1879), Berlin under the New Empire, London: Tinsley Bros., OCLC 1819784 + v.2
- W. Pembroke Fetridge (1884), "Berlin", Harper's Hand-Book for Travellers in Europe and the East (23rd ed.), New York: Harper & Brothers
{{citation}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - James Pollard (1894), A study in municipal government: the corporation of Berlin, Edinburgh: Blackwood
- Norddeutscher Lloyd (1896), "Berlin", Guide through Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy, Switzerland, France, Belgium, Holland and England, Berlin: J. Reichmann & Cantor, OCLC 8395555
{{citation}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - "Berlin", Bradshaw's Illustrated Hand-book to Germany and Austria, London: W.J. Adams & Sons, 1898
{{citation}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help)
Published in 20th century
- in English
- Robert C. Brooks (1901), "Berlin", Bibliography of Municipal Problems and City Conditions, Municipal Affairs, vol. 5 (2nd ed.), New York: Reform Club, OCLC 1855351
{{citation}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - "Berlin". Chambers's Encyclopaedia. London. 1901.
{{cite book}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Berlin and its Environs (3rd ed.), Leipzig: Karl Baedeker, 1908, OCLC 00575650
- "Berlin", Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.), New York, 1910, OCLC 14782424 – via Internet Archive
{{citation}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Benjamin Vincent (1910), "Berlin", Haydn's Dictionary of Dates (25th ed.), London: Ward, Lock & Co.
{{citation}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - Nathaniel Newnham Davis (1911), "Berlin", The Gourmet's Guide to Europe (3rd ed.), London: Grant Richards
{{citation}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - David C. Preyer (1912), The Berlin Galleries, Boston: St. Botolph Society, OCLC 3077308
- Joseph Lins (1913). "Berlin". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York.
{{cite book}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Leon E. Seltzer, ed. (1952), "Berlin", Columbia Lippincott Gazetteer of the World, New York: Columbia University Press, p. 203, OL 6112221M
{{citation}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - J.L. Simpson (1957). "Berlin: Allied Rights and Responsibilities in the Divided City". International and Comparative Law Quarterly. 6. JSTOR 755897.
- Wolfgang Hofmann (1969). "West Berlin – The Isolated City in the Twentieth Century". Journal of Contemporary History. 4. JSTOR 259732.
- Berlin, Great Cities, Time-Life Books, 1977, OL 3850712M
- T.H. Elkins; B. Hofmeister (1988), Berlin: the spatial structure of a divided city, London: Methuen, ISBN 0416922201
- David Stanley (1992), "Berlin", Eastern Europe (2nd ed.), Lonely Planet, p. 86+
{{citation}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - John Czaplicka (1995). "History, Aesthetics, and Contemporary Commemorative Practice in Berlin". New German Critique (65). JSTOR 488540.
- Trudy Ring, ed. (1995). "Berlin". Northern Europe. International Dictionary of Historic Places. Fitzroy Dearborn. ISBN 978-1-136-63944-9.
{{cite book}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - Ronald Taylor (1997), Berlin and its culture, New Haven, Conn: Yale University Press, ISBN 0300072007
- Wolfgang Schivelbusch (1998), In a cold crater: cultural and intellectual life in Berlin, 1945–1948, Berkeley: University of California Press, ISBN 0520203666
- "Berlin". Germany. Let's Go. 1999. OL 24980049M.
{{cite book}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help)
- in German
- P. Krauss und E. Uetrecht, ed. (1913). "Berlin". Meyers Deutscher Städteatlas [Meyer's Atlas of German Cities] (in German). Leipzig: Bibliographisches Institut.
- Berlin. Griebens Reiseführer (in German). Berlin: Albert Goldschmidt. 1920 – via Internet Archive.
Published in 21st century
- Jack Holland (2001), Rough Guide to Berlin, Rough Guides, London, OL 24743282M
{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - Matt Erlin (2003), Berlin's Forgotten Future: City, History, and Enlightenment in Eighteenth-Century Germany, University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 9780807881279
- Florian Urban (2003). "Picture Postcards of Urbanity: Reflections on Berlin's Inner City and the 1999 Master Plan". Journal of Architectural Education. 57. JSTOR 1425741.
- Hartmut Haussermann (2004). "Berlin: from divided into fragmented city". Greek Review of Social Research.
- Gösta Arvastson; Tim Butler, eds. (2006). "Shopping Malls and Shishas ... Berlin and Moscow". Multicultures and Cities. Museum Tusculanum Press. ISBN 978-87-635-0372-3.
{{cite book}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - Christian Hartel (2006). Berlin: a Short History.
- Belinda Davis (2008). "City as theater of protest: West Berlin and West Germany, 1962-83". In Gyan Prakash and Kevin Michael Kruse (ed.). Spaces of the Modern City: Imaginaries, Politics, and Everyday Life. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-13343-3.
- Joachim Schlör (2010). "Berlin 1900". In Christian Hermansen Cordua (ed.). Manifestoes and Transformations in the Early Modernist City. Ashgate Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7546-7948-6.
{{cite book}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - Agata Anna Lisiak (2010). Urban Cultures in (Post)colonial Central Europe. Purdue University Press. ISBN 978-1-55753-573-3. (about Berlin, Budapest, Prague, Warsaw)
- Daniel A. Bell; Avner de-Shalit (2011), "Berlin", Spirit of Cities: Why the Identity of a City Matters in a Global Age, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, ISBN 9780691151441
{{citation}}: External link in|chapterurl=|chapterurl=ignored (|chapter-url=suggested) (help) - Roman A. Cybriwsky (2013). "Berlin". Capital Cities around the World: An Encyclopedia of Geography, History, and Culture. ABC-CLIO. p. 48+. ISBN 978-1-61069-248-9.
- Stephen Evans (7 January 2014). "Berlin 1914: A city of ambition and self-doubt". BBC News.
- Quinn Slobodian; Michelle Sterling (2014), "Sacking Berlin", The Baffler, no. 23, USA
- "36 Hours in Berlin", New York Times, 12 August 2015
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Berlin.
- "Berlin in Brief: History". Berlin.de. Governing Mayor of Berlin.
- Links to fulltext city directories for Berlin via Wikisource
- Europeana. Items related to Berlin, various dates.
- Digital Public Library of America. Items related to Berlin, various dates
- "Berlin Time Line: 1945–1990". Virginia, USA: Cold War Museum.
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