Bill Clinton

Bill Clinton

Bill Clinton White House Portrait
Order:	42nd President
Term of Office:	January 20, 1993–January 20, 2001
Predecessor:	George H. W. Bush
Successor:	George W. Bush
Date of Birth:	Monday, August 19, 1946
Place of Birth:	Hope, Arkansas
First Lady:	Hillary Rodham Clinton
Profession:	Lawyer
Political Party:	Democratic
Vice President:	Al Gore

William Jefferson Clinton (born August 19, 1946) was the 42nd President of the United States from 1993 to 2001. Before his Presidency, Clinton served five terms as the Governor of Arkansas.

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President Clinton's official White House portrait, as painted by artist Simmie Knox

A member of the Democratic Party, Clinton was generally considered a moderate. His domestic priorities included legislation to upgrade education, to restrict handgun sales, to strengthen environmental rules, to protect the jobs of parents who must care for sick children. Internationally, his priorities included reducing trade barriers and mediating the Northern Ireland and Israeli-Palestinian conflicts.

His tenure was marked by a bitter relationship with the Republican-controlled Congress. He became only the second president to be impeached, as a result of the Monica Lewinsky scandal, but he was acquitted by the Senate. He was the third youngest president and the first of the baby boomer generation. Upon leaving office, he had the highest approval ratings for a retiring President in modern U.S. history.

President Clinton was the first United States President born after the close of the Second World War. His assumption of office marked a "generation shift" between the former Presidents who were mostly World War II veterans and had experienced the start of the Cold War in the 1950s.

Early life and education

Clinton was born William Jefferson Blythe III in Hope, Arkansas and raised in Hot Springs, Arkansas. He was named after his father, William Jefferson Blythe Jr., a travelling salesman who had been killed in a car accident in Scott County, Missouri between the towns of Sikeston and Morley just three months before his son was born. His mother, born Virginia Dell Cassidy, remarried in 1950 to Roger Clinton. Billy, as he was called, was raised by his mother and stepfather, using the last name "Clinton" throughout elementary school, but not formally changing it until he was 15. Clinton grew up in a turbulent family. His stepfather was a gambler and alcoholic who regularly abused his wife, and sometimes Clinton's half brother Roger, Jr. (born 1956).

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Bill Clinton meets President John F. Kennedy at the White House in 1962

Clinton excelled as a student and as a saxophone player. At one time, he considered becoming a professional musician. As a delegate to Boys Nation while in high school, he met President John F. Kennedy in the White House Rose Garden. This encounter has often been romanticised as a crucial factor in leading Clinton to begin a life of public service.

He rose from poverty to graduate from the School of Foreign Service at Georgetown University with a degree in International Affairs. While attending Georgetown, he was a congressional aide for Senator William Fulbright. After graduation, he attended England's prestigious Oxford University (University College) on a Rhodes Scholarship, and received a law degree from Yale Law School. At Yale, Bill Clinton met Hillary Rodham, and they married in 1975. They have one daughter Chelsea, born in 1980.

Arkansas political career

Clinton taught law at the University of Arkansas for a few years. During this time, he ran for the House of Representatives in 1974 against Congressman John Paul Hammerschmidt. Clinton lost the election by over 6,000 votes. After his teaching stint, Clinton was elected Attorney General of Arkansas in 1976. Bill Clinton was elected governor of the state of Arkansas first in 1978, when at the time he was the youngest state governor in the United States. His first term was fraught with difficulties, including an unpopular motor vehicle tax, and popular anger over the escape of Cuban prisoners (from the Mariel Boat Lift) detained in Fort Chafee in 1980.

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President Carter (right) meets with Governor Clinton.

Furthermore, Hillary Rodham's decision to keep her maiden name while Arkansas' First Lady raised many eyebrows in the traditionally conservative state. After only one term, Clinton was defeated by Republican challenger Frank D. White in 1980. He was the youngest ex-governor in the nation's history.

Out of office, Clinton addressed the concerns that led to his political failure. He established new relationships with business interests, and made amends with the political establishment of the state. Hillary took her husband's surname and adopted a more traditional public role as a political wife, while quietly establishing herself as a political force in her own right through her skills as an attorney. Clinton was elected governor again in 1982, and was re-elected again in 1984, 1986 and 1990, serving until 1992.

Clinton's business-friendly approach mollified conservative criticism during his terms as governor. However, several deals the Clintons made during this period led to the Whitewater investigation, which dogged his later presidential administration.

Presidency

Clinton's first major foray into national politics occurred when he was enlisted to speak at the 1988 Democratic National Convention, introducing candidate Michael Dukakis. Clinton's address, scheduled to last 15 minutes, became a debacle as Clinton gave a notoriously dull speech that lasted over half an hour (he joked about the length of this speech at the 1992 convention).

Despite this setback, Clinton prepared for a run in 1992 against incumbent president George H. W. Bush. In the aftermath of the Persian Gulf War, President Bush seemed undefeatable, and several potential Democratic candidates — notably New York Governor Mario Cuomo — passed on what seemed to be a lost cause. Positioning himself as a straight-talking everyman, Clinton handily won the Democratic Party's nomination

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Clinton and Gore on the White House lawn.

Clinton chose U.S. Sen. Albert A. Gore Jr. (D-Tenn.) to be his running mate on July 9, 1992. Initially this decision sparked criticism from strategists due to the fact that Gore was from Clinton's neighboring state of Tennessee. In retrospect, many now view Gore as a helpful factor in the successful 1992 campaign.

Clinton's opponents raised various "character" issues during the campaign, including his avoidance of military service during the Vietnam War, and his glib response to a question about past marijuana use. Allegations of womanizing and shady business deals also were raised. While none of these alleged flaws led to Clinton's defeat, they did fuel unusually vehement opposition to Clinton's policies among many conservatives from the very beginning of his presidency.

Clinton won the 1992 presidential election against the Republican George Bush and independent candidate H. Ross Perot, largely on a platform focusing on domestic issues, notably the economic recession of the pre-election period — using the line "It's the economy, stupid!" For more information about Clinton's campaign, see Bill Clinton presidential campaign, 1992.

Clinton was the first Democrat to serve two full terms as President since Franklin Delano Roosevelt. His election ended an era in which the Republican party had controlled the Presidency for 12 consecutive years, and for 20 of the previous 24 years. That election also brought the Democrats full control of the political branches of the federal government, including both houses of Congress as well as the Presidency, for the first time since the administration of Jimmy Carter.

Clinton's first act as president was to sign executive order 12834 (entitled "Ethics Commitments by Executive Branch Appointees"), which placed substantial restrictions upon the ability of his senior political appointees to lobby their colleagues after they leave office. Clinton rescinded the order shortly before he left office in executive order 13184 of December 28, 2000.

Shortly after taking office, Clinton fulfilled a campaign promise by signing the Family and Medical Leave Act of 1993, which required large employers to allow their employees to take unpaid leave because of a family or medical emergency. While this action was popular, Clinton's initial reluctance to fulfill another campaign promise relating to the acceptance of openly gay members of the military garnered criticism from both the left (for being too tentative in promoting gay rights) and the right (for being too insensitive to military life). After much debate, Clinton and the Pentagon agreed to a "Don't ask, don't tell" policy, which officially remains in effect.

Yitzhak Rabin, Clinton, and Yasser Arafat during the Oslo Accords on September 13, 1993.

As president, Clinton was characterized as being a much more "hands on" president than some of his Republican predecessors. While Bush and Reagan had operated under what some critics dubbed an Imperial Presidency of bureaucratic "courtiers," Clinton had much more fickle relationships with his aides, and did not delegate them significant powers. He went through four White House Chiefs of Staff — a record number of men in a position that had once been the epicenter of the Imperial Presidency. This is not to say that Clinton was without political confidants in the White House. The First Lady played an active role in helping the President form policy, and Clinton's two best friends and most loyal supporters, Paul Begala and James Carville, could often be seen defending the President's policies in Washington and the media.

After two years of Democratic party control under the leadership of President Clinton, the mid-term elections in 1994 proved disastrous for the Democrats. They lost control of both houses of Congress for the first time in 40 years, in large part due to stalled legislation, including a failed attempt to create a comprehensive health care system under a plan developed by the First Lady Hillary Rodham Clinton.

After the 1994 election, the spotlight shifted to the Contract with America spearheaded by Speaker of the House Newt Gingrich. The Republican-controlled Congress and President Clinton sparred over the budget, resulting in a series of government shutdowns at a political penalty to the Republicans.

President Clinton embraces British Prime Minister Tony Blair.

In the 1996 presidential election, Clinton was re-elected by a healthy margin over Republican Bob Dole and Reform candidate Ross Perot, while the Republicans retained control of the Congress losing but a few seats.

Clinton developed a close working relationship with Tony Blair, the Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, when he was elected in 1997.

In 1999, in conjunction with a Congress controlled by the Republican Party the United States had a balanced federal budget for the first time since Richard Nixon's presidency in 1969.

He took a personal interest in The Troubles in Northern Ireland and paid three visits there while he was president in order to encourage peace. His involvement set in motion the process that lead to the Provisional Irish Republican Army commencing disarmament on October 23, 2001.

Clinton was targeted for assassination several times. One plot was scheduled to be carried out during his late 1994 visit to the Philippines as part of the broader Operation Bojinka, but was never carried out. In 2002, al-Qaeda was discovered to have plotted to kill Clinton toward the end of his term.

Legislation and Programs

Major legislation signed

• September 21, 1993 - creation of the AmeriCorps volunteer program
• November 30, 1993 - Brady Bill
• January 1, 1994 - NAFTA
• September 13, 1994 - Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act, part of an omnibus crime bill, the federal death penalty was expanded to some 60 different offenses
• 1995 - Executive Order 12958, created tough new standards for the process of classifying documents.
• February 1, 1996 - Communications Decency Act
• February 8, 1996 - Telecom Reform Act: eliminated major ownership restrictions for radio and television groups.
• February 26, 1996 - Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act, a welfare reform bill
• March 14, 1996 - authorized $100 million anti-terrorism agreement with Israel to track down and root out terrorists.
• April 24, 1996 - Anti-Terrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act
• August 20, 1996 - Minimum wage Increase Act
• September 21, 1996 - Defense of Marriage Act, allowed states the power to refuse to recognize gay marriages granted in other states, among other things
• October 28, 1998 - Digital Millennium Copyright Act
• October 31, 1998 - Iraq Liberation Act

Major legislation vetoed

• Republican 1996 national budget
• H.R. 1833, partial birth abortion ban
• Twice vetoed welfare reform before signing

Proposals not passed by Congress

• Healthcare reform - appointed a committee headed by Hillary Rodham Clinton to come up with a universal health insurance plan, called "socialized medicine" by opponents. Complexity, poor design, and resistance from the insurance and the medical communities resulted in lack of support and it failed to get a single vote.

Initiatives

• Appointed a committee on Social Security Reform and then dismissed their recommendations without ever proposing legislation.
• Tried to get Ehud Barak of Israel and Yasser Arafat of the Palestinian National Authority, to agree to a final settlement agreement.
• Initiated the Don't ask, don't tell policy toward gays in the military, 1993.

Cabinet

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Clinton and his administration

OFFICE	NAME	TERM
President	Bill Clinton	1993–2001
Vice President	Al Gore	1993–2001
State	Warren M. Christopher	1993–1997
	Madeleine K. Albright	1997–2001
Treasury	Lloyd Bentsen	1993–1994
	Robert E. Rubin	1995–1999
	Lawrence H. Summers	1999–2001
Defense	Les Aspin	1993–1994
	William J. Perry	1994–1997
	William S. Cohen	1997–2001
Justice	Janet Reno	1993–2001
Interior	Bruce Babbitt	1993–2001
Agriculture	Mike Espy	1993–1994
	Daniel R. Glickman	1994–2001
Commerce	Ronald H. Brown	1993–1996
	Mickey Kantor	1996–1997
	William M. Daley	1997–2000
	Norman Y. Mineta	2000–2001
Labor	Robert B. Reich	1993–1997
	Alexis M. Herman	1997–2001
HHS	Donna E. Shalala	1993–2001
Education	Richard Riley	1993–2001
HUD	Henry G. Cisneros	1993–1997
	Andrew Cuomo	1997–2001
Transportation	Federico F. Peña	1993–1997
	Rodney E. Slater	1997–2001
Energy	Hazel O'Leary	1993–1997
	Federico F. Peña	1997–1998
	Bill Richardson	1998–2001
Veterans Affairs	Jesse Brown	1993–1997
	Togo D. West, Jr.	1997–2000
	Hershel W. Gober	2000–2001

Supreme Court appointments

Clinton appointed the following justices to the Supreme Court:

• Ruth Bader Ginsburg - 1993
• Stephen Breyer - 1994

The economy during the Clinton administration

Following up on a campaign promise, President Clinton pursued a balanced budget and made attempts to keep inflation in check. During his tenure, The U.S. enjoyed continuous economic expansion, reductions in unemployment, and growing wealth through a massive rise in the stock market. Although it is debated to what extent his policies were responsible, upon leaving office, Clinton proudly pointed to a number of economic accomplishments, including:

• More than 22 million new jobs
• Highest homeownership in American history
• Lowest unemployment in 30 years
• Higher incomes at all levels
• $360 billion of the national debt paid off
• Largest budget deficit in American history converted to the largest surplus
• Lowest government spending in three decades
• Lowest federal income tax burden in 35 years
• Higher stock ownership by families than ever before

Foreign Policy

Clinton deployed the U.S. military several times under hostile circumstances. In the 1993, U.S. troops fought the Battle of Mogadishu attempting to capture a local warlord in Somalia. In 1994, Clinton sent U.S. troops into Haiti to restore Jean-Bertrand Aristide as president, ending a period of intense violence. Aristide, who had been elected, had been ousted in a coup just seven months into his term in 1991. Clinton also committed troops twice in the former-Yugoslavia to stop ethnic violence, most notably in Kosovo. In addition, Clinton launched military strikes on Iraq several times to punish violations of UN sanctions and an attempt to have President Bush Sr assassinated.

In 1994, Clinton negotiated and signed the Nuclear Accords with North Korea. The underlying concern was that North Korea was developing nuclear weapons technology under the guise of a nuclear power plant In exchange for assistance with energy needs, North Korea agreed to abandon all ambitions for acquiring nuclear weapons. However, by the mid 1990s defectors from North Korea, along with reports from the IAEA, indicated that North Korea was violating both the Nuclear Accords and the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty.

After his presidency, Clinton identified his proudest foreign policy accomplishments as mediating peace talks between Israel and Palestine, resulting in the Oslo Accords. He identified his major foreign policy failure as lack of response to the 1994 genocide in Rwanda. Along with the United Nations, the Clinton administration initially did not publicly acknowledge that genocide was occuring.

During Clinton's tenure attacks on the U.S. by foreign terrorists included the 1993 bombing of New York's World Trade Center, the 1998 of U.S. embassies in Kenya and Tanzania, and the bombing of the U.S. Navy destroyer Cole in Yemen in 2000.

Accusations, Scandals, and Impeachment

Clinton sparked a good deal of opposition from the very beginning of his presidency, leading Hillary Clinton to complain that her husband was targeted by a "vast right-wing conspiracy", although others criticized him as well; it was Edmund G. "Jerry" Brown Jr. in 1992 (a Democrat running against Clinton for the Democratic Party's presidential nomination) who brought the first allegations of potential ethical and legal lapses surrounding Clinton [1].

Radio broadcasters such as Rush Limbaugh daily made accusations of corruption and dishonesty against Clinton, and was the first to bring to public light the Travelgate, or the White House travel office. Hillary Clinton had made unsubstantiated accusations against Billy Dale and others in the White House Travel Office, with the announced intent of replacing them with former Democratic campaign workers in the Worldwide Travel Agency in Little Rock.

Illegal campaign funds were raised by Clinton from foreign individuals and governments (a federal offense). Some of the actual bribery was captured by a CSPAN camera during Clinton's first term, when he was seen being handed envelopes from members of the Communist China delegation. Charlie Trie, a Clinton backer of 20 years in Little Rock, where he owned a restaurant, was wired $450,000 from Communist China over a ten month period in 1996 which he gave to the National Democratic Committee with Clinton's approval. Trie has just been indicted and has fled to Beijing, China. Eight other Chinese donors to Clinton have also fled to Asia.

Scaife's Arkansas Project went about trying to find suggestions of wrongdoing in Clinton's past and publicizing allegations without solid evidence. When Clinton's wife, Hillary Rodham Clinton described this informal network as a "vast, right-wing conspiracy," she was ridiculed by both the conservative and the liberal media.

Much of Clinton's presidency was troubled by accusations and scandals, notably including the Kenneth Starr-led "Whitewater" investigation. The various investigations and scandals led to polarized, partisan debates both in Congress and in the media. Supporters and accusers of the President accused each other of having solely political motivations.

Originally dealing with the failed land deal years earlier known as Whitewater, Starr's investigation eventually expanded (at the request of the bipartisan special prosecutor three-judge panel) to include the death of the Clintons' friend Vince Foster, which was reported as a suicide by the White House police but was originally listed as a murder by the Washington police. Shortly after, the Canadian Commons Committee released a public inquiry into the Health Management Associates Scandal, and perjury during the sexual harassment lawsuit filed by a former Arkansas government employee, Paula Jones. Jones later confirmed taking money from conservative political groups to fund her suit and described herself as a "patsy" for the right wing.

Some supporters of the Clintons saw this as evidence of a "right-wing conspiracy" against Clinton and his presidency. Other observers complained that the failure of mainstream feminist organizations to support Jones's sexual harassment while Clinton was governor of Arkansas and she was a subordinate. Clinton settled [2] with Paula Jones out-of-court, paying her $850,000.

Describing an another scandal known as "Troopergate", an article in the conservative American Spectator by David Brock documented that Arkansas state troopers had arranged sexual encounters for then-Governor Clinton.

Upon taking over the Whitewater investigation, Starr set about expanding the investigation. This eventually led him to the Paula Jones case and Clinton's perjured testimony in that case, in which he denied any relationship with Monica Lewinsky.

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Clinton, under threat of impeachment, reaffirming his intentions to not resign.

Clinton was impeached on December 19, 1998 by the House of Representatives on grounds of perjury to a grand jury (by a 228-206 vote) and obstruction of justice (by a 221-212 vote), becoming only the second U.S. President to be impeached (the previous one being Andrew Johnson in 1868). Two other articles of impeachment (a second count of perjury in the Jones case (by a 229-205 vote) and one accusing Clinton of abuse of power (by a 285-148 vote)) were defeated. The vote was strictly partisan on the part of the Democrats, which all voted the strict party line against impeachment, while the Republicans voted in a bipartisan fashion and voted both for and against impeachment. The actual content of the House debate may never be known, as both parties voted on several occasions to have closed sessions of debating, which has led to charges that the disclosure of confidential information may have played a part in the impeachment proceedings.

On January 7, 1999, the Senate began reviewing the impeachment proceedings, and voted not to convict on all charges on February 12. No witnesses were called during the trial. A two-thirds majority, 67 votes, is necessary to convict the President on impeachment charges. The perjury charge was defeated with 45 votes for conviction and 55 against. The obstruction of justice charge was defeated with 50 for conviction and 50 against. All Democratic votes were along party lines; only Republicans voted for both conviction and dismissal on either charge. Despite protestations of impartiality, many Senators on both sides were on record with their views before the trial.

Clinton was charged with perjury (lying under oath) about his affair with Lewinsky to gain advantage in a sexual harassment case brought by Paula Jones, a case he later settled by paying Paula Jones $850,000. As a legal consequence of the House impeachment, a Federal judge found Clinton to be in contempt of court and ordered him to pay a $90,000 fine. To avoid disbarment, Clinton surrendered his law license.

In November 1998, Juanita Broaddrick (also known as 'Jane Doe 5') gave an interview to "Dateline NBC". The interview, broadcast in January 1999, centered around Broaddrick's accusation that Bill Clinton had raped her in 1978. In the interview, she declared that Clinton suddenly "turned me around and started kissing me, and that was a real shock. I first pushed him away. I just told him 'no.'... He tries to kiss me again. He starts biting on my lip... And then he forced me down on the bed. I just was very frightened. I tried to get away from him. I told him 'no.'... He wouldn't listen to me."

Dateline also said that the White House declined to provide any information regarding Clinton's schedule on the day of the alleged incident. Beyond this interview (transcript) the national media did not pursue this story to any degree. Bill Clinton remains the only President to have a charge of rape levied against him.

There were numerous other political scandals associated with the Clinton Whitehouse. Filegate refers to Whitehouse handling of hundreds of personnel files from individuals without asking for their permission. Chinagate involved Democrats accepting improper campaign contributions from John Huang; allegedly the ultimate source of this money was the Chinese government. Pardongate refers to a grant of clemency to FALN members in 1999 and pardons to Marc Rich and others in 2001.

Timeline

• April 19, 1993 - A government siege of the Branch Davidian compound at Waco, Texas, results in the deaths of 80 people when a cult leader allegedly sets fire to his own compound. Clinton and Attorney General Janet Reno receive criticism for mishandling the stand-off.
• July 20, 1993 - Clinton friend and confidant Vince Foster is found dead of a gunshot wound
• October 3, 1993 - Battle of Mogadishu - Ranger Units receive heavy casualties in Somalia, Blackhawk Down incident.
• January 14, 1994 - Clinton and Russian President Boris Yeltsin sign the Kremlin accords which stop the preprogrammed aiming of nuclear missiles to targets and also provide for the dismantling of the nuclear arsenal in the Ukraine.
• April 19, 1995 - Oklahoma City bombing - Bombing of federal building in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma results in the deaths of 168 people, 19 of which were children.
• November 14, 1995 - Budget negotiations between Congress and the President break down, resulting in a temporary shutdown of the Federal Government. Shutdowns (partial and full) continue through January, 1996.
• November, 1995 - Clinton organizes peace talks for Bosnia and Herzegovina at the Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, eventually resulting in the Dayton Agreement.
• December, 1995 - Clinton visits Ireland, leading to the establishment of an International Commission chaired by former U.S. Senator George J. Mitchell.
• November, 1996 - Clinton is reelected, defeating Republican challenger Bob Dole.
• October, 1997 - Visit by President of the People's Republic of China Jiang Zemin to the White House.
• August, 1998 - Clinton orders cruise missile strikes on Afghanistan and a suspected chemical weapons factory in Sudan as Monica Lewinsky testifies before a grand jury about her relationship with Clinton.
• August 17, 1998 - Clinton testifies before a grand jury about his relationship with Monica Lewinsky. In the evening, he delivers a nationally televised address in which he describes the relationship as "not appropriate" but also "nobody's business".
• December 19, 1998 - Clinton is impeached by the House of Representatives on grounds of perjury and obstruction of justice.
• January 7, 1999 - The trial of Clinton in the Senate begins.
• February 12, 1999 - Clinton is acquitted of all charges by the Senate.
• March 24 to June 10, 1999 - NATO bombs Kosovo and Serbia. (See Kosovo War.)
• May 7, 1999 - U.S. planes accidentally bomb China's embassy in Belgrade. (See Kosovo War.)
• June, 1999 - Serbia hands control of Kosovo to the United Nations. (See Kosovo War.)
• October 5, 2000 - The defeat of Slobodan Milosevic in earlier elections leads to mass demonstrations in Belgrade and the ultimate collapse of the regime's authority. Opposition leader Vojislav Kostunica takes office as the Yugoslavian president the next day.

Public image

President Clinton remained very popular throughout his presidency, especially with younger people.

As the first Baby Boomer president, Bill Clinton was seen during his presidency and during his candidacy as a change from the presidents of the World War II Generation. He was discussed upon his breaking onto the political horizon as a remarkably informal president in a "common man" kind of way, with his frequent patronage of McDonald's becoming a popular symbol of this image. With his sound-bite rhetoric and pioneering use of pop culture in his campaigning, Clinton was declared, often negatively, as the "MTV president". Despite criticisms that his appeal to young voters lacked substance, Clinton won among Generation X voters in the 1992 election, with the highest Gen-X turnout ever.

Clinton was very popular overall among African-Americans and made improving race relations a major theme of his presidency. [3]. Toni Morrison dubbed Clinton "the first Black president", saying "Clinton displays almost every trope of blackness: single-parent household, born poor, working-class, saxophone-playing, McDonald's-and-junk-food-loving boy from Arkansas."

Hillary Clinton's very strong role in the administration led to a degree of criticism toward a First Lady not seen since the days of Eleanor Roosevelt. Many people saw the couple as an unprecedented political partnership. Some even suspected that Hillary, and not Bill, was the dominant force behind the team.

Social conservatives were put off by the impression of Bill Clinton having been a "hippie" during the late 1960s, his coming-of-age era. Clinton, however, would probably not have been viewed as such by the hippie subculture. Clinton avoided the draft with a student deferment while studying abroad during the Vietnam War. Clinton's marijuana experimentation — clumsily excused by Clinton's statement that he "didn't inhale" — further damaged his image with some voters. Although he was actually to the right of previous Democratic candidates for the presidency on many issues — he supported the death penalty, curfews, uniforms in public schools, and other measures opposed by youth rights supporters, and he expanded the War on Drugs greatly while in office — Clinton's actions during the 1960s were never forgotten by his opponents. Intense opposition to the Clintons was perhaps the main factor in the phenomenal growth of conservative talk radio in the 1990s.

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Presidents Bill Clinton, George Bush, Ronald Reagan, Jimmy Carter, Gerald Ford, and their wives at the funeral of President Richard Nixon on April 27, 1994.

Clinton's working-class white Southern background was a complicating factor. Many white southern conservatives viewed Clinton as a "traitor" to his class, with his Ivy League and Rhodes Scholarship education and liberal world view. Clinton supporters point out that several prominent conservatives, including Newt Gingrich, had very similar charges of draft evasion, womanizing, and corruption in their past as well, and that these allegations are tied less to Clinton's actual "character" as they are to his refusal to conform to the conservatism expected from white Southern politicians.

Starting from 1992 Presidential election campaign, rumors about Clinton's adultery were floating about, and these surfaced and increased with Paula Jones' accusations of sexual harassment. After allegations had linked him to Paula Jones, Gennifer Flowers and Katherine Willey, Clinton's sex life would become the focus of his public image when in January 1998 recorded conversations by Linda Tripp contained statements by White House intern Monica Lewinsky about having oral sex.

Perhaps most ominously, several incidents during Clinton's Arkansas governorship and presidency led to lurid accusations made in talk radio and by conservative authors. Among these were rumors of involvement or collusion with drug traffickers (centering on an airport in Mena, Arkansas), cocaine use (his brother Roger was convicted of cocaine possession in the 1980s), and the suicide of long-time friend and aide Vince Foster in Washington D.C. in 1993. The deadly Branch Davidian standoff near Waco, Texas in 1993 fomented further far right and libertarian hostility to the Clinton administration.

Clinton is often referred to by nickname among both detractors and fans. One of the earliest was "Bubba", which alludes to his Southern "good ol' boy" background. Other common nicknames include "Slick Willy" and "Clintoon" (by detractors), and the "Big Dog" (by fans).

Clinton was seen as an educated and intelligent person. Clinton was characterised by good grasp of the scientific issues and strong support of "unlimited scientific discovery, and... unlimited applications" [4]. He sometimes criticised other political leaders for being "out of touch" with the acceleration of technology.

Famous quotes

• There is nothing wrong with America that cannot be cured with what is right in America.
• It's the economy, stupid.
• I have news for the forces of greed and the defenders of the status quo; your time has come and gone. It's time for change in America.
• I want to build a bridge to the 21st century that we can all walk across together.
• I did not have sexual relations with that woman, Miss Lewinsky.
• It depends upon what the meaning of the word "is" means. If "is" means is, and never has been, that's one thing. If it means, there is none, that was a completely true statement.
• I feel your pain.
• End welfare as we know it.
• The era of big government is over.
• Strength and wisdom are not opposing values.

Legacy

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Clinton plays the saxophone presented to him by Boris Yeltsin at a private dinner in Russia, January 13, 1994

Clinton presided over the period of longest steady growth of the economy in modern American history. However, his active role in this development is debatable.

Clinton is seen as having led — in conjunction with the Democratic Leadership Council (DLC) — the Democratic Party away from the left, towards a more moderate centrist position. During the 1990s, the Party was accused of abandoning its traditional base of support (unions, the working class, minorities) in pursuit of a center-right position, responding — and funded by — corporate contributors, with the soccer mom representing his new base. The current quandary of the Democratic party is felt by many to be primarily due to its inability to define itself vis-à-vis the Republican Party and offer a clear alternative. Clinton was able to surmount this problem through sheer personal charisma, but his successors have been less successful.

Clinton advocated nanotechnology development. Howard Lovy, a nanotechnology writer, said the National Nanotechnology Initiative may "turn out to be one of Clinton's most-important legacies". The Initiative was a federal nanoscale science, engineering, and technology research and development program. In a 21 January 2000 speech at the California Institute of Technology, Clinton said, "Some of our research goals may take twenty or more years to achieve, but that is precisely why there is an important role for the federal government."

Some of the personal failures and moral lapses of Clinton have tainted his legacy in the eyes of many Americans in spite of the good economic growth of the late 1990's. Additionally, there is controversy over his foreign policy actions; while some Americans feel that his foreign policies had resulted in an environment that permitted terrorists like Osama bin Laden and his al-Qaida network to strike on September 11th, others feel that his efforts at fighting terrorism were hampered by excessive partisan bickering and were not continued effectively by the succeeding administration.

Post-presidential career

Hillary Clinton is sworn in as a U.S. Senator by Vice President Gore as Bill and Chelsea Clinton observe.

Like all living former American presidents, Clinton has engaged in a career as a public speaker on a variety of issues. He is in high demand and receives very large fees for this, and his speeches have often been very well received. In these, he continues to comment on aspects of contemporary politics. One notable theme is his advocacy of multilateral solutions to problems facing the world, which may be viewed in contrast to the successive administration which is much more prepared to act unilaterally. Clinton's close relationship with the African-American community has been highlighted in his post-Presidential career with his opening of his personal office in the Harlem section of New York City. He assisted his wife Hillary Clinton in her campaign for office as a federal Senator representing New York.

In February 2004, Clinton (along with Mikhail Gorbachev and Sophia Loren won a Grammy Award for Best Spoken Word Album for Children for narrating the Russian National Orchestra's album Peter and the Wolf/Wolf Tracks. His wife Hillary was also nominated that year, in the Best Spoken Word Album category, for her recording of her memoirs, Living History.

President Clinton collected his memoirs into a book entitled My Life, which was released on June 22, 2004. Commenting on memoirs in general, he said "some are dull and self-serving, hopefully mine will be interesting and self-serving." The book made an unprecedented three appearances on the Amazon.com best-seller list, before it was even released. In an interview with David Dimbleby aired on BBC TV on June 23, 2004, Clinton was questioned at length about the effects to his presidency of his affair with Lewinsky, conceding that he had made many mistakes while in office. He also spoke about the prospects of a future Clinton presidency, should his wife Hillary Clinton decide to run for office in 2008.

Clinton has gone to other countries for his book tours and has given interviews on them. One of those was in Canada. On September 11, 2004, CBC Newsworld, which is CBC's cable news network, began its sixth season of Mansbridge One on One with an interview Clinton gave with the network's chief correspondent, Peter Mansbridge.

On July 26, 2004, Clinton spoke for the fifth time in a row to the Democratic National Convention. He used his speech to praise candidate John Kerry. Many critics have argued that Clinton's speech is one of the best in Convention history. In it, Clinton criticized George W. Bush, saying that "Strength and wisdom are not opposing values."

On September 2, 2004, Clinton had an episode of angina and was evaluated at Northern Westchester Hospital. It was determined that he had not suffered a coronary infarction, and he was sent home, returning the following day for angiography, which disclosed multiple vessel coronary artery disease. He was transferred to Columbia Presbyterian Medical Center in New York City, where he successfully underwent quadruple coronary artery bypass surgery on September 6, 2004. The medical team responsible for Clinton claimed that, had he not had surgery, he would likely have suffered a massive heart attack within a few months.

Rumours have recently appeared that Clinton has set his sights on becoming the next Secretary-General of the United Nations [5]. He dedicated his presidential library, the William J. Clinton Presidential Center, in Little Rock, Arkansas on November 18, 2004. Under rainy skies, Clinton received words of praise from former presidents Jimmy Carter and George H. W. Bush, as well as from the current president, George W. Bush. He was also treated to a musical rendition from Bono and The Edge from U2, who expressed their gratitude at Clinton's efforts to resolve the Northern Ireland conflict during his presidency.

On November 22, 2004, New York Republican Governor George Pataki named him and the other living former presidents (Gerald Ford, Jimmy Carter, and George H.W. Bush) as honorary members of the board rebuilding the World Trade Center.

On December 8, 2004, Clinton announced that he was the new spokesperson for Accoona, an internet search engine company. On December 10, Clinton was nominated for a second Grammy Award (Best Spoken Word Album) for his recording of My Life.

Related articles

• Sister Souljah moment
• History of the United States (1988-present)

Further reading

• Sidney Blumenthal (2003). The Clinton Wars. Farrar Straus Giroux. ISBN 0-37-412502-3
• Jason D. Fodeman (2003). How To Destroy A Village : What The Clintons Taught A Seventeen Year Old, PublishAmerica. ISBN 1-59-129804-0
• Joe Conason and Gene Lyons (2003). The Hunting of the President : The Ten-Year Campaign to Destroy Bill and Hillary Clinton. St. Martin's Griffin. ISBN 0-31-227319-3
• Christopher Anderson (1999). Bill & Hillary: The Marriage. William Morrow & Co., Inc. ISBN 0-75-153035-2
• Elizabeth Drew (1994). On the Edge: The Clinton Presidency. Simon & Schuster. ISBN 0-67-187147-1
• Roger Morris (1996). Partners in Power: The Clintons & Their America. Henry Holt. ISBN 0-89-526302-5
• Bill Clinton (2004). My Life. Knopf. ISBN 0375414576.

External links

• Clinton Presidential Materials Project - archive of White House websites at nara.gov
• First Inaugural Address
• Second Inaugural Address
• Executive Orders signed by President Clinton
• Clinton Presidential Center
• Pardons Granted By President Clinton
• The Clinton Presidency and the Crisis of Democracy - by Howard Zinn
• The "Unofficial" Bill Clinton
• Draft Articles of Impeachment, 1998
• The Salon Interview: Bill Clinton

References

• "Clinton makes nanomention of large legacy"
• "Columbia Nanotechnology: National Nanotechnology Initiative"

Preceded by: George H. W. Bush	President of the United States 1993–2001	Succeeded by: George W. Bush
Preceded by: (first term) Joe Purcell	Governor of Arkansas 1979–1981, 1983–1992	Succeeded by: (first term) Frank D. White
Preceded by: (second term) Frank D. White		Succeeded by: (fifth term) Jim Guy Tucker

Preceded by: Michael Dukakis

Democratic Party Presidential candidate 1992 (won), 1996 (won)

Followed by: Al Gore