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Orders of magnitude (speed): Difference between revisions

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||[[Muzzle velocity]] of [[M16 (rifle)|M16]] rifle.
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|981||3,532||2,194||3.27{{e|-6}}
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|[[SR-71 Blackbird]], the fastest [[aircraft]] driven by a mechanical [[jet engine]].
|[[SR-71 Blackbird]], the fastest [[aircraft]] driven by a mechanical [[jet engine]].

Revision as of 17:53, 31 May 2018

To help compare different orders of magnitude, the following list describes various speed levels between approximately 2.2×10−18 m/s and 3.0×108 m/s. Values in bold are exact.

List of orders of magnitude for speed

List of orders of magnitude for speed
Factor (m/s) Value (m/s) Value (km/h) Value (mph) Value (c) Item
10−18 2.2×10−18 7.8×10−18 4.9×10−18 7.3×10−27 Expansion rate between 2 points in free space 1 m apart under Hubble's law.
10−13 1×10−13 3×10−13 2×10−13 3×10−22 Rate of erosion of Bedrock.[1]
10−11 9.8×10−11 3.5×10−10 2.2×10−10 3.2×10−19 Rate of global sea level rise in 1993–2003 (3.1 mm/yr).[2]
10−10 3×10−10 to 3×10−9 1×10−9 to 1×10−8 7×10−10 to 7×10−9 1×10−18 to 1×10−17 Typical relative speed of continental drift.
10−9 1.3×10−9 4.7×10−9 2.9×10−9 4.3×10−18 Average rate of the Moon receding from the Earth (approx. 38 mm/yr).[citation needed]
4.8×10−9 1.7×10−8 1.1×10−8 1.6×10−17 Human hair growth (average rate—note that there is a great range of variation).
10−6 1.52×10−6 5.4×10−6 3.4×10−6 5.1×10−15 Speed of a cellular vesicle propelled by a motor protein.[3]
10−5 1.02×10−5 3.67×10−5 2.28×10−5 3.40×10−14 Speed of the tip of a 7 cm (2.8 in)-long hour hand on a clock.[4]
1.4×10−5 5.0×10−5 3.1×10−5 4.6×10−14 Growth rate of bamboo, the fastest-growing woody plant, over 24 hours.[5]
10−4 4.0×10−4 1.4×10−3 8.9×10−4 1.3×10−12 Speed of Jakobshavn Isbræ, one of the fastest glaciers, in 2003.[6]
6×10−4 2.2×10−3 1.3×10−3 2×10−12 Typical speed of Thiovulum majus, the fastest-swimming bacterium.[7]
10−3 0.00275 0.00990 0.00615 9.17×10−12 World record speed of the fastest snail in the Congham, UK.[8]
10−2 0.0476 0.171 0.106 1.58×10−10 Compact cassette tape speed.[9]
0.080 0.29 0.18 2.6×10−10 The top speed of a sloth.
10−1 0.2778 1 0.6214 9.2657×10−10 1 km/hour.
0.44704 1.609344 1 1.4912×10−9 1 mph.
0.5144 1.852 1.151 1.716×10−9 1 knot (nautical mile per hour)
100 1.2 4.32 2.68 Typical scanning speed of an audio compact disc; the speed of signals (action potentials) traveling along axons in the human cortex.
1–1.5 3.6–5.4 2.2–3.4 3.3–5.0×10−9 Average walking speed—below a speed of about 2 m/s, it is more efficient to walk than to run, but above that speed, it is more efficient to run.
2.39 8.53 5.35 7.97×10−9 World record time 50m freestyle swim
5.72 20.42 12.80 1.90×10−8 World record time marathon
6–7 20–25 12–15 1.8–2.3×10−8 Comfortable bicycling speed.
101 10.438 37.578 23.35 3.48×10−8 Average speed of Jamaican athlete Usain Bolt while setting the 100m world record in Berlin on 16 August 2009.
12.42 44.72 27.78 4.14×10−8 Top speed reached by Bolt during the same race.
8–14 30–50 18–31 2.7–4.6×10−8 Typical residential speed limit; top speed of a running cat or dog.
14 50 31 Typical speed of road-race cyclist.
17 60 37 Typical speed of thoroughbred racehorse or racing greyhound.
5–25 18–90 11–56 Speed of propagation for unmyelinated sensory neurons.
30 110 70 Typical speed of car (freeway); cheetah—fastest of all terrestrial animals; sailfish—fastest fish; speed of go-fast boat.
37.16 133.78 83.13 1.240×10−7 Land speed record for a human powered vehicle.[10]
40 140 90 Typical peak speed of a local service train (or intercity on lower standard tracks).
54 195 122 1.8×10−7 Maximum speed a human can attain during a face-down free-fall.
67 240 149 The top speed of the world's fastest roller coaster, Formula Rossa.
90 320 200 3×10−7 Typical speed of a modern high-speed train (e.g. latest generation of production TGV); a diving peregrine falcon—fastest bird; 320 km/h or 200 mph is a parameter sometimes used in defining a supercar.[11]
91 328 204 3.04×10−7 Fastest recorded ball (a golf ball) in sports.[12]
102 103 370 230 Speed of super torpedo VA-111 Shkval.
103.5 372.6 231.5 3.452×10−7 Maximum speed recorded by a Formula One car. Set by Juan Pablo Montoya during the 2005 Italian Grand Prix at Monza in a McLaren MP4-20.
105.5 379.8 236 Maximum speed of a Ferrari F50 GT1.
113 408 254 Fastest non-tornadic wind gust recorded on Earth - at Barrow Island, Australia on 1996-04-10 during Severe Tropical Cyclone Olivia.[13]
119.742 431.072 267.86 Maximum speed of the Bugatti Veyron Super Sport (currently the fastest production car in the world).
120 432 270 4.0×10−7 Speed of propagation for mammalian motor neurons.
130 468 290 Wind speed of a powerful tornado.
150.6 539 337 Top speed of an internal-combustion-powered NHRA Top Fuel Dragster.
157 575 351 Top speed of experimental test TGV train in 2007.
161 580 360 Top speed of JR-Maglev in 2003.
250 900 560 Typical cruising speed of a modern jet airliner, e.g. an Airbus A380.
314 1,130 702 Top speed of any World War II-era aircraft, the Me 163B V18 set on July 6, 1944.
320 1,200 720 The speed of a typical .22 LR bullet.
340.3 1,225 761 1.135×10−6 Speed of sound in standard atmosphere (15 °C and 1 atm).
344.66 1,240.77 770.98 Max speed reached by the jet-propelled car ThrustSSC in 1997—Land speed record.[14]
373 1,342.8 833.9 Highest speed recorded during a free fall set by Felix Baumgartner.
428 1,540.8 957 Max speed of Bell X-1.
464 1,670 1,040 1.55×10−6 Speed of Earth's rotation at the equator.
603 2,170.8 1,350 Speed of the Concorde airliner.
975 3,510 2,180 Muzzle velocity of M16 rifle.
981 3,532 2,194 3.27×10−6 SR-71 Blackbird, the fastest aircraft driven by a mechanical jet engine.
103 1,400 5,040 3,100 4.6×10−6 Speed of the Space Shuttle when the solid rocket boosters separate.
1,500 5,400 3,400 5×10−6 Speed of sound in water or in soft tissue.[15]
1,789 6,443 4,002 Speed of BrahMos II hypersonic cruise missile
2,000 7,200 4,500 6.7×10−6 Estimated speed of a thermal neutron.
2,019 7,268.4 4,516 Speed of the North American X-15 rocket plane.
2,375 8,550 5,345 7.9×10−6 Escape velocity from Moon.
2,700 9,600 6,000 Speed of wind on exoplanet HD 189733 b.[16]
2,885 10,385 6,453 Top speed of the fastest rocket sled.[17]
3,373 12,144 7,546 1.125×10−5 Speed of the unmanned X-43 rocket/scramjet plane.
4,500 16,000 10,000 1.5×10−5 A typical value for the specific impulse of current rockets.
7,700 27,700 17,200 2.57×10−5 Speed of International Space Station and typical speed of other satellites such as the Space Shuttle in low Earth orbit.
7,777 28,000 17,400 2.594×10−5 Speed of propagation of the explosion in a detonating cord.
104 11,107 39,985.2 24,846 0.00004 c Speed of Apollo 10 – high speed record for human-crewed vehicle.
11,200 40,320 25,100 0.00004 c Escape velocity from Earth.
16,100 57,900 36,000 0.00005 c Fastest projectile velocity (1994).[18]
16,210 58,356 36,261 0.00005 c Escape speed from Earth by NASA New Horizons spacecraft—Fastest escape velocity.
17,000 61,000 38,000 0.00006 c The approximate speed of the Voyager 1 probe relative to the sun, when it exited the Solar System.[19]
29,800 107,280 66,700 0.00010 c Speed of the Earth in orbit around the Sun.
47,800 172,100 106,900 0.00016 c Atmospheric entry speed of the Galileo atmospheric probe—Fastest controlled atmospheric entry for a man-made object.
70,220 252,800 157,100 0.00023 c Speed of the Helios 2 solar probe.
73,800 265,000 165,000 0.00023 c Estimated top speed of the Juno spacecraft relative to Earth before insertion into Jupiter's orbit — Fastest man-made technical object.[20]
105 100,000 360,000 224,000 0.0003 c Dust particles in dust accelerators can exceed this speed.[21]
140,000 540,000 313,170 0.00047 c Approaching velocity of Messier 98 to our galaxy.
200,000 700,000 450,000 0.00070 c Orbital speed of the solar system in the Milky Way galaxy.
308,571 1,080,000 694,288 0.001 c Approaching velocity of Andromeda Galaxy to our galaxy.
440,000 1,600,000 980,000 0.0015 c Typical speed of the stepped leader of lightning (cf. return stroke below).[22]
450,000 1,600,000 1,000,000 0.0015 c Typical speed of a particle of the solar wind, relative to the Sun.
552,000 1,990,000 1,230,000 0.0018 c Speed of the Milky Way, relative to the cosmic microwave background.
617,700 2,224,000 1,382,000 0.0021 c Escape velocity from the surface of the Sun.
106 1,000,000 3,600,000 2,200,000 0.0030 c Typical speed of a Moreton wave across the surface of the Sun.
1,610,000 5,800,000 3,600,000 0.0054 c Speed of hypervelocity star PSR B2224+65, which currently seems to be leaving the Milky Way.
5,000,000 18,000,000 11,000,000 0.017 c Estimated minimum speed of star S2 at its closest approach to Sagittarius A*.[23]
107 14,000,000 50,000,000 31,000,000 0.047 c Typical speed of a fast neutron.
30,000,000 100,000,000 70,000,000 0.1 c Typical speed of an electron in a cathode ray tube.
108 100,000,000 360,000,000 220,000,000 0.3 c The escape velocity of a neutron star.
100,000,000 360,000,000 220,000,000 0.3 c Typical speed of the return stroke of lightning (cf. stepped leader above).[24]
124,000,000 447,000,000 277,000,000 0.4 c Speed of light in a diamond (Refractive index 2.417).
200,000,000 720,000,000 440,000,000 0.7 c Speed of a signal in an optical fiber.
299,792,456 1,079,252,840 670,615,282 1 − 9×10−9 c Speed of the 7 TeV protons in the Large Hadron Collider at full power.[25]
299,792,457.996 1,079,252,848.786 670,616,629.38 1 − 1×10−11 c Maximal speed of an electron in LEP (104.5 GeV).
299,792,458 − 1.5×10−15 1,079,252,848.8 − 5.4×10−15 670,616,629.4 1 − 4.9×10−24 c Speed of the Oh-My-God particle ultra-high-energy cosmic ray.[26]
299,792,458 1,079,252,848.8 670,616,629.4 1 c Speed of light or other electromagnetic radiation in a vacuum or massless particles.

See also

References

  1. ^ Blewett, Richard, ed. (2012). "Chapter 2: Australia in time and space". Shaping a nation. Geoscience Australia and ANU E-Press. pp. 57–58. Retrieved 2015. {{cite book}}: Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  2. ^ Bindoff, NL; et al. "Observations: Oceanic Climate Change and Sea Level" (PDF). Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 2010-08-21.
  3. ^ Hill, David; Holzwarth, George; Bonin, Keith (2002). "Velocity and Drag Forces on motor-protein-driven Vesicles in Cells". American Physical Society, the 69th Annual Meeting of the Southeastern. abstract. #EA.002. Bibcode:2002APS..SES.EA002H.
  4. ^ v = r ω = 0.07 m · ⁠2π/60 s/min · 60 min/hr · 12 hr⁠
  5. ^ Farrelly, David (1984). The Book of Bamboo. Sierra Club Books. ISBN 0-87156-825-X.
  6. ^ Joughin I.; Abdalati W.; Fahnestock M. (2004). "Large fluctuations in speed on Greenland's Jakobshavn Isbrae glacier". Nature. 432 (7017): 608–610. Bibcode:2004Natur.432..608J. doi:10.1038/nature03130. PMID 15577906.
  7. ^ Tom Fenchel (1994). "Motility and chemosensory behaviour of the sulphur bacterium Thiovulum majus". Microbiology. Microbiology (11): 3109–3116. doi:10.1099/13500872-140-11-3109. Retrieved 2010-08-21.
  8. ^ "snailracing.net".
  9. ^ TDK cassette spec sheet Archived 2007-06-20 at the Wayback Machine Retrieved on 27 March 2007
  10. ^ "Dutch cyclist claims new world speed record in Nevada". BBC News. 18 September 2013. Retrieved 21 September 2013.
  11. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2009-06-29. Retrieved 2009-10-10. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  12. ^ "FSN Sport Science - Episode 7 - Myths - Jason Zuback". Sport Science. YouTube. Retrieved 2009-07-27.
  13. ^ "World record wind gust". World Meteorological Association. Archived from the original on 2013-01-20. Retrieved 2010-01-26. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  14. ^ "ThrustSSC".
  15. ^ clinicalimagingscience.org - Photoacoustic Imaging: Opening New Frontiers in Medical Imaging
  16. ^ Discovery Space: Top 10 Extrasolar Planets Archived 2009-03-03 at the Wayback Machine
  17. ^ 846 TS Hypersonic Upgrade Program Archived 2009-02-02 at the Wayback Machine
  18. ^ MALCOLM W. BROWNE (March 22, 1994). "Fastest Gun on Earth: Goals Go Beyond Planet". The New York Times. Retrieved July 31, 2011.
  19. ^ Elert, Glenn. "Speed of the Voyager Space Probes".
  20. ^ Mike Wall (July 4, 2016). "By Jove! NASA Probe Arrives at Jupiter After 5-Year Trek". Space.com. Retrieved July 5, 2016.
  21. ^ M. Horányi et al.: The SSERVI - Impact Dust Accelerator Facility at the University of Colorado, 47th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (2016), accessed May 30, 2017
  22. ^ Thomson, E. M., M. A. Uman, and W. H. Beasley (1985), Speed and current for lightning stepped leaders near ground as determined from electric field records, J. Geophys. Res., 90(D5), 8136–8142, doi:10.1029/JD090iD05p08136.
  23. ^ information@eso.org. "Surfing a Black Hole - Star Orbiting Massive Milky Way Centre Approaches to within 17 Light-Hours".
  24. ^ V. P. Idone, R. E. Orville, D. M. Mach, and W. D. Rust (1987), The propagation speed of a positive lightning return stroke, Geophys. Res. Letters, vol 14 issue 11, 1150–1153, doi:10.1029/GL014i011p01150.
  25. ^ "LHC beams". CERN.
  26. ^ J. Walker (January 4, 1994). "The Oh-My-God Particle". Fourmilab.
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