Arete of Cyrene: Difference between revisions
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'''Arete of Cyrene''' ({{IPAc-en|ə|ˈ|r|iː|t|iː}}; {{lang-el|Ἀρήτη}}; fl. 5th–4th century BC) was a [[Cyrenaic]] philosopher who lived in [[Cyrene, Libya]]. She was the daughter of [[Aristippus of Cyrene]].<ref name=Ogilvie>{{cite book|last=Ogilvie|first=Marilyn Bailey|title=Women in science : antiquity through the nineteenth century : a biographical dictionary with annotated bibliography|year=1986|publisher=MIT Press|location=Cambridge, |
'''Arete of Cyrene''' ({{IPAc-en|ə|ˈ|r|iː|t|iː}}; {{lang-el|Ἀρήτη}}; fl. 5th–4th century BC) was a [[Cyrenaic]] philosopher who lived in [[Cyrene, Libya]]. She was the daughter of [[Aristippus of Cyrene]].<ref name=Ogilvie>{{cite book|last=Ogilvie|first=Marilyn Bailey|title=Women in science : antiquity through the nineteenth century : a biographical dictionary with annotated bibliography|year=1986|publisher=MIT Press|location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|isbn=0-262-15031-X|edition=3. print.}}</ref> |
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==Life and teachings== |
==Life and teachings== |
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Arete learned philosophy from her father, Aristippus, who had himself learned philosophy from [[Socrates]]. Arete, in turn, taught philosophy to her son - [[Aristippus the Younger]] - hence her son was nicknamed "Mother-taught" ({{lang-el|μητροδίδακτος}}).<ref>[[Diogenes Laërtius]], ii. 72, 83, 86; [[Eusebius]], ''[[Preparatio Evangelica]]'', xiv. 18. Cf. [[Clement of Alexandria]], ''[[Stromata]]'', iv. 122; [[Strabo]], xvii. 3. 22; [[Claudius Aelianus|Aelian]], ''Nat. Anim.'' iii. 40; [[Theodoret]], ''Therapeutike'', xi. 1; [[Themistius]], ''Orationes'', xxi. 244</ref> |
Arete learned philosophy from her father, Aristippus, who had himself learned philosophy from [[Socrates]]. Arete, in turn, taught philosophy to her son - [[Aristippus the Younger]] - hence her son was nicknamed "Mother-taught" ({{lang-el|μητροδίδακτος}}).<ref>[[Diogenes Laërtius]], ii. 72, 83, 86; [[Eusebius]], ''[[Preparatio Evangelica]]'', xiv. 18. Cf. [[Clement of Alexandria]], ''[[Stromata]]'', iv. 122; [[Strabo]], xvii. 3. 22; [[Claudius Aelianus|Aelian]], ''Nat. Anim.'' iii. 40; [[Theodoret]], ''Therapeutike'', xi. 1; [[Themistius]], ''Orationes'', xxi. 244</ref> |
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Arete reportedly took over the leadership of the School of Cyrene upon her father's death. Her existence is recorded in several historic sources that were written after her death. She is mentioned by [[Diogenes Laërtius]], [[Strabo]], [[Aelius]], [[Clement of Alexandria]], [[Theodoret of Cyrus]], [[Aristocles of Messene|Aristocles]] and in the [[Suda]]. Diogenes records that among her pupils were [[Theodorus the Atheist]] and [[Anniceris]].<ref>{{Cite book|title= Reading 1 Corinthians with Philosophically Educated Women|authors=Nathan J. Barnes|publisher= Wipf and Stock Publishers|year= 2014|isbn=9781620325728|pages= |
Arete reportedly took over the leadership of the School of Cyrene upon her father's death. Her existence is recorded in several historic sources that were written after her death. She is mentioned by [[Diogenes Laërtius]], [[Strabo]], [[Aelius]], [[Clement of Alexandria]], [[Theodoret of Cyrus]], [[Aristocles of Messene|Aristocles]] and in the [[Suda]]. Diogenes records that among her pupils were [[Theodorus the Atheist]] and [[Anniceris]].<ref>{{Cite book|title= Reading 1 Corinthians with Philosophically Educated Women|authors=Nathan J. Barnes|publisher= Wipf and Stock Publishers|year= 2014|isbn=9781620325728|pages=99–100}}</ref> While no credible historic source has survived on Arete's teachings, the tenets of the School of Cyrene which her father founded are known. It was one of the first to advance a systematic view on the role of pleasure and pain in human life. The [[Cyrenaic]]s argued that discipline, knowledge, and virtuous actions are more likely to result in pleasure. Whereas negative emotions, such as anger and fear, multiplied pain. Towards the end of Socrates' ''Protagoras'' it is reasoned that the "salvation of our life" depends upon applying to pleasures and pains a "science of measurement". The School of Cyrene provided one of the first approaches to [[hedonism]], which surfaced again in 18th and 19th century Europe and was advanced by thinkers such as [[Jeremy Bentham]].<ref>{{Cite book|title= History of Psychology: Ideas and Context|authors=D. Brett King, William Douglas Woody, Wayne Viney |publisher= Routledge|year= 2015|isbn=9781317350606|pages=58}}</ref> |
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== Spurious historic sources == |
== Spurious historic sources == |
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Among the spurious [[Cynic epistles|Socratic epistles]] (dating perhaps from the 1st century) there is a fictitious letter from Aristippus addressed to Arete.<ref>The fictitious Socratic letters cannot automatically be use as an historical source, but the anonymous author of these letters is "interested in historical detail," and he appears to have access to "a handbook on Greek philosophy which is similar in content to that of Diogenes Laertius but more extensive in content." Abraham J. Malherbe, (1977), ''The Cynic Epistles: A Study Edition'', page 28. SBL</ref> |
Among the spurious [[Cynic epistles|Socratic epistles]] (dating perhaps from the 1st century) there is a fictitious letter from Aristippus addressed to Arete.<ref>The fictitious Socratic letters cannot automatically be use as an historical source, but the anonymous author of these letters is "interested in historical detail," and he appears to have access to "a handbook on Greek philosophy which is similar in content to that of Diogenes Laertius but more extensive in content." Abraham J. Malherbe, (1977), ''The Cynic Epistles: A Study Edition'', page 28. SBL</ref> |
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[[John Augustine Zahm]] (writing under the pseudonym of Mozans), claimed that the 14th century scholar [[Giovanni Boccaccio]] had access to some "early Greek writers," which allowed Boccaccio to give special praise to Arete "for the breadth and variety of her attainments":<ref name="mozans">H. J. Mozans, (1913), [https://archive.org/details/womaninsciencew00zahmgoog ''Woman in Science''], pages 197-9. New York. This passage, however, does not seem to be present in any surviving work by Boccaccio, and the obvious candidate – Boccaccio's ''[[De mulieribus claris]]'' (''On Famous Women'') – contains no mention of Arete. Zahm's source for this information is [[Johann Christoph Wolf]]'s 1739 ''Mulierum Graecarum''. Wolf cites Book II of ''De Laudibus Mulierum'' (''In Praise of Women'') by "Bocatius". However, there is no work by Boccaccio entitled ''De Laudibus Mulierum'', but there is an obscure 1487 book with this title by one [[Bartolommeo Goggio]].</ref> |
[[John Augustine Zahm]] (writing under the pseudonym of Mozans), claimed that the 14th century scholar [[Giovanni Boccaccio]] had access to some "early Greek writers," which allowed Boccaccio to give special praise to Arete "for the breadth and variety of her attainments":<ref name="mozans">H. J. Mozans, (1913), [https://archive.org/details/womaninsciencew00zahmgoog ''Woman in Science''], pages 197-9. New York. This passage, however, does not seem to be present in any surviving work by Boccaccio, and the obvious candidate – Boccaccio's ''[[De mulieribus claris]]'' (''On Famous Women'') – contains no mention of Arete. Zahm's source for this information is [[Johann Christoph Wolf]]'s 1739 ''Mulierum Graecarum''. Wolf cites Book II of ''De Laudibus Mulierum'' (''In Praise of Women'') by "Bocatius". However, there is no work by Boccaccio entitled ''De Laudibus Mulierum'', but there is an obscure 1487 book with this title by one [[Bartolommeo Goggio]].</ref> |
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Revision as of 19:13, 4 June 2018
Arete of Cyrene (/əˈriːtiː/; Template:Lang-el; fl. 5th–4th century BC) was a Cyrenaic philosopher who lived in Cyrene, Libya. She was the daughter of Aristippus of Cyrene.[1]
Life and teachings
Arete learned philosophy from her father, Aristippus, who had himself learned philosophy from Socrates. Arete, in turn, taught philosophy to her son - Aristippus the Younger - hence her son was nicknamed "Mother-taught" (Template:Lang-el).[2]
Arete reportedly took over the leadership of the School of Cyrene upon her father's death. Her existence is recorded in several historic sources that were written after her death. She is mentioned by Diogenes Laërtius, Strabo, Aelius, Clement of Alexandria, Theodoret of Cyrus, Aristocles and in the Suda. Diogenes records that among her pupils were Theodorus the Atheist and Anniceris.[3] While no credible historic source has survived on Arete's teachings, the tenets of the School of Cyrene which her father founded are known. It was one of the first to advance a systematic view on the role of pleasure and pain in human life. The Cyrenaics argued that discipline, knowledge, and virtuous actions are more likely to result in pleasure. Whereas negative emotions, such as anger and fear, multiplied pain. Towards the end of Socrates' Protagoras it is reasoned that the "salvation of our life" depends upon applying to pleasures and pains a "science of measurement". The School of Cyrene provided one of the first approaches to hedonism, which surfaced again in 18th and 19th century Europe and was advanced by thinkers such as Jeremy Bentham.[4]
Spurious historic sources
Among the spurious Socratic epistles (dating perhaps from the 1st century) there is a fictitious letter from Aristippus addressed to Arete.[5]
John Augustine Zahm (writing under the pseudonym of Mozans), claimed that the 14th century scholar Giovanni Boccaccio had access to some "early Greek writers," which allowed Boccaccio to give special praise to Arete "for the breadth and variety of her attainments":[6]
She is said to have publicly taught natural and moral philosophy in the schools and academies of Attica for thirty-five years, to have written forty books, and to have counted among her pupils one hundred and ten philosophers. She was so highly esteemed by her countrymen that they inscribed on her tomb an epitaph which declared that she was the splendour of Greece and possessed the beauty of Helen, the virtue of Thirma, the pen of Aristippus, the soul of Socrates and the tongue of Homer.[6]
References
- ^ Ogilvie, Marilyn Bailey (1986). Women in science : antiquity through the nineteenth century : a biographical dictionary with annotated bibliography (3. print. ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-15031-X.
- ^ Diogenes Laërtius, ii. 72, 83, 86; Eusebius, Preparatio Evangelica, xiv. 18. Cf. Clement of Alexandria, Stromata, iv. 122; Strabo, xvii. 3. 22; Aelian, Nat. Anim. iii. 40; Theodoret, Therapeutike, xi. 1; Themistius, Orationes, xxi. 244
- ^ Reading 1 Corinthians with Philosophically Educated Women. Wipf and Stock Publishers. 2014. pp. 99–100. ISBN 9781620325728.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|authors=ignored (help) - ^ History of Psychology: Ideas and Context. Routledge. 2015. p. 58. ISBN 9781317350606.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|authors=ignored (help) - ^ The fictitious Socratic letters cannot automatically be use as an historical source, but the anonymous author of these letters is "interested in historical detail," and he appears to have access to "a handbook on Greek philosophy which is similar in content to that of Diogenes Laertius but more extensive in content." Abraham J. Malherbe, (1977), The Cynic Epistles: A Study Edition, page 28. SBL
- ^ a b H. J. Mozans, (1913), Woman in Science, pages 197-9. New York. This passage, however, does not seem to be present in any surviving work by Boccaccio, and the obvious candidate – Boccaccio's De mulieribus claris (On Famous Women) – contains no mention of Arete. Zahm's source for this information is Johann Christoph Wolf's 1739 Mulierum Graecarum. Wolf cites Book II of De Laudibus Mulierum (In Praise of Women) by "Bocatius". However, there is no work by Boccaccio entitled De Laudibus Mulierum, but there is an obscure 1487 book with this title by one Bartolommeo Goggio.
External links
- Cyrenaics Resource Handbook of Cyrenaic resources, primary and secondary
- Project Continua: Biography of Arete
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