Yevsektsiya: Difference between revisions
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A '''Yevsektsiya'''<ref>Also [[Romanization of Russian|romanized]] '''Evsektsiya'''.</ref> ({{lang-rus|Евсекция<ref>A [[syllabic abbreviation]] for ''Jewish section'' ({{lang-ru|'''Ев'''рейская '''секция'''}}).</ref>|p=jɪfˈsʲektsɨjə}}; {{lang-yi|יעווסעקציע}}) was a [[Jew]]ish section of the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Soviet Communist Party]]. These sections were established in fall of 1918 with consent of [[Vladimir Lenin]] to carry communist revolution to the Jewish masses.<ref name="Pipes"> [[Richard Pipes|Pipes, Richard]], Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime, New York: Vintage Books, Random House Inc., 1995, {{ISBN|0-394-50242-6}}, page 363 </ref> |
A '''Yevsektsiya'''<ref>Also [[Romanization of Russian|romanized]] '''Evsektsiya'''.</ref> ({{lang-rus|Евсекция<ref>A [[syllabic abbreviation]] for ''Jewish section'' ({{lang-ru|'''Ев'''рейская '''секция'''}}).</ref>|p=jɪfˈsʲektsɨjə}}; {{lang-yi|יעווסעקציע}}) was a [[Jew]]ish section of the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Soviet Communist Party]]. These sections were established in fall of 1918 with consent of [[Vladimir Lenin]] to carry communist revolution to the Jewish masses.<ref name="Pipes"> [[Richard Pipes|Pipes, Richard]], Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime, New York: Vintage Books, Random House Inc., 1995, {{ISBN|0-394-50242-6}}, page 363 </ref> The Yevsektsiya published a [[Yiddish]] periodical, ''Emes''.<ref name=Shindler /> |
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==Mission== |
==Mission== |
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Revision as of 11:14, 15 June 2018
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A Yevsektsiya[1] (Russian: Евсекция[2], IPA: [jɪfˈsʲektsɨjə]; Template:Lang-yi) was a Jewish section of the Soviet Communist Party. These sections were established in fall of 1918 with consent of Vladimir Lenin to carry communist revolution to the Jewish masses.[3] The Yevsektsiya published a Yiddish periodical, Emes.[4]
Mission
The stated mission of these sections was the "destruction of traditional Jewish life, the Zionist movement, and Hebrew culture".[5] The Yevsektsiya sought to draw Jewish workers into the revolutionary organisations; chairman Semyon Dimanstein, at the first conference in October 1918, pointed out that, "when the October revolution came, the Jewish workers had remained totally passive ... and a large part of them were even against the revolution. The revolution did not reach the Jewish street. Everything remained as before".[6]
History
The Yevsektsiya remained fairly isolated from both the Jewish intelligentsia and working class.[4] The sections were staffed mostly by Jewish ex-members of the Bund, which eventually joined the Soviet Communist Party as the Kombund in 1921,[3], and the United Jewish Socialist Workers Party. [7]
The Yevsektsiya deemed Russian Zionist organisations to be counter-revolutionary, and agitated for them to be shut down. Delegates to a Zionist congress in March 1919 complained at administrative harassment of their activities - not from government agencies, but from Jewish communists.[7] At the Yevsektsiya's second conference in July 1919, it demanded that the Zionist organisations be dissolved.[7] After an appeal from the Zionists, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee issued a decree in that the Zionist organisation was not counter-revolutionary and its activities should not be disrupted.[4] The campaign continued, however. In 1920, the first All-Russian Zionist Congress was disrupted by members of the Cheka and a female representative of the Yevsektsiya.[8] At its third conference in July 1921, the Yevsektsiya demanded the "total liquidation" of Zionism.[7]
According to Richard Pipes, "in time, every Jewish cultural and social organization came under assault". Acting together with local Soviet authorities, Evsektsii organized seizures of synagogues in Gomel, Minsk and Kharkov, which were subsequently converted to clubs or Communist centers.[3] They particularly fought against the efforts of the sixth Chabad Rabbi R' Yosef Yitchak Schnersohn who urged his Chasidim to resist to their last drop of blood attempts to uproot religion which went against Communist ideology, causing many of them to be arrested and sometimes killed, eventually causing the arrest of the Rebbe himself in 1927.
The Yevsektsiya attempted to use its influence to cut off state funds to Habima Theatre, branding it counter-revolutionary.[4] The theatre left Russia to go on tour in 1926, before settling in Mandatory Palestine in 1928 to become Israel's national theatre.[9]
The Yevsektsii were disbanded as no longer needed in 1929. Many leading members perished in the Great Purge. Chaiman Dimanstein was arrested in 1938 and executed.[3] He was rehabilitated posthumously in 1955, two years after the death of Joseph Stalin.
See also
- History of the Jews in Russia
- Communist Party of the Soviet Union
- Bolsheviks
- Birobidzhan
- Komzet
- Jewish Communist Party (Poalei Zion)[10][11]
- Bundism
References
- ^ Also romanized Evsektsiya.
- ^ A syllabic abbreviation for Jewish section (Template:Lang-ru).
- ^ a b c d Pipes, Richard, Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime, New York: Vintage Books, Random House Inc., 1995, ISBN 0-394-50242-6, page 363
- ^ a b c d Shindler, Colin (2012). Israel and the European Left. New York: Continuum. p. 30.
- ^ Pipes, page 363, quoted from book by Nora Levin, The Jews in the Soviet Union since 1917, New York, 1988, page 57
- ^ Gilboa, Jehoshua A. A Language Silenced: The Suppression of Hebrew Literature and Culture in the Soviet Union. Rutherford [N.J.]: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1982. p. 282
- ^ a b c d Nora Levin (1 January 1991). Jews in the Soviet Union Since 1917: Paradox of Survival. NYU Press. p. 89. ISBN 978-0-8147-5051-3.
- ^ Rafaeli (Tsentsiper), , Aryeh (1956). במאבק לגאולה Ba-ma’ava·k li-ge’ulah: sefer ha-Tsiyonut ha-Rusit mi-mahpekhat 1917 ad yamenu, In the Struggle for Redemption: Book of Russian Zionism from. 1917 until our times ]. Hotsaat Dvir ve-Iyonot, Tel Aviv. p. 211.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Politzer, Heinz (August 1948). "Habimah in New York: A Great Theater Enters a New Period". Commentary Magazine. Retrieved 2017-03-06.
- ^ Leon, A., "The Jewish Question" 1970, Pathfinder Press, New York, p. 1 - 26
- ^ Trotsky, L., "The Russian Revolution," 1959, Doubleday, New York
Further reading
- Gitelman, Zvi. Jewish Nationality and Soviet Politics: The Jewish Sections of the CPSU, Princeton, 1972.
- Dubnow, Simon. History of the Jews in Russia and Poland from the earliest times until the present day in three volumes, updated by author in 1938.
- Дубнов, Семён Маркович. Новейшая история еврейского народа (1789—1914) в 3х томах. (С эпилогом 1938 г.). Иерусалим-Москва, Мосты культуры, 2002. (in Russian)
- Костырченко, Геннадий. Тайная политика Сталина. Власть и антисемитизм. Москва, 2001.
- Евреи в Советской России (1917—1967). Иерусалим, Библиотека-Алия, 1975. (in Russian)
External links
- Revolution and Emancipation, The Yevsektsii at Beyond the Pale exhibition