Wuhua dialect

Wuhua
五華話
Native to	Southern China
Region	Wuhua
Native speakers	6,260,000
Language family	Sino-Tibetan, Chinese, Hakka, Yue-Tai (Meixian), Long-Hua Wuhua
Language codes
ISO 639-3	–

Wuhua (simplified Chinese: 五华话; traditional Chinese: 五華話; pinyin: Wǔhuá huà) is a major dialect of Hakka Chinese. It is spoken in Wuhua County, Jiexi County, Shenzhen, eastern Dongguan, Northern Guangdong around Shaoguan, Sichuan Province, and Tonggu County in Jiangxi Province.

Characteristics

The Wuhua dialect is characterized by the pronunciation of several voiced Middle Chinese qu-sheng (fourth Tone) syllables of Moiyen dialect in the Shang-sheng (third Tone). The tone-level of the yin-ping is a rising /13/, /35/ or /24/ instead of the low-level /11/ usually found in Meixian. In Wuhua-concentrated areas of Northern Bao'an and Eastern Dongguan, the same Meixian dialect tone level of the yang-ping is found. Two sets of fricatives and affricates (z, c, s, zh, ch, sh, s / ts’ / s, [ts], [tsh], [s] and [ts], [tsh], [s] and [tʃ ], [tʃh], [ ʃ ]) appear, similar to Mandarin Chinese. The distinctive "y" final is found in the Yuebei (Northern Guangdong) Hakka group and Sichuan group. Retroflexed initials in 知 (Zhi series) “Knowledge”, 曉 (Xiao group) “Dawn”, and part of 溪 (Xi) “Brook”, and poor usage of medials in Grade III and closed finals. Wuhua dialect exhibits “latter-word” tone sandhi. Phonologically, Wuhua showcases a north-south separation while lexically depicting an east- and middle-Guangdong separation, showing similarities to inland and coastal Hakka dialects. Lexically it shows east-west separation in Wuhua, which is quite different from the phonological point of view. Outwardly, lexicons in Wuhua show that the Wuhua dialect is on the diglossia that separates east and middle Guangdong. This way, the lexicons distinguish coast-side dialects from inland ones. The Wuhua dialect is transitional, no matter how it is seen historically or geographically. Overall, the Wuhua Hakka dialect is very similar to the prestige of the Moiyen (Meixian) Hakka dialect.

Background

The Wuhua patois merges Yangqu with the Shang tone so that voiced characters of MC departing tones have the Shang tone, not Qu. In addition, the Meixian group has a Yangping tone value of 11, but Wuhua has the value of 13, 35 or 24. Most varieties of Jiaying SubDialect (Tue-Tai) belong to the Meixian patois, but those in northern Guangdong and Sichuan and some dialects in western Guangdong belong to the Wuhua patois.

Location

Wuhua County is located in the upper reaches of the Han River. The southeast border of the county is adjacent to Fengshun, Jiexi, and Lufeng. Heyuan and Zijin are located on the southwest borders. The northwest border is connected to Longchuan and the northeast to Xingning. Due to the resulting language contact, Wuhua is affected by the dialectal assimilation of the surrounding areas.

Wuhua can be found in Wuhua County, Jiexi County, Northern Bao'An (formerly Xin'An (Sin-On), presently called Shenzhen), and Eastern Dongguan. It can also be observed in Yuebei or Northern Guangdong around Shaoguan as well as Sichuan, Tonggu, and Jiangxi.

Taiwan is also home to the Wuhua Hakka people, that migrated from South Wuhua County in the Qing dynasty. Taiwanese Wuhua has observed many changes in its initials, finals, and lexicons. As a result, it shares characteristics with the neighboring Sixian (四縣) and Hailu (海陸) Dialects. The tones remained the same. Minority languages tend to assimilate with their superiors as observed in the Wuhua dialect of Taiwan. The Changle dialect originates in its eponym, the county of Changle (now Wuhua). Currently, speakers of the Yongding and Changle dialects have left their own families. Due to this, there are few dialects that are used in present-day Taiwan, including but not limited to prominent Sixian and Hailu dialects.

Language variation

The Wuhua group, merges the Middle Chinese characters of the Qu tone into the Shang tone. There are usually two sets of fricatives and affricatives, similar to that of Mandarin. The Yangping is usually a low rising tone of value 13. The rounded vowel [y] is common in Yuebei and Sichuan.

The Wuhua Dialect in the County itself has four accents: The North Accent (Huá Chéng, Qí Lǐng), The Central/Lowland Accent (Tán Xià, Zhuǎn Shuǐ, Héng Bēi, Shuǐ Zhài, Hédōng, and Guō Tián), The Western Accent (Zhǎng Bù, Dàtián), and The Southern/Highland Accent (Ān liú, Zhōu Jiāng, Shuāng Huá, Méilín, Huáyáng, Mián Yáng, as well as Lóngcūn).

Wuhua County Dialect is also prominent in Zijin County: the Nánlù Accent includes the towns of Yangtou, Su District, Nanling, Shuidun Township, Longwo Market Town, and some other villages in the market town area. The above areas are adjacent to Wuhua County and the villagers utilize the Wuhua Accent.

The Yuebei group is the most dominant dialect in the rural area of Northern Guangdong around Shaoguan. (c. 2 million speakers)

Jiexihua is spoken by the inhabitants of Jiexi county in the Guangdong Province. (c. 500,000 speakers)

Dongguan Hakka is spoken by Hakka inhabitants, in the Eastern part of Dongguan county and North of Bao’an county. This accent has the Yangping as a level tone of value 11. (c. 60T speakers)

The Sichuan group or “Tu-Guangdonghua” is spoken by the migrants from Guangdong in Sichuan (c. 1-2 million speakers)

Tongguhua is spoken by the people in and around Tonggu county, Jiangxi Province. (c. 1 million speakers)

The Changle Accent was once used in Taiwan as one of the seven major Hakka accents. There are other accents such as Sixian, Hoiliuk Yongding, Changle/Wuhua, Dabu, Raoping, and Chao'An. It was introduced to the territory by settlers from Changle County (present-day Wuhua) in Jiaying (present-day Meizhou) and immigrants from Yong'an County, Present-day Zijin County (Huizhou Prefecture). Its language is akin to the accents adjacent to the Qin River south of Wuhua County located in present-day mainland China. However, in the Qu Lao Keng area in Yangmei District (specifically Taoyuan City), there are still many families who utilize the Changle Accent.

Phonology

Consonant inventory

		Labial	Alveolar	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m	n			ŋ
Plosive	tenuis	p	t			k
	aspirated	pʰ	tʰ			kʰ
Affricate			ts	tʂ
Aspirated affricate			tsʰ	tʂʰ
Fricative		f v	s	ʂ			h
Approximant			l

Finals

Most finals are the same with Meixian / Moiyen dialect, except for:

Moiyen	Wuhua
uon	on
ian	an
	ien
i	ui
in	un
uan	has lost the "u" medial, example: "kan"
uai
uon
ien	en

Vowel inventory

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i	ɨ	u
Open-mid	ɛ		ɔ
Open		a

Tones

Tone number	Hakka Tone name	Chinese characters	IPA	Description
1	yin ping	陰平	˦	high
2	yang ping	陽平	˩˧	low rising
3	shang	上	˧˩	low falling
4	qu	去	˥˧	high falling
5	yin ru	陰入	˩	extra low
6	yang ru	陽入	˥	extra high

In Wuhua, Shaoguan (and most dialects around it), and Sichuan, the Yangping is usually 35 instead of 11.

Wuhua Romanization and IPA

Romanization	IPA
b	[p]
p	[pʰ]
m	[m]
f	[f]
v	[v]
d	[t]
t	[tʰ]
n	[n]
l	[l]
g	[k]
k	[kʰ]
ng	[ŋ]
h	[h]
j	[ts](i)
q	[tsʰ](i)
x	[s](i)
z*	[ts]
c*	[tsʰ]
s*	[s]
zh*	[tʂ]
ch*	[tʂʰ]
sh*	[ʂ]
a	[a]
o	[ɔ]
i	[i]
u	[u]
ê	[ɛ]
e	[ɨ]

Romanization with an asterisk (*) always precedes an [i].