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Judge, E. F. (2011). Crown copyright and the reuse of government information: Access and limitations. In P. Garvin (Ed.), Government information management in the 21st century : International perspectives (pp. 211-222). Burlington, VT: Ashgate Pub.

• “Copyright protects original expression in literary, dramatic, musical and artistic works”. While raw data is free from copyright protection – the creation of any work based on raw data (i.e. GIS) is protected. (Judge, p. 211). There are some considerations being made in the Canada, U.K., Australia and New Zealand in regards to the “reuse of Crown-copyrighted material, through new licenses” (Judge p. 213-14). • Canada: Section 12 of The Copyright Act defines Crown copyright as copy righted material owned by the Crown. Crown copyright commonly relates to works created by government employees during their government careers, either commissioned or completed during a regular workday (Judge, p. 221). In Canada Crown copyright applies to “primary law, including statutes, regulations, and court decisions” . There are certain circumstances however when reproduction is allowed. “The reproduction of statutes, consolidations of legislation, judicial reasons for judgments, and administrative tribunal decisions is covered by the Reproduction of Federal Law Order”, the reproduction of primary law is permissible as long as it is represented as a reproduction and is accurate. There is also open access online to versions of case law and statutes. Canada has implemented a variety of open data portals for GIS data as well as “a uniform approach to licensing geographical information created by GeoConnections” (p. 215). In Canada, open data projects can also provide some content.

• continue to edit Crown Copyright article - add e-petition, review of Copyright Act