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[[Textile]] [[fiber]]s, [[Thread (yarn)|thread]]s, [[yarn]]s and [[fabric]]s are measured in a multiplicity of units.
[[Textile]] [[fiber]]s, [[Thread (yarn)|thread]]s, [[yarn]]s and [[fabric]]s are measured in a multiplicity of units.
* A [[fiber]], a single filament of natural material, such as [[cotton]], [[linen]] or [[wool]], or artificial material such as [[nylon]], [[polyester]], [[metal]] or [[mineral fiber]], or man-made cellulosic fibre like viscose, Modal, [[Lyocell]] or other [[rayon]] fiber is measured in terms of [[linear mass density]], the weight of a given length of fiber. Various units are used to refer to the measurement of a fiber, such as: the [[#Denier|denier]] and [[#Tex|tex]] (linear mass density of fibers), [[#S or super S number|super S]] (fineness of wool fiber), [[#Worsted count|worsted count]], woolen count, [[#Cotton count|cotton count]] (or Number English (Ne)), Number metric (Nm) and [[#Yield|yield]] (the reciprocal of denier and tex).
* A [[fiber]], a single filament of natural material, such as [[cotton]], [[linen]] or [[wool]], or artificial material such as [[nylon]], [[polyester]], [[metal]] or [[mineral fiber]], or man-made cellulosic fibre like viscose, Modal, [[Lyocell]] or other [[rayon]] fiber is measured in terms of [[linear mass density]], the weight of a given length of fiber. Various units are used to refer to the measurement of a fiber, such as: the [[#Denier|denier]] and [[#Tex|tex]] (linear mass density of fibers), [[#S or super S number|super S]] (fineness of wool fiber), [[#Worsted count|worsted count]], woolen count, [[#Linen count|linen count (wet spun)]] (or Number English (Ne)), [[#Cotton count|cotton count]] (or Number English (Ne)), Number metric (Nm) and [[#Yield|yield]] (the reciprocal of denier and tex).
* A [[yarn]], a spun [[wikt:agglomeration|agglomeration]] of fibers used for [[knitting]], [[weaving]] or [[sewing]], is measured in terms of cotton count and yarn density. [[File:Thread2.jpg|thumb|right|180px|Thread made from two threads plied together, each consisting of three yarns]]
* A [[yarn]], a spun [[wikt:agglomeration|agglomeration]] of fibers used for [[knitting]], [[weaving]] or [[sewing]], is measured in terms of cotton count and yarn density. [[File:Thread2.jpg|thumb|right|180px|Thread made from two threads plied together, each consisting of three yarns]]
* Thread, usually consisting of multiple yarns [[plied]] together producing a long, thin strand used in sewing or weaving, is measured in the same units as yarn.
* Thread, usually consisting of multiple yarns [[plied]] together producing a long, thin strand used in sewing or weaving, is measured in the same units as yarn.
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[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Garenspinnerij TMnr 20018521.jpg|thumb|right|180px|Yarn spinning factory]]
[[File:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Garenspinnerij TMnr 20018521.jpg|thumb|right|180px|Yarn spinning factory]]
Worsted count (or [[spinning count]]) is an indirect measure of the fineness of the fiber in a [[worsted]] wool yarn expressed as the number of 560-yard<ref>{{Harvnb|Collier|1970|p=74}}</ref> (512 m) lengths (hanks) of worsted yarn that a pound (0.45&nbsp;kg) of wool yields. The finer the wool, the more yarn and the higher the count. It has been largely replaced by direct measures.
Worsted count (or [[spinning count]]) is an indirect measure of the fineness of the fiber in a [[worsted]] wool yarn expressed as the number of 560-yard<ref>{{Harvnb|Collier|1970|p=74}}</ref> (512 m) lengths (hanks) of worsted yarn that a pound (0.45&nbsp;kg) of wool yields. The finer the wool, the more yarn and the higher the count. It has been largely replaced by direct measures.
===Linen Count===
Number of 300 [[Yard]]yard lengths per [[Pound (mass) pound]] of fiber.


===Yield===
===Yield===

Revision as of 22:17, 7 July 2018

Textile fibers, threads, yarns and fabrics are measured in a multiplicity of units.

  • A fiber, a single filament of natural material, such as cotton, linen or wool, or artificial material such as nylon, polyester, metal or mineral fiber, or man-made cellulosic fibre like viscose, Modal, Lyocell or other rayon fiber is measured in terms of linear mass density, the weight of a given length of fiber. Various units are used to refer to the measurement of a fiber, such as: the denier and tex (linear mass density of fibers), super S (fineness of wool fiber), worsted count, woolen count, linen count (wet spun) (or Number English (Ne)), cotton count (or Number English (Ne)), Number metric (Nm) and yield (the reciprocal of denier and tex).
  • A yarn, a spun agglomeration of fibers used for knitting, weaving or sewing, is measured in terms of cotton count and yarn density.
    Thread made from two threads plied together, each consisting of three yarns
  • Thread, usually consisting of multiple yarns plied together producing a long, thin strand used in sewing or weaving, is measured in the same units as yarn.
  • Fabric, cloth typically produced by weaving, knitting or knotting textile fibers, yarns or threads, is measured in units such as the momme, thread count (a measure of the coarseness or fineness of fabric), ends per inch (e.p.i) and picks per inch (p.p.i).

Units of measure for fibers

The linear density of a fiber is commonly measured in units of denier or tex. Traditional units include worsted count, cotton count and yield. Tex is more likely to be used in Canada and Continental Europe, while denier remains more common in the United States and United Kingdom. The International System of Units uses kilogram per metre for linear densities; in some contexts, the tex unit is used instead.

Denier

Denier (/ˈdɛniər/) or den (abbreviated D), a unit of measure for the linear mass density of fibers, is the mass in grams per 9000 meters of the fiber.[1] The denier is based on a natural reference: a single strand of silk is approximately one denier; a 9000-meter strand of silk weighs about one gram. The term denier comes from the French denier, a coin of small value (worth 1⁄12 sou). Applied to yarn, a denier was held to be equal in weight to 1⁄24 ounce (1.2 g). Microdenier describes filaments that weigh less than 1 g per 9000 m.

There is a difference between filament and total measurements in deniers. Both are defined as above; but the first relates to a single filament of fiber (commonly called denier per filament (DPF)), whereas the second relates to a yarn.

Broader terms, such as fine may be applied, either because the overall yarn is fine or because fibers within this yarn are thin. A 75-denier yarn is considered fine even if it contains only a few fibers, such as thirty 2.5-denier fibers; but a heavier yarn, such as 150 denier, is considered fine only if its fibers are individually as thin as one denier.[1]

The following relationship applies to straight, uniform filaments:

DPF = total denier / quantity of uniform filaments

The denier system of measurement is used on two- and single-filament fibers. Some common calculations are as follows:[2]

1 denier = 1 g / 9000 m
= 0.11 mg/m

In practice, measuring 9000 meters is both time-consuming and unrealistic. Generally a sample of 900 meters is weighed, and the result is multiplied by ten to obtain the denier weight.

  • A fiber is generally considered a microfiber if it is one denier or less.
  • A one-denier polyester fiber has a diameter[3] of about ten micrometers.
  • In tights and pantyhose, the linear density of yarn used in the manufacturing process determines the opacity of the article in the following categories of commerce: ultra sheer (below 10 denier), sheer (10 to 30 denier), semi-opaque (30 to 40 denier), opaque (40 to 70 denier) and thick opaque (70 denier or higher).[4]

For single fibers, instead of weighing, a machine called a vibroscope is used. A known length of the fiber (usually 20 mm) is set to vibrate, and its fundamental frequency measured, allowing the calculation of the mass and thus the linear density.

Tex

Tex is a unit of measure for the linear mass density of fibers, yarns and thread and is defined as the mass in grams per 1000 meters.[5] The unit code is "tex". The most commonly used unit is actually the decitex (abbreviated dtex), which is the mass in grams per 10,000 meters. When measuring objects that consist of multiple fibers, the term "filament tex" is sometimes used, referring to the mass in grams per 1000 meters of a single filament.

Tex is used for measuring fiber size in many products, including cigarette filters, optical cable, yarn and fabric.

Micronaire

Micronaire is a measure of the air permeability of cotton fiber, an indication of fineness and maturity.[6] It is approximately equal to 2.82 times denier.[7] Micronaire affects various aspects of cotton processing.[8]

S or super S number

Main article: Super S or S number

Not a true unit of measure, S or super S number is an index of the fineness of the wool fiber and is most commonly seen as a label on wool apparel, wool fabric, and yarn.

Worsted count

Yarn spinning factory

Worsted count (or spinning count) is an indirect measure of the fineness of the fiber in a worsted wool yarn expressed as the number of 560-yard[9] (512 m) lengths (hanks) of worsted yarn that a pound (0.45 kg) of wool yields. The finer the wool, the more yarn and the higher the count. It has been largely replaced by direct measures.

Linen Count

Number of 300 Yardyard lengths per Pound (mass) pound of fiber.

Yield

Similar to tex and denier, yield is a term that helps describe the linear density of a roving of fibers. However, unlike tex and denier, yield is the inverse of linear density and is usually expressed in yards/lb.

Tex (g/km) Yield (yards/lb)
550 900
735 675
1100 450
1200 413
2000 250
2200 225
2400 207
4400 113

Yarn and thread

Image showing how to determine the number of twists per inch in a piece of yarn

Cotton count

  • Ne (Number English) or cotton count is another measure of linear density. It is the number of hanks (840 yd or 770 m) of skein material that weigh 1 pound (0.45 kg). Under this system, the higher the number, the finer the yarn. In the United States cotton counts between 1 and 20 are referred to as coarse counts. A regular single-knit T-shirt can be between 20 and 40 count; fine bed sheets are usually in the range of 40 to 80 count. The number is now widely used in the staple fiber industry.
  • Hank: a length of 7 leas or 840 yards (770 m)
  • One lea – 120 yards (110 m)

Yarn length

l/m = 1693 × lm/Nec × m/kg, where l/m is the yarn length in meters, lm/Nec is the English cotton count and m/kg is the yarn weight in kilograms.

English cotton count (Nec) is an indirect counting system, that is, the higher the number the finer the yarn.

  • Thread: a length of 54 inches (1.4 m) (the circumference of a warp beam)
  • Bundle: usually 10 pounds (4.5 kg)
  • Lea: a length of 80 threads or 120 yards (110 m)[10]

To convert denier to cotton count: lm/Nec = ⁠5315/ρ/den⁠, where lm/Nec is the cotton count and ρ/den is the density in denier.

To convert tex to cotton count: lm/Nec = ⁠590.5/ρ/tex⁠, where lm/Nec is the cotton count and ρ/tex is the density in tex.

Thread

Thread is a cotton yarn measure, equal to 54 inches (1.4 m).

Fabrics

Mommes

Mommes (mm), traditionally used to measure silk fabrics, the weight in pounds of a piece of fabric if it were sized 45 inches by 100 yards (1.2 m by 90 m). One momme = 4.340 g/m²; 8 mommes is approximately 1 ounce per square yard or 35 g/m².

The momme is based on the standard width of silk of 45 inches (1.2 m) wide (though silk is regularly produced in 55-inch (1.4 m) widths, and, uncommonly, in even larger widths).

The usual range of momme weight for different weaves of silk are:

The higher the weight in mommes, the more durable the weave, and the more suitable it is for heavy-duty use. And, the heavier the silk, the more opaque it becomes. This can vary even between the same kind of silk. For example, lightweight charmeuse is translucent when used in clothing, but 30-momme charmeuse is opaque.

Thread count

Thread count or threads per inch (TPI)[11] is a measure of the coarseness or fineness of fabric. It is measured by counting the number of threads contained in one square inch of fabric or one square centimeter, including both the length (warp) and width (weft) threads. The thread count is the number of threads counted along two sides (up and across) of the square inch, added together. It is used especially in regard to cotton linens such as bed sheets, and has been known to be used in the classification of towels. There is a common misconception that thread count is an important consideration when purchasing bedding. However, linen experts claim that beyond a thread count of 400, there is no difference in quality. The amount of thread that can fit into a square inch of fabric is limited, suggesting that bedding beyond 400 count is likely a marketing strategy. [12]

Industry standard

Thread count is often used as a measure of fabric quality, so that "standard" cotton thread counts are around 150 while good-quality sheets start at 180 and a count of 200 or higher is considered percale. Some, but not all, of the extremely high thread counts (typically over 500) tend to be misleading as they usually count the individual threads in "plied" yarns (a yarn that is made by twisting together multiple finer threads). For marketing purposes, a fabric with 250 two-ply yarns in both the vertical and horizontal direction could have the component threads counted to a 1000 thread count although "according to the National Textile Association (NTA),[13] which cites the international standards group ASTM, accepted industry practice is to count each thread as one, even threads spun as two- or three-ply yarn. The Federal Trade Commission in an August 2005 letter to NTA agreed that consumers 'could be deceived or misled' by inflated thread counts.[14] In 2002, ASTM proposed a definition for "thread count"[15] that has been called "the industry's first formal definition for thread count".[16] A minority on the ASTM committee argued for the higher yarn count number obtained by counting each single yarn in a plied yarn and cited as authority the provision relating to woven fabric in the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States, which states each ply should be counted as one using the "average yarn number."[16]

Ends per inch

Ends per inch (EPI or e.p.i.) is the number of warp threads per inch of woven fabric.[11][17] In general, the higher the ends per inch, the finer the fabric is. The current fashion is to wear T-shirts with a higher thread count, such as soft and comfortable "30 single" tee shirt that has 30 threads per inch as contrasted to the standard T-shirt with an 18 thread count per inch.

Ends per inch is very commonly used by weavers who must use the number of ends per inch in order to pick the right reed to weave with. The number of ends per inch varies on the pattern to be woven and the thickness of the thread. The number of times the thread can be wrapped around a ruler in adjacent turns over an inch is called the wraps per inch. Plain weaves generally use half the number of wraps per inch for the number of ends per inch, whereas denser weaves like a twill weave will use a higher ratio like two thirds of the number of wraps per inch. Finer threads require more threads per inch than thick ones, and thus result in a higher number of ends per inch.

The number of ends per inch in a piece of woven cloth varies depending on the stage of manufacture. Before the cloth is woven, the warp has a certain number of ends per inch, which is directly related to the size reed being used. After weaving, the number of ends per inch will increase, and it will increase again after being washed. This increase in the number of ends per inch (and picks per inch) and shrinkage in the size of the fabric is known as the take-up. The take-up is dependent on many factors, including the material and how tightly the cloth is woven. Tightly woven fabric shrinks more (and thus the number of ends per inch increases more) than loosely woven fabric, as do more elastic yarns and fibers.

Picks per inch

Picks per inch/Inch (or p.p.i.) is the number of weft threads per inch of woven fabric.[17] A pick is a single weft thread,[18] hence the term. In general, the higher the picks per inch, the finer the fabric is.

Air permeability

Air permeability is a measure of the ability of air to pass through a fabric.[19] Air permeability is defined as "the volume of air in cubic centimeters (cm3) which is passed through in one second through 100cm2 of the fabric at a pressure difference of 10cm head of water"[20], also known as the Gurley unit.

Factors that affect air permeability include porosity, fabric thickness and construction, yarn density, twist, and crimp, layering, and moisture within the fabric.

The concept of air permeability is important for the design of active wear[19] and insect netting[20].

Quality

Martindale

Main article: Martindale (unit)

The unit Martindale quantifies a textile's resistance to abrasion when used for upholstery.

References

  1. ^ a b Haynes, Williams (1946). "XVII: New Fibres: New Fabrics". This Chemical Age. London: Secker and Warburg. p. 217. {{cite book}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help)
  2. ^ "ASTM D1907 / D1907M - 12 Standard Test Method for Linear Density of Yarn (Yarn Number) by the Skein Method". Astm.org. Archived from the original on 2016-11-13. Retrieved 2016-12-18. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  3. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-10-03. Retrieved 2016-02-18. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  4. ^ "UK Tights & My Tights Is Earth's Largest Hosiery Store". Uktights.com. Archived from the original on 2015-03-18. Retrieved 2016-12-18. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ Collier 1970, p. 3
  6. ^ "Fiber Properties". Cotton Incorporated. Retrieved 2018-05-23.
  7. ^ "What is a Micronaire in Cotton, and Why Does it Matter?". Barnhardt Natural Fibers. Retrieved 2018-05-23.
  8. ^ "Cotton value addition - The impact of cotton fibre properties on textile". Cotton Guide. International Trade Centre. Retrieved 2018-05-21.
  9. ^ Collier 1970, p. 74
  10. ^ Curtis 1921, p. Cotton count
  11. ^ a b "Fahrradreifen - Schwalbe Fahrradreifen und Rollstuhlreifen". Schwalbe.de. Retrieved 2016-12-18.
  12. ^ Louie, Elaine (14 May 2018). "High Thread Counts May Not Lead to Sweet Dreams". Archived from the original on 16 November 2017 – via NYTimes.com. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  13. ^ "ケータリング情報館". Nationaltextile.org. Archived from the original on 2016-12-19. Retrieved 2016-12-18. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  14. ^ Federal Trade Commission Letter Archived 2009-02-27 at the Wayback Machine retrieved from NTA website February 9, 2009
  15. ^ "ASTM Fabric Count Tech News". Astm.org. Archived from the original on 2011-09-10. Retrieved 2016-12-18. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  16. ^ a b "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2008-04-11. Retrieved 2008-01-21. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  17. ^ a b Curtis 1921
  18. ^ "Pick." The Oxford English Dictionary. 2nd ed. 1989.
  19. ^ a b Stevens, K; Fuller, M (2015). "Thermoregulation and clothing comfort". Textile-Led Design for the Active Ageing Population. p. 117. doi:10.1016/B978-0-85709-538-1.00009-2. ISBN 9780857095381.
  20. ^ a b "What Is Air Permeability?". Acadian Industrial Textiles. Retrieved 2018-05-23.

Bibliography

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