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Coordinates: Sky map 12h 52m 19s, −62° 25′ 28″
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| epoch = J2000.0
| epoch = J2000.0
| ra = 12<sup>h</sup> 50<sup>m</sup>
| ra = 12<sup>h</sup> 50<sup>m</sup>
| dec = −62° 30&prime;
| dec = −62° 30′
| dist_ly = 600
| dist_ly = 600
| appmag_v = –
| appmag_v = –
| size_v = 7° × 5[[Degree (angle)|°]]
| size_v = 7[[Degree (angle)|°]] × 5°
| constellation = [[Crux]]
| constellation = [[Crux]]
| radius_ly = 30–35 ly
| radius_ly = 30–35
| absmag_v = –
| absmag_v = –
| notes = –
| notes = –
| names = C99
| names = C99
}}
}}
The '''Coalsack Dark Nebula''' (or simply the '''Coalsack''') is the most prominent [[dark nebula]] in the skies, easily visible to the [[naked eye]] as a dark patch silhouetted against the southern [[Milky Way]]. It is located at a distance of approximately 600 [[light year]]s away from [[Earth]], in the [[Crux|constellation Crux]].
The '''Coalsack Dark Nebula''' (or simply the '''Coalsack''') is the most prominent [[dark nebula]] in the skies, easily visible to the [[naked eye]] as a dark patch silhouetted against the southern [[Milky Way]]. It is located at a distance of approximately 600 [[light-year]]s away from [[Earth]], in the [[constellation]] [[Crux]].


==General information==
==General information==
The Coalsack Dark Nebula covers nearly 7[[degree (angle)|°]] by 5° and overlaps somewhat into the neighbor constellations [[Centaurus]] and [[Musca]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Darling|first=David J. |title=The universal book of astronomy: from the Andromeda Galaxy to the zone of avoidance|publisher=Wiley|location=Hoboken, New Jersey|date=2004|pages=351|isbn=0471265691}}</ref> The first observation was reported by [[Vicente Yáñez Pinzón]] in 1499.
The Coalsack Dark Nebula covers nearly 7[[degree (angle)|°]] by 5° and overlaps somewhat into the neighbor constellations [[Centaurus]] and [[Musca]].<ref>{{cite book|last=Darling|first=David J. |title=The universal book of astronomy: from the Andromeda Galaxy to the zone of avoidance|publisher=Wiley|location=Hoboken, New Jersey|date=2004|pages=351|isbn=0471265691}}</ref> The first observation was reported by [[Vicente Yáñez Pinzón]] in 1499.
It was named “''il Canopo fosco''” (the dark [[Canopus]]) by [[Amerigo Vespucci (explorer)|Amerigo Vespucci]] and was also called “''Macula Magellani''” (Magellan's Spot) or “''Black Magellanic Cloud''” in opposition to the [[Magellanic Clouds]].
It was named "''il Canopo fosco''" (the dark [[Canopus]]) by [[Amerigo Vespucci]] and was also called "''Macula Magellani''" (Magellan's Spot) or "''Black Magellanic Cloud''" in opposition to the [[Magellanic Clouds]].


In 1970, [[Kalevi Mattila]] proved that the Coalsack is not totally black. It has a very dim glow (10% of the brightness of the surrounding Milky Way), which comes from the reflection of the stars it obscures.
In 1970, [[Kalevi Mattila]] proved that the Coalsack is not totally black. It has a very dim glow (10% of the brightness of the surrounding Milky Way), which comes from the reflection of the stars it obscures.


The Coalsack is not present in the [[New General Catalogue]] and in fact does not have an identification number (outside of the [[Caldwell Catalogue]], in which it is '''C99''').
The Coalsack is not present in the [[New General Catalogue]] and in fact does not have an identification number (outside of the [[Caldwell catalogue]], in which it is '''C99''').


[[Image:Emu public.jpg|frame| A depiction of the ''[[Australian Aboriginal astronomy#Emu in the sky|Emu in the sky]]'', which is an Australian Aboriginal constellation consisting of dark clouds rather than of stars. The European constellation on the right is [[Crux]], or the Southern Cross, and on the left is [[Scorpius]]. The head of the emu is the [[Coalsack]]. ]]
[[Image:Emu public.jpg|frame| A depiction of the ''[[Australian Aboriginal astronomy#Emu in the sky|emu in the sky]]'', which is an Australian Aboriginal constellation consisting of dark clouds rather than of stars. The European constellation on the right is [[Crux]], or the Southern Cross, and on the left is [[Scorpius]]. The head of the emu is the Coalsack. ]]


The Coalsack is important in [[Australian Aboriginal astronomy]] and forms the head of the ''[[Australian Aboriginal astronomy#Emu in the sky|Emu in the sky]]'' in several [[Aboriginal cultures]]. Amongst the [[Wardaman people]], it is said to be the head and shoulders of a ''law-man'' watching the people to ensure they do not break traditional law. According to a legend reported by W.&nbsp;E. Harney, this being is called ''Utdjungon'' and only adherence to the tribal law by surviving tribe members could prevent him from destroying the world with a fiery star.<ref>Songs of the Songmen, 28–30.</ref> There is also a reference by Gaiarbau (1880) regarding the coalsacks replicating bora rings on earth. These astronomical sites allowed the spirits to continue ceremony similar to their human counterparts on earth. As bora grounds are generally located on the compass points north/south, the southern coal sack indicates the initiation/ceremonial ring.
The Coalsack is important in [[Australian Aboriginal astronomy]] and forms the head of the ''[[Australian Aboriginal astronomy#Emu in the sky|emu in the sky]]'' in several [[Australian Aboriginal culture|Aboriginal cultures]]. Amongst the [[Wardaman people]], it is said to be the head and shoulders of a ''law-man'' watching the people to ensure they do not break traditional law. According to a legend reported by W.&nbsp;E. Harney, this being is called ''Utdjungon'' and only adherence to the tribal law by surviving tribe members could prevent him from destroying the world with a fiery star.<ref>Songs of the Songmen, 28–30.</ref> There is also a reference by Gaiarbau (1880) regarding the coalsacks replicating bora rings on Earth. These astronomical sites allowed the spirits to continue ceremony similar to their human counterparts on Earth. As bora grounds are generally located on the compass points north/south, the southern coal sack indicates the initiation/ceremonial ring.


In [[Inca]] astronomy this nebula was called ''Yutu'', meaning ''a partridge-like southern bird''<ref>p. 5, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Aq24O7B4ehoC ''The Hundred Greatest Stars''], James B. Kaler, New York, Copernicus Books, 2002.</ref> or [[Tinamou]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Archaeoastronomy in the New World : American primitive astronomy : proceedings of an international conference held at Oxford University, September, 1981|year=2010|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|location=Cambridge|isbn=0521125472|editor=A. F. Aveni}}</ref>
In [[Inca Empire|Inca]] astronomy this nebula was called ''Yutu'', meaning ''a partridge-like southern bird''<ref>p. 5, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Aq24O7B4ehoC ''The Hundred Greatest Stars''], James B. Kaler, New York, Copernicus Books, 2002.</ref> or [[Tinamou]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Archaeoastronomy in the New World : American primitive astronomy : proceedings of an international conference held at Oxford University, September, 1981|year=2010|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|location=Cambridge|isbn=0521125472|editor=A. F. Aveni}}</ref>


==In fiction==
==In fiction==
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The Coalsack is mentioned in the ''[[Star Trek: The Original Series]]'' episodes "[[The Immunity Syndrome (Star Trek: The Original Series)|The Immunity Syndrome]]" and "[[Let That Be Your Last Battlefield]]", as well as ''[[2001: A Space Odyssey]]'' by Arthur C. Clarke.
The Coalsack is mentioned in the ''[[Star Trek: The Original Series]]'' episodes "[[The Immunity Syndrome (Star Trek: The Original Series)|The Immunity Syndrome]]" and "[[Let That Be Your Last Battlefield]]", as well as ''[[2001: A Space Odyssey]]'' by Arthur C. Clarke.


In the Solar Queen series by [[Andre Norton]], several characters swear "...by the Coalsack's Ripcord!"<ref>https://www.gutenberg.org/files/16921/16921-h/16921-h.htm</ref>
In the [[Andre Norton bibliography|Solar Queen series]] by [[Andre Norton]], several characters swear "...by the Coalsack's Ripcord!"<ref>https://www.gutenberg.org/files/16921/16921-h/16921-h.htm</ref>


The Coalsack figures prominently in the [[Larry Niven]] and [[Jerry Pournelle]]'s [[science fiction]] novel ''[[The Mote in God's Eye]]'' and its sequels, ''[[The Gripping Hand]]'' and ''[[Outies]]''.<ref>https://www.amazon.com/Outies-Mote-Gods-Eye-3/dp/0615434142/ref=sr_1_cc_1?s=movies-tv&ie=UTF8&qid=1318736760&sr=1-1-catcorr</ref>
The Coalsack figures prominently in the [[Larry Niven]] and [[Jerry Pournelle]]'s [[science fiction]] [[novel]] ''[[The Mote in God's Eye]]'' and its sequels, ''[[The Gripping Hand]]'' and ''[[Outies]]''.<ref>https://www.amazon.com/Outies-Mote-Gods-Eye-3/dp/0615434142/ref=sr_1_cc_1?s=movies-tv&ie=UTF8&qid=1318736760&sr=1-1-catcorr</ref>


Also, [[Henry De Vere Stacpoole]] described the Coalsack in his novel ''[[The Blue Lagoon (novel)|The Blue Lagoon]]'' (1908), as Lestrange observes it from the deck of the ''Northumberland'', "In the Milky Way, near the Southern Cross, occurs a terrible circular abyss, the Coal Sack. So sharply defined is it, so suggestive of a void and bottomless cavern, that the contemplation of it afflicts the imaginative mind with vertigo. To the naked eye it is as black and dismal as death, but the smallest telescope reveals it beautiful and populous with stars. Lestrange’s eyes travelled from this mystery to the burning cross, and …"<ref>[[Henry De Vere Stacpoole|H. De Vere Stacpoole]]: ‘[[The Blue Lagoon (novel)|The Blue Lagoon]]’, London: Adelphi Terrace, 1908, T. Fisher Unwin Ltd., quote taken from 28th Impression (1923), p. 12, from pdf p. 28 at https://archive.org/details/bluelagoonromanc00stacrich.</ref>
Also, [[Henry De Vere Stacpoole]] described the Coalsack in his novel ''[[The Blue Lagoon (novel)|The Blue Lagoon]]'' (1908), as Lestrange observes it from the deck of the ''Northumberland'', "In the Milky Way, near the Southern Cross, occurs a terrible circular abyss, the Coal Sack. So sharply defined is it, so suggestive of a void and bottomless cavern, that the contemplation of it afflicts the imaginative mind with vertigo. To the naked eye it is as black and dismal as death, but the smallest telescope reveals it beautiful and populous with stars. Lestrange's eyes travelled from this mystery to the burning cross, and …"<ref>[[Henry De Vere Stacpoole|H. De Vere Stacpoole]]: ‘[[The Blue Lagoon (novel)|The Blue Lagoon]]’, London: Adelphi Terrace, 1908, T. Fisher Unwin Ltd., quote taken from 28th Impression (1923), p. 12, from pdf p. 28 at https://archive.org/details/bluelagoonromanc00stacrich.</ref>


The Coalsack is mentioned in the ''[[Futurama]]'' episode "[[Hell Is Other Robots]]".<ref>http://theinfosphere.org/Hell_Is_Other_Robots</ref>
The Coalsack is mentioned in the ''[[Futurama]]'' episode "[[Hell Is Other Robots]]".<ref>http://theinfosphere.org/Hell_Is_Other_Robots</ref>
Line 47: Line 47:
In the film ''[[Night on the Galactic Railroad]]'', the character Campanella ends going to the Coalsack.
In the film ''[[Night on the Galactic Railroad]]'', the character Campanella ends going to the Coalsack.


In the film ''[[The Chronicles of Riddick]]'', the character Imam convinces Riddick to help his people against the Necromongers and says: "The Coalsack planets are gone."<ref>http://www.script-o-rama.com/movie_scripts/c/chronicles-of-riddick-script-transcript.html</ref>
In the film ''[[The Chronicles of Riddick]]'', the character Imam convinces Riddick to help his people against the Necromongers and says, "The Coalsack planets are gone."<ref>http://www.script-o-rama.com/movie_scripts/c/chronicles-of-riddick-script-transcript.html</ref>


In Brian J. Clarke's novella ''The Expediter'', a world of mysterious towers – and the aliens studying them – are found "behind the Coalsack".
In Brian J. Clarke's [[novella]] ''The Expediter'', a world of mysterious towers—and the aliens studying them—are found "behind the Coalsack".


==Image gallery==
==Image gallery==
<gallery widths=200px heights=200px>
<gallery widths="200" heights="200">
File:Coalsack and Dark Doodad Dark Nebulae.jpg|The Coalsack Nebula can be seen as the large dark region near the top of the photo.
File:Coalsack and Dark Doodad Dark Nebulae.jpg|The Coalsack Nebula can be seen as the large dark region near the top of the photo
</gallery>
</gallery>


Revision as of 11:08, 12 August 2018

Coalsack Nebula
Dark nebula
The Coalsack Nebula taken by the Wide Field Imager on the MPG/ESO 2.2-metre telescope[1]
Observation data: J2000.0 epoch
Right ascension12h 50m
Declination−62° 30′
Distance600 ly
Apparent magnitude (V)–
Apparent dimensions (V)7° × 5°
ConstellationCrux
Physical characteristics
Radius30–35 ly
Absolute magnitude (V)–
Notable features–
DesignationsC99
See also: Lists of nebulae

The Coalsack Dark Nebula (or simply the Coalsack) is the most prominent dark nebula in the skies, easily visible to the naked eye as a dark patch silhouetted against the southern Milky Way. It is located at a distance of approximately 600 light-years away from Earth, in the constellation Crux.

General information

The Coalsack Dark Nebula covers nearly 7° by 5° and overlaps somewhat into the neighbor constellations Centaurus and Musca.[2] The first observation was reported by Vicente Yáñez Pinzón in 1499. It was named "il Canopo fosco" (the dark Canopus) by Amerigo Vespucci and was also called "Macula Magellani" (Magellan's Spot) or "Black Magellanic Cloud" in opposition to the Magellanic Clouds.

In 1970, Kalevi Mattila proved that the Coalsack is not totally black. It has a very dim glow (10% of the brightness of the surrounding Milky Way), which comes from the reflection of the stars it obscures.

The Coalsack is not present in the New General Catalogue and in fact does not have an identification number (outside of the Caldwell catalogue, in which it is C99).

A depiction of the emu in the sky, which is an Australian Aboriginal constellation consisting of dark clouds rather than of stars. The European constellation on the right is Crux, or the Southern Cross, and on the left is Scorpius. The head of the emu is the Coalsack.

The Coalsack is important in Australian Aboriginal astronomy and forms the head of the emu in the sky in several Aboriginal cultures. Amongst the Wardaman people, it is said to be the head and shoulders of a law-man watching the people to ensure they do not break traditional law. According to a legend reported by W. E. Harney, this being is called Utdjungon and only adherence to the tribal law by surviving tribe members could prevent him from destroying the world with a fiery star.[3] There is also a reference by Gaiarbau (1880) regarding the coalsacks replicating bora rings on Earth. These astronomical sites allowed the spirits to continue ceremony similar to their human counterparts on Earth. As bora grounds are generally located on the compass points north/south, the southern coal sack indicates the initiation/ceremonial ring.

In Inca astronomy this nebula was called Yutu, meaning a partridge-like southern bird[4] or Tinamou.[5]

In fiction

The dark Coalsack Nebula can be seen as an obscuring smudge across the Milky Way.[6]

The Coalsack is mentioned in the Star Trek: The Original Series episodes "The Immunity Syndrome" and "Let That Be Your Last Battlefield", as well as 2001: A Space Odyssey by Arthur C. Clarke.

In the Solar Queen series by Andre Norton, several characters swear "...by the Coalsack's Ripcord!"[7]

The Coalsack figures prominently in the Larry Niven and Jerry Pournelle's science fiction novel The Mote in God's Eye and its sequels, The Gripping Hand and Outies.[8]

Also, Henry De Vere Stacpoole described the Coalsack in his novel The Blue Lagoon (1908), as Lestrange observes it from the deck of the Northumberland, "In the Milky Way, near the Southern Cross, occurs a terrible circular abyss, the Coal Sack. So sharply defined is it, so suggestive of a void and bottomless cavern, that the contemplation of it afflicts the imaginative mind with vertigo. To the naked eye it is as black and dismal as death, but the smallest telescope reveals it beautiful and populous with stars. Lestrange's eyes travelled from this mystery to the burning cross, and …"[9]

The Coalsack is mentioned in the Futurama episode "Hell Is Other Robots".[10]

In the film Night on the Galactic Railroad, the character Campanella ends going to the Coalsack.

In the film The Chronicles of Riddick, the character Imam convinces Riddick to help his people against the Necromongers and says, "The Coalsack planets are gone."[11]

In Brian J. Clarke's novella The Expediter, a world of mysterious towers—and the aliens studying them—are found "behind the Coalsack".

  • The Coalsack Nebula can be seen as the large dark region near the top of the photo
    The Coalsack Nebula can be seen as the large dark region near the top of the photo

References

  1. ^ "A Cosmic Sackful of Black Coal". Retrieved 15 October 2015.
  2. ^ Darling, David J. (2004). The universal book of astronomy: from the Andromeda Galaxy to the zone of avoidance. Hoboken, New Jersey: Wiley. p. 351. ISBN 0471265691.
  3. ^ Songs of the Songmen, 28–30.
  4. ^ p. 5, The Hundred Greatest Stars, James B. Kaler, New York, Copernicus Books, 2002.
  5. ^ A. F. Aveni, ed. (2010). Archaeoastronomy in the New World : American primitive astronomy : proceedings of an international conference held at Oxford University, September, 1981. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521125472.
  6. ^ "An Emu in the Sky over Paranal". www.eso.org. European Southern Observatory. Retrieved 1 October 2014.
  7. ^ https://www.gutenberg.org/files/16921/16921-h/16921-h.htm
  8. ^ https://www.amazon.com/Outies-Mote-Gods-Eye-3/dp/0615434142/ref=sr_1_cc_1?s=movies-tv&ie=UTF8&qid=1318736760&sr=1-1-catcorr
  9. ^ H. De Vere Stacpoole: ‘The Blue Lagoon’, London: Adelphi Terrace, 1908, T. Fisher Unwin Ltd., quote taken from 28th Impression (1923), p. 12, from pdf p. 28 at https://archive.org/details/bluelagoonromanc00stacrich.
  10. ^ http://theinfosphere.org/Hell_Is_Other_Robots
  11. ^ http://www.script-o-rama.com/movie_scripts/c/chronicles-of-riddick-script-transcript.html


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