Bockstein homomorphism

In homological algebra, the Bockstein homomorphism, introduced by Meyer Bockstein (1942, 1943, 1958), is a connecting homomorphism associated with a short exact sequence

$0\to P\to Q\to R\to 0$

of abelian groups, when they are introduced as coefficients into a chain complex C, and which appears in the homology groups as a homomorphism reducing degree by one,

$\beta \colon H_{i}(C,R)\to H_{i-1}(C,P).$

To be more precise, C should be a complex of free, or at least torsion-free, abelian groups, and the homology is of the complexes formed by tensor product with C (some flat module condition should enter). The construction of β is by the usual argument (snake lemma).

A similar construction applies to cohomology groups, this time increasing degree by one. Thus we have

$\beta \colon H^{i}(C,R)\to H^{i+1}(C,P).$

The Bockstein homomorphism $\beta$ of the coefficient sequence

0 → Z/pZ → Z/p²Z → Z/pZ → 0

is used as one of the generators of the Steenrod algebra. This Bockstein homomorphism has the two properties:

$\beta \beta =0$ if $p>2$.

β(a∪b) = β(a)∪b + (-1)^{dim a} a∪β(b).

in other words it is a superderivation acting on the cohomology mod p of a space.

See also

• Bockstein spectral sequence

References

• Bockstein, Meyer (1942), "Universal systems of ∇-homology rings", C. R. (Doklady) Acad. Sci. URSS (N.S.), 37: 243–245, MR 0008701
• Bockstein, Meyer (1943), "A complete system of fields of coefficients for the ∇-homological dimension", C. R. (Doklady) Acad. Sci. URSS (N.S.), 38: 187–189, MR 0009115
• Bockstein, Meyer (1958), "Sur la formule des coefficients universels pour les groupes d'homologie", Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Série I, 247: 396–398, MR 0103918
• Hatcher, Allen (2002), Algebraic Topology, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-79540-1, MR 1867354.
• Spanier, Edwin H. (1981), Algebraic topology. Corrected reprint, New York-Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pp. xvi+528, ISBN 0-387-90646-0, MR 0666554