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'''1. Fußball-Club Nürnberg Verein für Leibesübungen e. V.''', often called '''1. FC Nürnberg''' ({{IPA-de|ʔɛf ˈt͡seː ˈnʏʁnbɛʁk}}) or simply '''Nürnberg''', is a [[Football in Germany|German association football club]] in [[Nuremberg]], Bavaria, who currently compete in [[Bundesliga]]. Founded in 1900, the club initially competed in the [[Southern German football championship|Southern German championship]], winning their first title in 1916. Their first [[List of German football champions|German championship]] was won in 1920. Before the inauguration of the [[Bundesliga]] in 1963, 1.FCN won a further 11 regional championships, including the [[Oberliga Süd]] formed in 1945, and were German champions another seven times. The club has won the Bundesliga once and the [[DFB-Pokal]] four times.
'''1. Fußball-Club Nürnberg Verein für Leibesübungen e. V.''', often called '''1. FC Nürnberg''' ({{IPA-de|ʔɛf ˈt͡seː ˈnʏʁnbɛʁk}}) or simply '''Nürnberg''', is a [[Football in Germany|German association football club]] in [[Nuremberg]], Bavaria, who currently compete in the [[Bundesliga]]. Founded in 1900, the club initially competed in the [[Southern German football championship|Southern German championship]], winning their first title in 1916. Their first [[List of German football champions|German championship]] was won in 1920. Before the inauguration of the [[Bundesliga]] in 1963, 1.FCN won a further 11 regional championships, including the [[Oberliga Süd]] formed in 1945, and were German champions another seven times. The club has won the Bundesliga once and the [[DFB-Pokal]] four times.


Since 1963, the club have played their home games at the [[Max-Morlock-Stadion]] in Nuremberg. Today's club has sections for boxing, handball, hockey, rollerblading and ice skating, swimming, skiing and tennis.
Since 1963, the club have played their home games at the [[Max-Morlock-Stadion]] in Nuremberg. Today's club has sections for boxing, handball, hockey, rollerblading and ice skating, swimming, skiing and tennis.

Revision as of 06:00, 8 September 2018

1. FC Nürnberg
Full name1. Fußball-Club Nürnberg Verein für Leibesübungen e. V.
Nickname(s)Der Club (The Club)
Die Legende (The Legend)
Der Ruhmreiche (The Glorious)
Founded4 May 1900; 124 years ago (1900-05-04)
GroundMax-Morlock-Stadion
Capacity50,000
ChairmanAndreas Bornemann
Michael Meeske
ManagerMichael Köllner
LeagueBundesliga
2017–182. Bundesliga, 2nd (promoted)
Websitehttp://www.fcn.de/home/
Current season

1. Fußball-Club Nürnberg Verein für Leibesübungen e. V., often called 1. FC Nürnberg (German pronunciation: [ʔɛf ˈt͡seː ˈnʏʁnbɛʁk]) or simply Nürnberg, is a German association football club in Nuremberg, Bavaria, who currently compete in the Bundesliga. Founded in 1900, the club initially competed in the Southern German championship, winning their first title in 1916. Their first German championship was won in 1920. Before the inauguration of the Bundesliga in 1963, 1.FCN won a further 11 regional championships, including the Oberliga Süd formed in 1945, and were German champions another seven times. The club has won the Bundesliga once and the DFB-Pokal four times.

Since 1963, the club have played their home games at the Max-Morlock-Stadion in Nuremberg. Today's club has sections for boxing, handball, hockey, rollerblading and ice skating, swimming, skiing and tennis.

1. FCN have been relegated from the German football league system top tier Bundesliga on eight occasions – beating the record earlier set by Arminia Bielefeld.[1]

History

Rise of "Der Club"

Team from 1902
First match against FC Bayern Munich 1901

1. FC Nürnberg was founded on 4 May 1900 by a group of 18 young men who had gathered at local pub Burenhütte to assemble a side committed to playing football rather than rugby, one of the other new "English" games becoming popular at the time. By 1909, the team was playing well enough to lay claim to the South German championship. After World War I, Nürnberg would gradually turn their success into dominance of the country's football. In the period from July 1918 to February 1922, the team would go unbeaten in 104 official matches. As early as 1919, they came to be referred to simply as "Der Club" in recognition of their skill and of their style on and off the field, and would go on to become one of the nation's most widely recognized and popular teams.

Nürnberg faced SpVgg Fürth in the first national championship held after the end of World War I, beating the defending champions 2–0. That would be the first of five titles Der Club would capture over the course of eight years. In each of those wins, they would shutout their opponents.

The 1922 final was contested by Nürnberg and Hamburger SV but never reached a conclusion on the pitch. The match was called on account of darkness after three hours and ten minutes of play, drawn at 2–2. The re-match also went into extra time, and in an era that did not allow for substitutions, that game was called at 1–1 when Nürnberg was reduced to just seven players and the referee ruled incorrectly the club could not continue. Considerable wrangling ensued over the decision. The German Football Association (DFB) awarded the win to Hamburger SV under the condition that they renounce the title in the name of "good sportsmanship" – which the side grudgingly did. Ultimately, the Viktoria trophy was not officially presented that year.

After the Glory years

1. FCN's dominance was already beginning to fade when they captured their final trophy of the era in 1927 as the game began to evolve into a more quickly paced contest which did not suit their slower, more deliberate approach. While they continued to field strong sides, other clubs rose to the forefront of German football. In 1934, they lost in the final to Schalke 04, a club that would go on to become the strongest side in the era of football under the Third Reich. Nürnberg would capture national titles just before and after World War II in 1936 and 1948 in the first post-war national final, and would also take the Tschammerpokal, the forerunner of today's DFB-Pokal, in 1935 and 1939.

Into the modern era

Historical chart of Nürnberg league performance after WWII

The post-war period began with the club being integrated in the Oberliga Süd, one of the five top divisions in West-Germany at the time. Nürnberg managed to win this league six times until 1963, winning the national championship in 1948. In 1961, 1. FCN captured their eighth national title and appeared in a losing effort in the following year's final. Some consolation was to be had in the team capturing its second DFB-Pokal in 1962. The club's strong play made it an obvious choice to be amongst the 16 teams selected to participate in the Bundesliga, Germany's new professional football league, formed in 1963. Der Club played as a mid-table side through the league's early years until putting on a dominating performance in 1968 in which it sat atop the league table from the fifth week of play on to the end of the season, en route to its first Bundesliga title. It went on to become the first club to be relegated from the Bundesliga as the reigning champions.[1] This was a result of Max Merkel's decision to remove his championship winning team of veterans – believing that they were too old – in favour of a dozen newcomers.

It would take the club nine years to recover and return from an exile in the second tier, first the Regionalliga Süd, then the 2. Bundesliga Süd, that included several failed efforts in the promotion rounds. 1. FCN returned to the Bundesliga for a year in 1978, but played to a 17th-place finish and were relegated again. The club immediately played its way back to the top flight, but since then its Bundesliga performances have been stumbling ones, characterized by finishes well down the league table and occasional relegation for a season or two. The side's best recent result was a fifth-place finish in 1988.

The early 1980s also saw the rise of a longstanding and intense friendship between the fans of Nürnberg and those of former archrival Schalke 04. Fans accompany each other's on their respective away games, and the two season matches between the teams are generally a very laid-back and hospitable affair for all fans involved.

In the mid-1990s, Nürnberg had financial problems that led to their being penalized six points in the 1995–96 season while playing in the 2. Bundesliga. The club was relegated to the third division as a consequence. Improved management saw the club clawing back and return to the top flight eventually.

In 1999, however, 1. FCN suffered what was arguably the worst meltdown in Bundesliga history. Going into the last game of the season, the club sat in 12th place, three points and five goals ahead of Eintracht Frankfurt, which was sitting in 16th place and seemingly headed to relegation. Nürnberg was closing out the season with what looked to be an easy home game against SC Freiburg, which was also facing relegation. Frankfurt was up against 1. FC Kaiserslautern, last season's champions which were in a fight for a UEFA Champions League spot. Therefore, FCN had already begun soliciting season tickets for next Bundesliga season in a letter to current season ticket holders within celebrating successfully avoiding relegation.

The stage was set for an improbable outcome. Nürnberg lost 1–2 with Frank Baumann missing a chance to score in the last minute. Every other 1. FCN rival won, including Frankfurt, which routed Kaiserslautern 5–1 with three late tallies – this put the side ahead on goals scored and sent 1. FCN crashing to 16th place and into a shock relegation.[2] 1. FCN was not relegated because they had fewer points than Frankfurt, nor because of a lower goal differential, but on the third tie-breaker – fewer goals scored.

1. FCN rebounded and played in the Bundesliga but still found itself flirting with relegation from season to season. However, it had comfortably avoided relegation in the 2005–06 season, finishing eighth in the Bundesliga. After several years of consolidation, Nürnberg seemed back as a force to reckon with in Bundesliga football. Manager Martin Bader's professional and sometimes even spectacular work till spring 2007 (the signing of former Ajax captain and Czech international Tomáš Galásek, for example, was greeted with enthusiasm), as well head coach Hans Meyer's tactically modern understanding of football, helped Nürnberg to its most successful play in almost 40 years. In May 2007, the cut for the UEFA Cup was sure and after the triumph over Eintracht Frankfurt in the DFB-Pokal, the Club was in the final of that tournament for the first time since 1982. On 26 May, the Club won this final against VfB Stuttgart in extra time 3–2, winning the DFB-Pokal again 45 years after the last victory.

In the first round of 2007–08, however, the team could convince no more in Bundesliga. As the team had ended up second in 2007–08 UEFA Cup#Group A in front of later champion Zenit Saint Petersburg after defeating Rapid București in UEFA Cup 2007–08#First round, head coach Hans Meyer was allowed to restructure the team, for example by buying Czech international striker Jan Koller from Monaco. In the consequence of no improvement, Meyer was replaced by Thomas von Heesen after two legs in second round. The latter one did not do much better, and so 1. FCN was relegated after finishing 16th after losing a 2–0 home match against Schalke 04 on the final matchday. After not meeting the expectations of dominating the 2. Bundesliga, Von Heesen resigned in August and was replaced by his assistant coach, Michael Oenning. After a slow start, Oenning was able to guide Nürnberg to a third-place finish and a playoff with 16th placed Energie Cottbus. Nürnberg won the playoff 5–0 on aggregate, rejoining the Bundesliga. The club was demoted again, however, after the 2013–14 season, finishing 17th with a final matchday loss to Schalke 04. The club finished third in the 2015–16 season and qualified for the promotion play-off to the Bundesliga, but lost on aggregate to Eintracht Frankfurt to remain in the 2. Bundesliga for 2016–17.

Rivals

See also: Bavarian football derbies

SpVgg Greuther Fürth is 1. FCN's longest standing local rival. The rivalry dates back to the early days of German football when, at times, those two clubs dominated the national championship. The clubs have played 258 matches against one another, the most in German professional football. In 1921, the Germany national team consisted only of players from Nürnberg and Fürth for a match against the Netherlands in Amsterdam. The players travelled in the same train, but with the Nürnberg players in a carriage at the front of the train and those from Fürth in a carriage at the rear, while team manager Georg B. Blaschke sat in the middle. A Fürth player scored the first goal of the match but was only congratulated by Fürth players. Allegedly, Hans Sutor, a former Fürth player, was forced to leave the team when he married a woman from Nuremberg. He was later signed by 1. FC Nürnberg and was in the team that eventually won three national championships.[3] Both clubs played together in the Bundesliga in 2012–13.

Games against Bayern Munich are usually the biggest events of the season, as the two clubs are the most successful in Bavaria and Germany overall.

Reserve team

Main article: 1. FC Nürnberg II

The 1. FC Nürnberg II (or 1. FC Nürnberg Amateure) qualified for the Regionalliga Süd on the strength of a third place in the Bayernliga (IV) in 2007–08. The team had been playing in the Bayernlig since 1998, finishing runners-up three times in those years. When not playing in the Bayernlig, the team used to belong to the Landesliga Bayern-Mitte. Nowadays, it plays in the tier four Regionalliga Bayern.

League results

Recent seasons

The recent season-by-season performance of the club:[4][5]

Season Division Tier Position
1995–96 2. Bundesliga II 17th ↓
1996–97 Regionalliga Süd III 1st ↑
1997–98 2. Bundesliga II 3rd ↑
1998–99 Bundesliga I 16th ↓
1999–00 2. Bundesliga II 4th
2000–01 2. Bundesliga 1st ↑
2001–02 Bundesliga I 15th
2002–03 Bundesliga 17th ↓
2003–04 2. Bundesliga II 1st ↑
2004–05 Bundesliga I 14th
2005–06 Bundesliga 8th
2006–07 Bundesliga 6th
2007–08 Bundesliga 16th ↓
2008–09 2. Bundesliga II 3rd ↑
2009–10 Bundesliga I 16th
2010–11 Bundesliga 6th
2011–12 Bundesliga 10th
2012–13 Bundesliga 10th
2013–14 Bundesliga 17th ↓
2014–15 2. Bundesliga II 9th
2015–16 2. Bundesliga 3rd
2016–17 2. Bundesliga 12th
2017–18 2. Bundesliga 2nd ↑
2018–19 Bundesliga I
Key
↑ Promoted ↓ Relegated

All time

  the highest level of football in Germany;   the second highest;   the third highest.

Honours

Der Club boasted the title of Deutscher Rekordmeister as holder of the most championships for over 60 years (although occasionally having to share the honour with Schalke 04) before being overtaken by Bayern Munich in 1987.

Germany honours its Bundesliga champions by allowing them to display the gold stars of the "Verdiente Meistervereine" – one star for three titles, two stars for five and three stars for ten. However, currently only titles earned since 1963 in the Bundesliga are officially recognized. Despite winning the national title nine times, Nürnberg – the country's second-most successful side – is not entitled to sport any championship stars.

League
Cup
European Competitions

Youth

  • German Under 19 champions
    • Winners: 1974
    • Runners-up: 1979, 1986, 1989
  • German Under 17 championship
    • Runners-up: 1987
  • German Under 19 Cup
    • Winners: 1987, 1988, 1993
  • Southern German Under 19 championship
    • Winners: 1956, 1958, 1960, 1964, 1965, 1971
  • Under 17 Bundesliga South/Southwest
    • Champions: 2012
  • Bavarian Under 19 championship
    • Winners: 1946, 1956, 1958, 1960–62, 1964, 1965, 1967–71, 1974–77, 1979, 1980, 1984, 1986, 1989, 1999, 2002, 2009, 2014
    • Runners-up: 1950, 1959, 1963, 1972, 1973, 1978, 1981–83, 1985, 1987, 1988, 1990–94, 1996, 2000, 2008
  • Bavarian Under 17 championship
    • Winners: 1977, 1982, 1987, 1990–92, 1996, 1999
    • Runners-up: 1975, 1980, 1983, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1993, 2000, 2011, 2014
  • Bavarian Under 15 championship
    • Winners: 1976, 1981, 1983, 1984, 1986, 1988, 1989, 1992, 1993, 2001, 2002, 2005, 2006, 2008
    • Runners-up: 1980, 1982, 1987, 1995, 1996, 1999, 2000, 2007, 2009

Stadium

Further information: Max-Morlock-Stadion
Max-Morlock-Stadion on August 2006

"Der Club" plays in the communally-owned Max-Morlock-Stadion. It has been the club's home since 1963,[6] and currently has a capacity of 50,000 spectators following the stadium's most recent expansion during the winter break of the 2009–10 season.[7] The club previously played its matches at the Zabo (an abbreviation of Zerzabelshof, the district in which the ground was located).

The stadium was built in 1928 and was known as Stadion der Hitler-Jugend from 1933 to 1945. Originally having a capacity of 40,000 spectators, it was expanded in 1965 to hold 65,000 and subsequently hosted the 1967 Cup Winners' Cup final between Bayern Munich and Rangers, won 1–0 by the German side. The facility was refurbished for the 1974 FIFA World Cup and another recently completed renovation allowed it to seat 45,000 for four preliminary round matches and one Round of 16 contest of the 2006 World Cup.

The Frankenstadion since 2012 bears the commercial name "Grundig Stadion" under an arrangement with a local company. The majority of the fans was in favour of renaming it after club legend Max Morlock. Morlock's name was finally used in 2017.

The club is currently discussing the possibility of building a new stadium, which is to be completed by 2020. A feasibility study has been commissioned and contact has already been made with potential partners.[8] A new stadium is to be made a pure football stadium. It will be built on the site of Frankenstadion and hold a capacity of 50,000 spectators.[9] However, the club has not yet announced any official plans for a new stadium.

Players

For recent transfers, see List of German football transfers winter 2017–18 and List of German football transfers summer 2017.

Current squad

As of 31 August 2018[10][11]

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules; some limited exceptions apply. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

No. Pos. Nation Player
1 GK Germany GER Fabian Bredlow
2 DF Germany GER Kevin Goden
4 DF Brazil BRA Ewerton
7 FW Cameroon CMR Edgar Salli
8 DF Germany GER Robert Bauer (on loan from Werder Bremen)
9 FW Sweden SWE Mikael Ishak
10 MF Germany GER Sebastian Kerk
11 FW Slovakia SVK Adam Zreľák
14 FW Japan JPN Yuya Kubo (on loan from Gent)
17 MF Germany GER Eduard Löwen
18 MF Germany GER Hanno Behrens (captain)
19 FW Germany GER Törles Knöll
20 MF Austria AUT Lukas Jäger
No. Pos. Nation Player
21 FW Germany GER Federico Palacios
22 DF Germany GER Enrico Valentini
23 DF Germany GER Tim Leibold
24 MF Netherlands NED Virgil Misidjan
26 GK Germany GER Christian Mathenia
27 MF Brazil BRA Matheus Pereira (on loan from Sporting CP)
28 DF Germany GER Lukas Mühl
29 MF Germany GER Patrick Erras
30 GK Germany GER Patric Klandt
31 MF Czech Republic CZE Ondřej Petrák
33 DF Austria AUT Georg Margreitter
34 DF Germany GER Dennis Lippert
35 MF Germany GER Alexander Fuchs
37 MF United States USA Timothy Tillman (on loan from Bayern Munich)

Out on loan

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules; some limited exceptions apply. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

No. Pos. Nation Player

1. FC Nürnberg II squad

Further information: 1. FC Nürnberg II

Staff

Manager Germany Michael Köllner
Assistant manager Germany Manuel Klökler
Goalkeeping coach Germany Daniel Klewer
Fitness coach Germany Tobias Dippert
Youth coach Germany Rainer Zietsch
Chief scout Germany Dieter Nüssing
Team manager Serbia Boban Pribanović
Physiotherapist Germany Markus Zeyer
Germany Milan Gubov
Germany Sascha Rurainski

Famous players and coaches

Players

Main article: List of 1. FC Nürnberg players

Greatest ever team

Supporters voted Andreas Köpke (pictured) as the club's greatest ever goalkeeper.
Greatest ever 1. FC Nürnberg team

In the summer of 2010, as part of the club's celebration of its 110th anniversary, Nürnberg fans voted for the best players in the club's history. The players who received the most votes in each position were named in the club's greatest ever team.[12]

Reserves: Hans Kalb, Stefan Kießling, Horst Leupold, Dieter Nüssing, Marc Oechler, Luitpold Popp, Raphael Schäfer, Heinz Strehl, Heinrich Stuhlfauth, Horst Weyerich, Sergio Zárate

Coaches

Outstanding coaches of the earlier years include Izidor "Dori" Kürschner (1921, 1922), Fred Spiksley (1913, 1920s), former player Alfred Schaffer (1930s), Dr. Karl Michalke (1930s), Alwin "Alv" Riemke (1940s–1950s) and former player Hans "Bumbes" Schmidt (1940s, 1950s), who notably did not win a single of his four German Championship titles as coach with Nürnberg, but three of them with the long-standing main rivals Schalke 04. He was also four times champion as player, thereof three times with the Club, and once with the earlier archrival SpVgg Greuther Fürth.

Managerial history (Bundesliga era)

Main article: List of 1. FC Nürnberg managers

Former chairmen

  • 1900–1904 Christoph Heinz
  • 1904–1910 Ferdinand Küspert
  • 1910–1912 Christoph Heinz
  • 1912–1914 Leopold Neuburger
  • 1915–1917 Ferdinand Küspert
  • 1917–1919 Konrad Gerstacker
  • 1919–1921 Leopold Neuburger
  • 1921–1923 Ludwig Bäumler
  • 1923 Eduard Kartini
  • 1923–1925 Max Oberst
  • 1926–1930 Hans Schregle
  • 1930–1935 Ludwig Franz
  • 1935–1945 Karl Müller
  • 1945–1946 Hans Hofmann
  • 1946–1947 Hans Schregle
  • 1947–1948 Hans Hofmann
  • 1948–1963 Ludwig Franz
  • 1963–1964 Karl Müller
  • 1964–1971 Walter Luther
  • 1971–1977 Hans Ehrt
  • 1977–1978 Lothar Schmechtig
  • 1978–1979 Waldemar Zeitelhack
  • 1979–1983 Michael A. Roth
  • 1983–1991 Gerd Schmelzer
  • 1991–1992 Sven Oberhof
  • 1992–1994 Gerhard Voack
  • 1994 Georg Haas
  • 1994–2009 Michael A. Roth
  • 2009–2010 Franz Schäfer

Further reading

  • Matthias Hunger: Im Bann der Legende. Verlag Schmidt, Neustadt 2010, ISBN 978-3-87707-799-3 (German)
  • Christoph Bausenwein, Harald Kaiser, Bernd Siegler: Legenden: Die besten Club-Spieler aller Zeiten. Verlag Die Werkstatt, Göttingen 2010, ISBN 978-3-89533-722-2 (German)
  • Jon Goulding: For Better or for Wurst. Vanguard Press, 2009, ISBN 978-1843865513 (English)
  • Christoph Bausenwein, Harald Kaiser, Bernd Siegler: Die Legende vom Club. Die Geschichte des 1. FC Nürnberg. Verlag Die Werkstatt, Göttingen 2006, ISBN 3-89533-536-3 (German)
  • Christoph Bausenwein, Bernd Siegler, Herbert Liedel: Franken am Ball. Geschichte und Geschichten eines Fußballjahrhunderts. Echter Verlag, Würzburg 2003, ISBN 3-429-02462-5 (German)
  • Christoph Bausenwein, Bernd Siegler: Das Club-Lexikon. Verlag Die Werkstatt, Göttingen 2003, ISBN 3-89533-376-X (German)
  • Christoph Bausenwein, Harald Kaiser, Herbert Liedel: 1. FCN, Der Club, 100 Jahre Fussball. Tümmels, Nürnberg 1999, ISBN 3-921590-70-1 (German)

References

  1. ^ a b "Nürnberg struggling to stay in the Bundesliga club". Guardian. 12 May 2008. Retrieved 18 September 2010.
  2. ^ "Nuremberg are Relegated". New Straits Times. 31 May 1999. Retrieved 18 September 2010.
  3. ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 1 October 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  4. ^ Das deutsche Fußball-Archiv Template:De icon Historical German domestic league tables
  5. ^ Fussball.de – Ergebnisse Template:De icon Tables and results of all German football leagues
  6. ^ "From "Municipal Stadium" to the easyCredit Stadium". Archived from the original on 23 November 2010. Retrieved 18 September 2010. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  7. ^ "Nürnbergs neue Nordkurve ist fertig" (in German). 19 January 2010. Retrieved 18 September 2010.[permanent dead link‍]
  8. ^ http://www.stadionwelt.de/sw_stadien/index.php?head=Club-Neues-Stadion-bis-2020&folder=sites&site=news_detail&news_id=9298
  9. ^ http://www.nordbayern.de/nuernberger-nachrichten/nuernberg/club-will-2015-plane-fur-neue-arena-vorlegen-1.1596727
  10. ^ "1. FC Nürnberg – Profis". 1. FC Nürnberg. Archived from the original on 9 April 2015. Retrieved 2 September 2016. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  11. ^ "1. FC Nürnberg – Squad". bundesliga.com. Archived from the original on 9 April 2015. Retrieved 3 April 2015. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  12. ^ "Club ehrt Jahrhundert(+10)elf" (in German). 23 July 2010. Archived from the original on 2 August 2010. Retrieved 18 September 2010.
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