Women in Refrigerators: Difference between revisions
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'''Women in Refrigerators''' (or '''WiR''') is a [[website]] created in 1999<ref>[[Simone, Gail]] (March 1999). [http://www.lby3.com/wir "Women in Refrigerators"]. LBY3. Retrieved August 24, 2013.</ref> by a group of [[feminists]] and comic book fans that lists examples of the comic book [[Trope (literature)|trope]] whereby female characters are injured, killed, or depowered (an event colloquially known as '''fridging''') as a [[plot device]], and seeks to analyze why these plot devices are allegedly used disproportionately on female characters. |
'''Women in Refrigerators''' (or '''WiR''') is a [[website]] created in 1999<ref>[[Simone, Gail]] (March 1999). [http://www.lby3.com/wir "Women in Refrigerators"]. LBY3. Retrieved August 24, 2013.</ref> by a group of [[feminists]] and comic book fans that lists examples of the comic book [[Trope (literature)|trope]] whereby female characters are injured, raped, killed, or depowered (an event colloquially known as '''fridging''') as a [[plot device]], and seeks to analyze why these plot devices are allegedly used disproportionately on female characters. |
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==History== |
==History== |
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Revision as of 20:17, 3 October 2018
Type of site | Comic book |
|---|---|
| Available in | English |
| Owner | Gail Simone |
| Created by | Daniel Merlin Goodbrey Rob Harris Gail Simone Beau Yarbrough John Bartol |
| URL | lby3.com/wir |
| Registration | No |
Women in Refrigerators (or WiR) is a website created in 1999[1] by a group of feminists and comic book fans that lists examples of the comic book trope whereby female characters are injured, raped, killed, or depowered (an event colloquially known as fridging) as a plot device, and seeks to analyze why these plot devices are allegedly used disproportionately on female characters.
History
The term "Women in Refrigerators" was coined by writer Gail Simone as a name for the website in early 1999 during online discussions about comic books with friends. It refers to an incident in Green Lantern #54 (1994), written by Ron Marz, in which Kyle Rayner, the title hero, comes home to his apartment to find that his girlfriend, Alexandra DeWitt, had been killed by the villain Major Force and stuffed into a refrigerator.[2][3] Simone and her colleagues then developed a list of fictional female characters who had been "killed, maimed or depowered", in particular in ways that treated the female character as merely a device to move a male character's story arc forward, rather than as a fully developed character in her own right.[3][4] The list was then circulated via the Internet over Usenet, bulletin board systems, e-mail and electronic mailing lists. Simone also e-mailed many comic book creators directly for their responses to the list.
The list is infamous in certain comic book fan circles. Respondents often found different meanings to the list itself, though Simone maintained that her simple point had always been: "If you demolish most of the characters girls like, then girls won't read comics. That's it!"[5]
Journalist Beau Yarbrough created the initial design and coding on the original site. Technology consultant John Bartol edited the content. Robert Harris,[6] a librarian and comic-book fan, contributed to site maintenance and updates along with fan John Norris. The idea for placing the list online originated with software developer Jason Yu, who also served as the original site host.[7]
Creator response
Simone received numerous e-mail responses from comic book fans and professionals. Some responses were neutral and others were positive.[8] Additionally, arguments on the merits of the list were published on comic-book fan sites in early 1999.
Simone published many of the responses she received on the website.[8]
Several comic book creators indicated that the list caused them to pause and think about the stories they were creating. Often these responses contained arguments for or against the use of death or injury of female characters as a plot device. A list of some responses from comic book professionals is included at the site.[9] Marz's reply stated (in part) "To me the real difference is less male–female than main character-supporting character. In most cases, main characters, "title" characters who support their own books, are male. ... the supporting characters are the ones who suffer the more permanent and shattering tragedies. And a lot of supporting characters are female."[10]
Dead Men Defrosting
In response to fans who argued that male characters are also often killed, content editor John Bartol wrote "Dead Men Defrosting", an article arguing that when male heroes are killed or altered, they are more typically returned to their status quo. According to Bartol, after most female characters are altered they are "never allowed, as male heroes usually are, the chance to return to their original heroic states. And that's where we begin to see the difference."[11]
In popular culture
References in mass culture
In 2000, several national newspapers ran articles that referenced the site, generating discussion on the topic of sexism in pop culture and the comic-book industry.[12] Some universities also list the content of Women in Refrigerators as related to analysis and critique of pop culture.[13][14]
Women in Refrigerators Syndrome
Women in Refrigerators Syndrome was coined in various forms via online discussions and articles.[15] The term describes the use of the death or injury of a female comic book character as a plot device in a story starring a male comic book character. It is also used to note the depowerment or elimination of a female comic-book character. Cases of it deal with a gruesome injury or murder of a female character at the hands of a supervillain, usually as a motivating personal tragedy for a male superhero, to whom the victim is connected. The death or injury of the female character, then helps cement the hatred between the hero and the villain responsible. Kyle Rayner is a particularly cited example, due to the common tragedies that befall women in his life.[16]
Discussing the site in his book Dangerous Curves: Action Heroes, Gender, Fetishism and Popular Culture, Bowling Green State University professor Jeffrey A. Brown noted that while male comic book heroes have tended to die heroically and be magically brought back from the dead afterwards, female characters have been likelier to be casually but irreparably wounded or killed, often in a sexualized fashion. To support his claim, he cited the Joker shattering the original Batgirl's spine just for fun, resulting in her being restricted to a wheelchair for over a decade, and the villain Black Mask binding, torturing and killing the first female Robin from DC Universe, Stephanie Brown.[17]
Notable alumni
Several contributors to the site and the original list later became comic book creators and entertainment industry professionals.
- Stephen Cmelak – creator of the webcomic Avatars.[18]
- Daniel Merlin Goodbrey – digital designer and underground comicbook author, creator of the hypercomic Six-Gun: Tales from an Unfolded Earth, and the iPod comic Brain Fist.[19][20]
- Brian Joines – writer of the independent comic The 7 Guys of Justice and as of 2006 publishing new comics through Platinum Studios.[21][22]
- Greg Dean Schmitz – creator of UpcomingMovies.com, AKA Greg's Previews, and columnist for Fandango and Rotten Tomatoes.[23][24]
- Gail Simone - author of several comic books including Birds of Prey for DC Comics and Marvel's Deadpool.[3][4]
See also
- Comic book death
- The Hawkeye Initiative
- Portrayal of women in American comics
- The Refrigerator Monologues
References
- ^ Simone, Gail (March 1999). "Women in Refrigerators". LBY3. Retrieved August 24, 2013.
- ^ Condon, Michael (October 2002). "The Fanzig Challenge". Fanzing. Retrieved January 11, 2006.
- ^ a b c Prowse-Gany, Brian (August 12, 2015). "Rise of the Female Superhero". Yahoo! News.
- ^ a b Simone, Gail (March 1999). "The List". lb3.com. Retrieved August 24, 2013.
- ^ Simone, Gail (March 28, 1999). "Email as of 4/28/99". LBY3. Retrieved January 11, 2006.
- ^ "Who's Who: The Scarlet Rob". Gay League. Retrieved November 8, 2010.
- ^ "Women in Refrigerators". lby3.com. Retrieved December 21, 2012.
- ^ a b Simone, Gail; Bartol, John (Editors). "Fan Reactions". "Women in Refigerators". Retrieved August 24, 2013.
- ^ Simone, Gail; Harris Rob (Editors). "Responding Creators". Women in Refrigerators. LBY3. Retrieved August 24, 2013.
- ^ "Ron Marz responds". Women in Refrigerators. LBY3. Retrieved August 24, 2013.
- ^ Bartol, John (March 1999). "Dead Men Defrosting". Women in Refrigerators. LBY3. Retrieved August 24, 2013.
- ^ "Letters: Wonder women". Dallas Observer. May 25, 2000. Archived from the original on September 3, 2000. Retrieved August 31, 2017.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ "Popular Culture". Washington State University. Retrieved August 24, 2013.
- ^ Moore, Perry. "Who cares about the death of a gay superhero anyway?". Archived from the original on October 12, 2007. Retrieved August 31, 2017.
{{cite web}}: Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Voulieris, John. "What Women Want". comicsbulletin.com. Archived from the original on May 19, 2005. Retrieved August 20, 2017.
And then every now and then you get the girlfriend in the refrigerator syndrome and it probably turns potential female readers off.
{{cite web}}:|archive-date=/|archive-url=timestamp mismatch; March 12, 2007 suggested (help); Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Krause, Melissa (July 6, 2007). "Point/Counterpoint in the Blogosphere..." Newsarama. Archived from the original on October 13, 2017.
{{cite web}}:|archive-date=/|archive-url=timestamp mismatch; October 13, 2007 suggested (help); Cite has empty unknown parameter:|1=(help); Unknown parameter|deadurl=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Brown, Jeffrey A. Dangerous curves: action heroines, gender, fetishism, and popular culture. Jackson: University Press of Mississippi. pp. 175–6. ISBN 160473714X.
- ^ "Avatars' official website". Avatarsonline.net. Retrieved November 8, 2010.
- ^ "Sixgun: Tales From An Unfolded Earth". Comic Book Resources. Retrieved November 8, 2010.
- ^ "Brain Fist". E-merl.com. August 7, 2007. Retrieved November 8, 2010.
- ^ "Fan Reactions". Women in Refrigerators. Retrieved September 9, 2013.
- ^ Weiland, Jonah (December 27, 2002). "'7 Guys of Justice' return this July in special giant-sized issue". Comic Book Resources.
- ^ "Yahoo! Movies: About Greg's Previews". Movies.yahoo.com. Retrieved November 8, 2010.
- ^ "Yahoo! Movies - Greg's Previews". Movies.yahoo.com. Retrieved November 8, 2010.
External links
