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*In 1838, [[August Carl Joseph Corda|Corda]] classified ''M. chartarum'' as a [[Hyphomycete]] of the family, Sporotrichacheae, as a species belonging to this family had appendages resembling deer antlers.<ref name="See1919"/> |
*In 1838, [[August Carl Joseph Corda|Corda]] classified ''M. chartarum'' as a [[Hyphomycete]] of the family, Sporotrichacheae, as a species belonging to this family had appendages resembling deer antlers.<ref name="See1919"/> |
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*In 1875, Fuckel thought ''M. chartarum'' was the conidial form of ''Chaetomium kunzeanum''.<ref name="See1919"/> |
*In 1875, Fuckel thought ''M. chartarum'' was the conidial form of ''Chaetomium kunzeanum''.<ref name="See1919"/> |
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*Fries thought ''M. chartarum'' was a state of ''[[ |
*Fries thought ''M. chartarum'' was a state of ''[[Chaetomium]] chartarum''. His opinion was supported by Boulanger in 1897.<ref name="See1919"/> |
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*This is due to the high resemblence between Chaetonium and Myxotrichum fungi families due to the ornamental hairs.<ref name="See1919"/> |
*This is due to the high resemblence between Chaetonium and Myxotrichum fungi families due to the ornamental hairs.<ref name="See1919"/> |
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*In 1889, Richon thought ''M. chartarum'' was the conidial form of ''[[Cephalotheca]] sulfurea'', disputing the claim of Fuckel.<ref name="See1919"/> |
*In 1889, Richon thought ''M. chartarum'' was the conidial form of ''[[Cephalotheca]] sulfurea'', disputing the claim of Fuckel.<ref name="See1919"/> |
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Revision as of 16:54, 12 October 2018
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| Myxotrichum chartarum | |
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| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | |
| Phylum: | |
| Subphylum: | |
| Class: | |
| Order: | |
| Family: | |
| Genus: | Myxotrichum
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| Species: | M. chartarum
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| Binomial name | |
| Myxotrichum chartarum Kunze (1823)
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| Synonyms | |
- Myxotrichum chartarum is a psychrophilic fungus first discovered in Germany by Kunze in 1823, that subsides on paper by cellulolytic processes.[1][2][3]
History and taxonomy
- Originally placed in genus Oncidium which was used for orchids, M. chartarum was thereafter reclassified by Kunze.[1][4] In the same year, the genus[Myxotrichum was established by Kunze to include two species, M. chartarum and Myxotrichum murorum.[1] There has been much confusion within the Myxotrichum genus due to revisions in classification over the years and scarcity of isolations.[1][4]
- The genus Myxotrichum became associated with fungi with demitiaceous hyphomycetes to reticuloperidial ascomycetes with hooked appendages.[4]
- In 1838, Corda classified M. chartarum as a Hyphomycete of the family, Sporotrichacheae, as a species belonging to this family had appendages resembling deer antlers.[5]
- In 1875, Fuckel thought M. chartarum was the conidial form of Chaetomium kunzeanum.[5]
- Fries thought M. chartarum was a state of Chaetomium chartarum. His opinion was supported by Boulanger in 1897.[5]
- This is due to the high resemblence between Chaetonium and Myxotrichum fungi families due to the ornamental hairs.[5]
- In 1889, Richon thought M. chartarum was the conidial form of Cephalotheca sulfurea, disputing the claim of Fuckel.[5]
- In 1892, Rabenhorst classified M. chartarum into the order, Gymnoscacaea.[5] This was later supported by Schroter in 1893.[5] Fischer later recognized the existence of ascospores, but not conidia.[5]
- In 1854, Corda separated M. chartarum from Myxotrichum into a newly established genus, Actinospira because he believed it to produce conidia rather than ascospores.[1] In 1959, Kuehn, among other investigators, reviewed the status of M. chartarum and decided it was an ascomycete of the Gymnoascaceae family, for ascomycetes that lacked true cleistothecia or perithecia.[1]
- The isolate discovered by Robak (1932) of M. carminoparum resembled M. chartarum in every way except in the characteristically flattened apical area. Another isolate was discovered by Udagawa (1963) to have flattened appendages, but the size of the ascomata was smaller, resembling those from M. carminoparum.[4]
Growth and morphology
- Commonly found in Myxotrichum species is the secondary and tertiary branching of peridial hyphae. These branches are identified by their lighter colour from the centrum of the fungi, or truncation, due to the fragility of such branching. These truncations were previously thought to have been the release of conidiophores, but no evidence was found on conidiophore attachment.[1]
- Ascocarps appear dark and spherical with short spines. Gymnothecium have appendages that are straight and elongated, with septa. Branching points present as uncinate or curved spines. The spore mass fills the ascocarps between one-third and three-fourths of the total volume.[1]
- The curved spines can attach themselves to fur, allowing the fungus to disperse.[5]
- Centrally-located centrum is initially pale-white and turns yellow as it matures. Contained within are asci, which are globular and contain 8 spores each.[1]
- Ascospores are yellow, with individual spores appearing almost hyaline.[1]
- In the asexual or anamorph stage, artheroaleurispores and aleuriospores are present.[1][4] These anamorphs may belong to the genii, Malbranchea and Oidiodendron.[4]
- In culture and grown at 25°C, appears yellow and fluffy. Some cultures had areas that were black in appearance, which were due to visible mature ascomata. Growth was restricted at this temperature.[4][5]
- Produces a red pigment when grown on certain media.[4]
Habitat and ecology
- Habitats: paper, cardboard, drywall, straw, rotting wood, decaying leather, cloth, grouse dung, rabbit dung, soil, leaves and fruit.[1][6][2][4]
- Distribution: Germany, Russia, Italy, France, Switzerland, England, Japan, Austria-Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Maine, Massachusetts, Ontario, New York.[1][4]
- Slow growth at -2-7°C; no growth at 37°C, so this fungus is psychrophillic.[1][3][4]
- Named chartarum because it was discovered on the paper of old books, and its ability to decay them.[3]
- Decays paper, so it is cellulolytic fungi.[6]
- Deemed a “material pathogen”, which is not opportunistic (disease-causing), but is able to degrade specific materials as a source of nutrition.[6]
- Can be grown on mineral salt agar with a sheet of Cellophane as the only carbon source.[3]
- In basements, preferred gypsum board ceilings and building paper on concrete surfaces on the cold side of foundation walls.[2]
- Prefers a relative humidity of >98%.[2]
- Salinity preference unknown, but is probably halo-tolerant.[2]
References
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Orr, G F; Kuehn, H H; Plunkett, O A (1963). "THE GENUS MYXOTRICHUM KUNZE". Can J of Botany. 41 (10): 1457-1480. doi:10.1139/b63-127.
- ^ a b c d e f Nunez, M; Hammer, H (2014). "Microbial specialists in below‐grade foundation walls in Scandinavia". Int J Indoor Env and Health. 24 (5): 543–551. doi:10.1111/ina.12095.
- ^ a b c d e Tribe, H T; Weber, R W S (2002). "A low-temperature fungus from cardboard, Myxotrichum chartarum". Mycologist. 16 (1): 3-5. doi:10.1017/S0269-915X(02)00614-6.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Currah, R S (1985). . Taxonomy of the Onygenales: Arthrodermataceae, Gymnoascaceae, Myxotrichaceae and Onygenaceae (24 ed.). Mycotaxon. p. 1-216.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j See, P (1919). La florule du papier. - Étude systématique et biologique des champignons chromogènes du papier piqué. Vol. 815. Université de Paris.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) - ^ a b c d Sterflinger, K; Pinzari, F (2012). "The revenge of time: fungal deterioration of cultural heritage with particular reference to books, paper and parchment". Environ Microbiol. 14 (3): 559-66. doi:10.1111/j.1462-2920.2011.02584.x.
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