25 kV AC railway electrification

25 kV alternating current electrification is commonly used in railway electrification systems worldwide, especially for high-speed rail.

Overview

A CSR EMU on the Roca Line in Buenos Aires, using 25kV AC.

This electrification is ideal for railways that cover long distances or carry heavy traffic. After some experimentation before World War II in Hungary and in the Black Forest in Germany, it came into widespread use in the 1950s.

One of the reasons why it was not introduced earlier was the lack of suitable small and lightweight control and rectification equipment before the development of solid-state rectifiers and related technology. Another reason was the increased clearance distances required where it ran under bridges and in tunnels, which would have required major civil engineering in order to provide the increased clearance to live parts.

Railways using older, lower-capacity direct current systems have introduced or are introducing 25 kV AC instead of 3 kV DC/1.5 kV DC for their new high-speed lines.

History

The first successful operational and regular use of the 50 Hz system dates back to 1931, tests having run since 1922. It was developed by Kálmán Kandó in Hungary, who used 16 kV AC at 50 Hz, asynchronous traction, and an adjustable number of (motor) poles. The first electrified line for testing was Budapest–Dunakeszi–Alag. The first fully electrified line was Budapest–Győr–Hegyeshalom (part of the Budapest–Vienna line). Although Kandó's solution showed a way for the future, railway operators outside of Hungary showed a lack of interest in the design.

The first railway to use this system was completed in 1951 by SNCF between Aix-les-Bains and La Roche-sur-Foron in southern France, initially at 20 kV but converted to 25 kV in 1953. The 25 kV system was then adopted as standard in France, but since substantial amounts of mileage south of Paris had already been electrified at 1,500 V DC, SNCF also continued some major new DC electrification projects, until dual-voltage locomotives were developed in the 1960s.

The main reason why electrification at this voltage had not been used before was the lack of reliability of mercury-arc-type rectifiers that could fit on the train. This in turn related to the requirement to use DC series motors, which required the current to be converted from AC to DC and for that a rectifier is needed. Until the early 1950s, mercury-arc rectifiers were difficult to operate even in ideal conditions and were therefore unsuitable for use in railway locomotives.

It was possible to use AC motors (and some railways did, with varying success), but they have less than ideal characteristics for traction purposes. This is because control of speed is difficult without varying the frequency and reliance on voltage to control speed gives a torque at any given speed that is not ideal. This is why DC series motors ae the best choice for traction purposes, as they can be controlled by voltage, and have an almost ideal torque vs speed characteristic.

In the 1990s, high-speed trains began to use lighter, lower-maintenance three-phase AC induction motors. The N700 Shinkansen uses a three-level converter to convert 25 kV single-phase AC to 1,520 V AC (via transformer) to 3,000 V DC (via phase-controlled rectifier with thyristor) to a maximum 2,300 V three-phase AC (via a variable voltage, variable frequency inverter using IGBTs with pulse-width modulation) to run the motors. The system works in reverse for regenerative braking.

The choice of 25 kV was related to the efficiency of power transmission as a function of voltage and cost, not based on a neat and tidy ratio of the supply voltage. For a given power level, a higher voltage allows for a lower current and usually better efficiency at the greater cost for high-voltage equipment. It was found that 25 kV was an optimal point, where a higher voltage would still improve efficiency but not by a significant amount in relation to the higher costs incurred by the need for larger insulators and greater clearance from structures.

To avoid short circuits, the high voltage must be protected from moisture. Weather events, such as "the wrong type of snow", have caused failures in the past. An example of atmospheric causes occurred in December 2009, when four Eurostar trains broke down inside the Channel Tunnel.

Distribution networks

Electric power from a generating station is transmitted to grid substations using a three-phase distribution system.

At the grid substation, a step-down transformer is connected across two of the three phases of the high-voltage supply. The transformer lowers the voltage to 25 kV which is supplied to a railway feeder station located beside the tracks. SVCs are used for load balancing and voltage control.

In some cases dedicated single-phase AC power lines were built to substations with single phase AC transformers. Such lines were built to supply the French TGV.

Standardisation

Railway electrification using 25 kV, 50 Hz AC has become an international standard. There are two main standards that define the voltages of the system:

• EN 50163:2004+A1:2007 - "Railway applications. Supply voltages of traction systems"
• IEC 60850 - "Railway Applications. Supply voltages of traction systems"

The permissible range of voltages allowed are as stated in the above standards and take into account the number of trains drawing current and their distance from the substation.

Electrification system	Voltage
	Min. non-permanent	Min. permanent	Nominal	Max. permanent	Max. non-permanent
25000 V, AC, 50 Hz	17500 V	19000 V	25000 V	27500 V	29000 V

This system is now part of the European Union's Trans-European railway interoperability standards (1996/48/EC "Interoperability of the Trans-European high-speed rail system" and 2001/16/EC "Interoperability of the Trans-European Conventional rail system").

Variations

Systems based on this standard but with some variations have been used.

25 kV AC at 60 Hz

See also: List of railway electrification systems: 25 kV AC, 60 Hz

In countries where 60 Hz is the normal grid power frequency, 25 kV at 60 Hz is used for the railway electrification.

• In the United States, newer electrified portions of the Northeast Corridor (i.e. the New Haven-Boston segment) intercity passenger line and New Jersey Transit commuter lines.
• In Japan, Tokaido, Sanyo and Kyushu Shinkansen lines (using 1,435 mm or 4 ft 8+1⁄2 in gauge) use 60 Hz.
• In Taiwan, Taiwan High Speed Rail. Line (using 1,435 mm or 4 ft 8+1⁄2 in gauge) use 60 Hz
• In Canada on the Deux-Montagnes line of the Montreal Metropolitan transportation Agency,
• In South Korea on Korail (using 1,435 mm or 4 ft 8+1⁄2 in standard gauge),
• In Argentina on Roca Line (using 1,676 mm or 5 ft 6 in gauge).

20 kV AC at 50/60 Hz

In Japan, this is used on existing railway lines in Tohoku Region, Hokuriku Region, Hokkaido and Kyushu, of which Hokuriku and Kyushu are at 60 Hz.

12.5 kV AC at 60 Hz

Some lines in the United States have been electrified at 12.5 kV 60 Hz or converted from 11 kV 25 Hz to 12.5 kV 60 Hz. Use of 60 Hz allows direct supply from the 60 Hz utility grid yet does not require the larger wire clearance for 25 kV 60 Hz or require dual-voltage capability for trains also operating on 11 kV 25 Hz lines. Examples are:

• Metro-North Railroad's New Haven Line from Pelham, NY to New Haven, CT (Since 1985; previously 11 kV 25 Hz).
• New Jersey Transit's North Jersey Coast Line from Matawan, NJ to Long Branch, NJ (1988–2002; changed to 25 kV 60 Hz).

6.25 kV AC

Early 50 Hz AC railway electrification in the United Kingdom was planned to use sections at 6.25 kV AC where there was limited clearance under bridges and in tunnels. Rolling stock was dual-voltage with automatic switching between 25 kV and 6.25 kV. The 6.25 kV sections were converted to 25 kV AC as a result of research work that demonstrated that the distance between live and earthed equipment could be reduced from that originally thought to be necessary.

The research was done using a steam engine beneath a bridge at Crewe. A section of 25 kV overhead line was gradually brought closer to the earthed metalwork of the bridge whilst being subjected to steam from the locomotive's chimney. The distance at which a flashover occurred was measured and this was used as a basis from which new clearances between overhead equipment and structures were derived.

50 kV AC

Occasionally 25 kV is doubled to 50 kV to obtain greater power and increase the distance between substations. Such lines are usually isolated from other lines to avoid complications from interrunning. Examples are:

• The Black Mesa and Lake Powell Railroad which is an isolated coal railway (60 Hz).
• The now closed Tumbler Ridge Subdivision of BC Rail (60 Hz).
• The Sishen–Saldanha iron ore railway (50 Hz).

2 x 25 kV autotransformer system

1. Supply transformer
2. Power supply
3. Overhead line
4. Running rail
5. Feeder line
6. Pantograph
7. Locomotive transformer
8. Overhead line
9. Autotransformer
10. Running rail

2 × 25 kV overhead line system in France between Paris and Caen

The 2 × 25 kV autotransformer system is a split-phase electric power system which supplies 25 kV power to the trains, but transmits power at 50 kV to reduce energy losses. It should not be confused with the 50 kV system. In this system, the current is mainly carried between the overhead line and a feeder transmission line instead of the rail. The overhead line (3) and feeder (5) are on opposite phases, so the voltage between them is 50 kV, but the voltage between the overhead line (3) and the running rails (4) remains at 25 kV. Periodic autotransformers (9) divert the return current from the neutral rail, step it up, and send it along the feeder line. This system is used by Indian Railways, Russian Railways, UK High Speed-1 and Crossrail, with some parts of older lines being gradually converted, French lines, most Spanish high-speed rail lines, Amtrak and some of the Finnish and Hungarian lines.

Boosted voltage

For TGV world speed record runs in France the voltage was temporarily boosted, to 29.5 kV and 31 kV at different times.

25 kV on narrow gauge lines

• In Taiwan: see Rail transport in Taiwan (60 Hz).
• In Tunisia (50 Hz): see Rail transport in Tunisia.
• in Malaysia: see Rail transport in Malaysia
• In Queensland, Australia: see Rail electrification in Queensland (50 Hz).
• In Perth, Australia. Entire suburban network, see: Transperth Trains
• In New Zealand: see North Island Main Trunk (50 Hz) and Auckland railway electrification

Multi-system locomotives and trains

Main article: Multi-system (rail)

Trains that can operate on more than one voltage, say 3 kV/25 kV, are established technologies. Some locomotives in Europe are capable of using four different voltage standards.

See also

• List of railway electrification systems
• Railway electrification system
• 15 kV AC railway electrification

Further reading

• Boocock, Colin (1991). East Coast Electrification. Ian Allan. ISBN 0-7110-1979-7.
• Gillham, J.C. (1988). The Age of the Electric Train - Electric Trains in Britain since 1883. Ian Allan. ISBN 0-7110-1392-6.
• Glover, John (2003). Eastern Electric. Ian Allan. ISBN 0-7110-2934-2.
• Machefert-Tassin, Yves; Nouvion, Fernand; Woimant, Jean (1980). Histoire de la Traction Electrique, vol.1. La Vie du Rail. ISBN 2-902808-05-4.
• Nock, O.S. (1965). Britain's new railway: Electrification of the London-Midland main lines from Euston to Birmingham, Stoke-on-Trent, Crewe, Liverpool and Manchester. London: Ian Allan. OCLC 59003738.
• Nock, O.S. (1974). Electric Euston to Glasgow. Ian Allan. ISBN 0-7110-0530-3.
• Proceedings of the British Railways Electrification Conference, London 1960 - Railway Electrification at Industrial Frequency. London: British Railways Board. 1960.
• Semmens, Peter (1991). Electrifying the East Coast Route. Patrick Stephens Ltd. ISBN 0-85059-929-6.