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The '''World Chess Championship 2018''' is a finished match between the reigning world champion since 2013, [[Magnus Carlsen]], and challenger [[Fabiano Caruana]] to determine the [[World Chess Championship|World Chess Champion]]. The winner of course, is MAGNUS CARLSEN. The 12-game match, organised by [[FIDE]] and its commercial partner [[Agon Limited|Agon]], is being played in [[London]], at The College in [[Holborn]], between 9 and 28 November 2018.<ref name="fide-agon">[https://www.fide.com/images/stories/NEWS_2012/Congress/Annex_11_-_Agreement_between_FIDE_and_Agon.pdf FIDE-Agon agreement] (3.1a) of Annex 11, 2012 FIDE General Assembly</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=London Will Host FIDE World Chess Championship Match 2018|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201041257/https://worldchess.com/2017/11/29/london-will-host-fide-world-chess-championship-match-2018/|publisher=World Chess|date=29 November 2017|accessdate=30 November 2017}}</ref>
The '''World Chess Championship 2018''' is a match between the reigning world champion since 2013, [[Magnus Carlsen]], and challenger [[Fabiano Caruana]] to determine the [[World Chess Championship|World Chess Champion]]. The 12-game match, organised by [[FIDE]] and its commercial partner [[Agon Limited|Agon]], is being played in [[London]], at The College in [[Holborn]], between 9 and 28 November 2018.<ref name="fide-agon">[https://www.fide.com/images/stories/NEWS_2012/Congress/Annex_11_-_Agreement_between_FIDE_and_Agon.pdf FIDE-Agon agreement] (3.1a) of Annex 11, 2012 FIDE General Assembly</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=London Will Host FIDE World Chess Championship Match 2018|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201041257/https://worldchess.com/2017/11/29/london-will-host-fide-world-chess-championship-match-2018/|publisher=World Chess|date=29 November 2017|accessdate=30 November 2017}}</ref>


==Candidates Tournament==
==Candidates Tournament==

Revision as of 09:52, 14 November 2018

After Game 8 of 12
Defending champion Challenger
Magnus Carlsen
Magnus Carlsen
Fabiano Caruana
Fabiano Caruana
 Magnus Carlsen (NOR)  Fabiano Caruana (USA)
2 2
Born 30 November 1990
27 years old 		Born 30 July 1992
26 years old
Winner of the World Chess Championship 2016 Winner of the Candidates Tournament 2018
Rating: 2835 (World No. 1)[1] Rating: 2832 (World No. 2)[1]
← 2016 2020 →

The World Chess Championship 2018 is a match between the reigning world champion since 2013, Magnus Carlsen, and challenger Fabiano Caruana to determine the World Chess Champion. The 12-game match, organised by FIDE and its commercial partner Agon, is being played in London, at The College in Holborn, between 9 and 28 November 2018.[2][3]

Candidates Tournament

Main article: Candidates Tournament 2018

Caruana qualified as challenger by winning the 2018 Candidates Tournament. This was an eight player, double round-robin tournament; played in Berlin, Germany, on March 10–28, 2018.[4]

Qualified players

Players qualified for the Candidates Tournament as follows (age, rating and world ranking are as of March 2018, when the tournament was held):[5][6]

Player Age Rating [7] Rank Qualification path
Russia Sergey Karjakin 28 2763 13 The loser of the 2016 World Championship match.
Armenia Levon Aronian 35 2794 5 The top two finishers in the Chess World Cup 2017 who did not qualify from the 2016 match.
China Ding Liren 25 2769 11
Azerbaijan Shakhriyar Mamedyarov 32 2809 2 The top two finishers in the FIDE Grand Prix 2017 who did not qualify through the World Cup.
Russia Alexander Grischuk 34 2767 12
United States Fabiano Caruana 25 2784 7 The top two players with the highest rating (by the average of all 12 lists in 2017), who did not qualify via one of the above qualification routes, and who have played in either the World Cup or Grand Prix.
United States Wesley So 24 2799 4
Russia Vladimir Kramnik 42 2800 3 Wild card nomination of the organizers (Agon). Must be rated at least 2725 in any FIDE published rating list in 2017.

Results

Final standings of the 2018 Candidates Tournament
Rank Player
 Score H2H Wins Qualification CAR MAM KAR DIN KRA GRI SO ARO
1  Fabiano Caruana (USA) 9 — 5 Advance to title match ½ ½ ½ 0 ½ ½ ½ 1 ½ 1 1 ½ 1 1
2  Shakhriyar Mamedyarov (AZE) 8 1.5 3 ½ ½ ½ 1 0 ½ 1 ½ 1 ½ ½ ½ ½ ½
3  Sergey Karjakin (RUS) 8 0.5 4 1 ½ 0 ½ ½ ½ 1 ½ ½ ½ 1 ½ 0 1
4  Ding Liren (CHN) 7.5 — 1 ½ ½ ½ 1 ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ ½
5  Vladimir Kramnik (RUS) 6.5 1 3 0 ½ ½ 0 ½ 0 ½ ½ 1 0 ½ ½ 1 1
6  Alexander Grischuk (RUS) 6.5 1 2 0 ½ ½ 0 ½ ½ ½ ½ 1 0 1 ½ ½ ½
7  Wesley So (USA) 6 — 1 ½ 0 ½ ½ ½ 0 ½ ½ ½ ½ ½ 0 1 ½
8  Levon Aronian (ARM) 4.5 — 1 0 0 ½ ½ 0 1 ½ ½ 0 0 ½ ½ ½ 0
Source: FIDE Candidates Tournament 2018 at The Week in Chess
Rules for classification: 1) Points, 2) head-to-head score among tied players, 3) total number of wins, 4) Sonneborn–Berger score, 5) tie-break games.[8]

Note: Numbers in the crosstable in a white background indicate the result playing the respective opponent with the white pieces (black pieces if on a black background).

Championship match

2018 World Chess Championship logo showing 5 overlapping arms above chessboard holding or moving chess pieces.
The College, in London Holborn

The Championship match between Magnus Carlsen and Fabiano Caruana is being held from 9 to 28 November 2018 in London, United Kingdom, at The College in Holborn.

Match regulations

The match is a best of 12 games. The time control for the games is 100 minutes for the first 40 moves, 50 minutes for the next 20 moves and then 15 minutes for the rest of the game plus an additional 30 seconds per move starting from move 1. Players cannot agree to a draw before Black's 30th move.[9][10]

If the match is tied after 12 games, tie breaks will be played on the final day in the following order, if necessary:

  • Best of 4 rapid games (25 minutes for each player with an increment of 10 seconds after each move). The player with the best score after four rapid games is the winner; otherwise they proceed to blitz games.
  • Up to five mini-matches of best of 2 blitz games (5 minutes plus 3 seconds increment after each move). The player with the best score in any two-game blitz match is the winner. If all five two-game matches are tied, an "Armageddon" game is played.
  • One sudden death "Armageddon" game: White receives 5 minutes and Black receives 4 minutes. Both players receive an increment of 3 seconds starting from move 61. The player who wins the drawing of lots may choose the color. In case of a draw, the player with the black pieces is declared the winner.

Prize fund

The prize fund is 1 million Euros net of all applicable taxes, to be divided 60%-40% between winner and loser in case of no tie break, or 55%-45% in case of a tie break.[5][11]

Previous head-to-head record

Prior to the match, Caruana and Carlsen have played 33 games against each other at classical time controls, of which Carlsen has won ten and Caruana five, with 18 draws.[12][13] The most recent game, during the 2018 Sinquefield Cup tournament, resulted in a draw.[14]

Head-to-head record[13]
Carlsen wins Draw Caruana wins Total
Classical Carlsen (white) – Caruana (black) 5 10 2 17
Caruana (white) – Carlsen (black) 5 8 3 16
Total 10 18 5 33
Blitz / rapid / exhibition 13 4 6 23
Total 23 22 11 56

Organization and location

The match being held under the auspices of FIDE, the world chess federation, with the organisation rights belonging to Agon, its commercial partner.[2] After the World Chess Championship Match 2016 FIDE was reported to announce an Asian venue for the match during the presidential council in spring 2017.[15] Japan, Singapore, South Korea and London were announced to be the host candidates.[16][17] In November 2017, London was revealed as the host.[18]

Chief arbiter is Stéphane Escafre from France, and deputy arbiter is Nana Alexandria from Georgia. Chairman of the appeal committee is Alexander Beliavsky from Slovenia, other members are Nigel Short from England and Jóhann Hjartarson from Iceland. All members of the Appeal Committee are grandmaster. FIDE Supervisor is Ashot Vardapetyan, International Arbiter from Armenia.

2018 World Chess Championship alternative logo showing 2 figures with overlapping legs holding chessboard in between with overlapping arms holding chess pieces.

The World Chess Federation has also showcased an 'alternative logo', which depicts two figures with overlapping legs holding a chessboard. The image has received controversy for appearing provocative and even 'sexy'. According to World Chess, this logo is "controversial and trendy, just like the host city", which is London.[19] When Ilya Merenzon, the head of World Chess, was asked to speak on the topic, he said that "it's about two people fighting", but later added that "it would be nice to bring a little bit of sexual appeal into chess".[20]

Schedule and results

The games commence each day at 15:00 (local time and UTC) in London.[21]

World Chess Championship 2018
Rating Classical games Points

(cumulative)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
 Magnus Carlsen (NOR) 2835 ½ ½ ½ ½ 2
 Fabiano Caruana (USA) 2832 ½ ½ ½ ½ 2

Match Preparation Controversy

On November 13, 2018, a two-minute video showing Caruana's preparation for the match was uploaded onto the Saint Louis Chess Club's YouTube channel.[22] The video was quickly removed, but revealed information about his opening preparation.[22]

Regular games

Game 1: Caruana–Carlsen, ½–½

Caruana–Carlsen, game 1
abcdefgh
8
c8 black king
g8 black rook
a7 black pawn
c7 black bishop
b6 black pawn
c6 black pawn
h6 black pawn
c5 black pawn
g5 black queen
e4 white pawn
f4 black pawn
b3 white pawn
d3 white pawn
f3 white queen
h3 white pawn
a2 white pawn
c2 white pawn
e2 white king
h2 white knight
f1 white rook
8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abcdefgh
Position after 34.Nh2. Here Carlsen (black) would have had a winning position with 34...Qe5, infiltrating the queen side. Instead play continued 34...h5?! 35. Rf2 Qg1 36. Nf1 h4?! 37. Kd2? and now 37...Rg3! also was winning but not played.[23]

Game 1 was a 115-move draw, lasting 7 hours.[24] It was the 3rd longest game in a world championship, after Game 7 of the 2014 championship (122 moves - 2nd longest game), and after Game 5 of the 1978 championship (124 moves - longest game) . Caruana opened with 1.e4, and Carlsen responded with the Sicilian Defence, with Caruana playing the Rossolimo Variation, an opening with which he had lost against Carlsen in 2015[25]. After 15 moves, it was clear that Carlsen had won the opening duel, with White having no clear way to improve his position while Black still had plans. Caruana started to consume a lot of time, but failed to neutralize Carlsen, with the result that Carlsen had a strong position after 30 moves and Caruana was in serious time trouble.[23] Carlsen had a winning position several times between moves 34 and 40 but, despite a significant time advantage, failed each time to find the winning continuation, and after 40...Bxc3? Caruana was able to reach a drawn endgame. Carlsen continued to play for a win but Caruana was able to hold the game, despite being a pawn down in a rook and pawns versus rook and pawns endgame. The game lasted for seven hours before the players agreed to a draw.

1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bb5 g6 4. Bxc6 dxc6 5. d3 Bg7 6. h3 Nf6 7. Nc3 Nd7 8. Be3 e5 9. 0-0 b6 10. Nh2 Nf8 11. f4 exf4 12. Rxf4 Be6 13. Rf2 h6 14. Qd2 g5 15. Raf1 Qd6 16. Ng4 0-0-0 17. Nf6 Nd7 18. Nh5 Be5 19. g4 f6 20. b3 Bf7 21. Nd1 Nf8 22. Nxf6 Ne6 23. Nh5 Bxh5 24. gxh5 Nf4 25. Bxf4 gxf4 26. Rg2 Rhg8 27. Qe2 Rxg2+ 28. Qxg2 Qe6 29. Nf2 Rg8 30. Ng4 Qe8 31. Qf3 Qxh5 32. Kf2 Bc7 33. Ke2 Qg5 34. Nh2 (diagram) h5 35. Rf2 Qg1 36. Nf1 h4 37. Kd2 Kb7 38. c3 Be5 39. Kc2 Qg7 40. Nh2 Bxc3 41. Qxf4 Bd4 42. Qf7+ Ka6 43. Qxg7 Rxg7 44. Re2 Rg3 45. Ng4 Rxh3 46. e5 Rf3 47. e6 Rf8 48. e7 Re8 49. Nh6 h3 50. Nf5 Bf6 51. a3 b5 52. b4 cxb4 53. axb4 Bxe7 54. Nxe7 h2 55. Rxh2 Rxe7 56. Rh6 Kb6 57. Kc3 Rd7 58. Rg6 Kc7 59. Rh6 Rd6 60. Rh8 Rg6 61. Ra8 Kb7 62. Rh8 Rg5 63. Rh7+ Kb6 64. Rh6 Rg1 65. Kc2 Rf1 66. Rg6 Rh1 67. Rf6 Rh8 68. Kc3 Ra8 69. d4 Rd8 70. Rh6 Rd7 71. Rg6 Kc7 72. Rg5 Rd6 73. Rg8 Rh6 74. Ra8 Rh3+ 75. Kc2 Ra3 76. Kb2 Ra4 77. Kc3 a6 78. Rh8 Ra3+ 79. Kb2 Rg3 80. Kc2 Rg5 81. Rh6 Rd5 82. Kc3 Rd6 83. Rh8 Rg6 84. Kc2 Kb7 85. Kc3 Rg3+ 86. Kc2 Rg1 87. Rh5 Rg2+ 88. Kc3 Rg3+ 89. Kc2 Rg4 90. Kc3 Kb6 91. Rh6 Rg5 92. Rf6 Rh5 93. Rg6 Rh3+ 94. Kc2 Rh5 95. Kc3 Rd5 96. Rh6 Kc7 97. Rh7+ Rd7 98. Rh5 Rd6 99. Rh8 Rg6 100. Rf8 Rg3+ 101. Kc2 Ra3 102. Rf7+ Kd6 103. Ra7 Kd5 104. Kb2 Rd3 105. Rxa6 Rxd4 106. Kb3 Re4 107. Kc3 Rc4+ 108. Kb3 Kd4 109. Rb6 Kd3 110. Ra6 Rc2 111. Rb6 Rc3+ 112. Kb2 Rc4 113. Kb3 Kd4 114. Ra6 Kd5 115. Ra8 ½–½

Game 2: Carlsen–Caruana, ½–½

Carlsen–Caruana, game 2
abcdefgh
8
a8 black rook
c8 black bishop
d8 black rook
g8 black king
a7 black pawn
b7 black pawn
f7 black pawn
g7 black pawn
d6 black bishop
e6 black pawn
h6 black pawn
a5 black queen
d5 black knight
e5 white knight
a4 white pawn
f4 white bishop
c3 white pawn
e3 white pawn
c2 white queen
e2 white bishop
f2 white pawn
g2 white pawn
h2 white pawn
d1 white rook
f1 white rook
g1 white king
8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abcdefgh
Position after 16...Nxd5. Here, Carlsen (white) could have played aggressively with the temporary knight sacrifice 17. Nxf7, after which 17... Kxf7 18. Bxd6 Rxd6 19. Bh5+ Kg8 20. e4 would have recovered material, though neither player thought it offered white an advantage.[26]

Game 2 began as a Queen's Gambit Declined with Caruana opting for the rarely played 10...Rd8. Caught by surprise, Carlsen avoided the most critical continuation and soon found himself far behind on the clock,[27] a reversal of fortunes from Game 1. Caruana was clearly in the driver's seat, but Carlsen was able to "beg for a draw",[27] successfully navigating to a drawn pawn-down rook endgame. Caruana declined to do unto Carlsen what Carlsen had done to him the previous day, and the game was drawn by agreement in 49 moves, fewer than half the number of moves played in the previous game.

1.d4 Nf6 2. Nf3 d5 3. c4 e6 4. Nc3 Be7 5. Bf4 0-0 6. e3 c5 7. dxc5 Bxc5 8. Qc2 Nc6 9. a3 Qa5 10. Rd1 Rd8 11. Be2 Ne4 12. 0-0 Nxc3 13. bxc3 h6 14. a4 Ne7 15. Ne5 Bd6 16. cxd5 Nxd5 (diagram) 17. Bf3 Nxf4 18. exf4 Bxe5 19. Rxd8+ Qxd8 20. fxe5 Qc7 21. Rb1 Rb8 22. Qd3 Bd7 23. a5 Bc6 24. Qd6 Qxd6 25. exd6 Bxf3 26. gxf3 Kf8 27. c4 Ke8 28. a6 b6 29. c5 Kd7 30. cxb6 axb6 31. a7 Ra8 32. Rxb6 Rxa7 33. Kg2 e5 34. Rb4 f5 35. Rb6 Ke6 36. d7+ Kxd7 37. Rb5 Ke6 38. Rb6+ Kf7 39. Rb5 Kf6 40. Rb6+ Kg5 41. Rb5 Kf4 42. Rb4+ e4 43. fxe4 fxe4 44. h3 Ra5 45. Rb7 Rg5+ 46. Kf1 Rg6 47. Rb4 Rg5 48. Rb7 Rg6 49. Rb4 ½–½

Game 3: Caruana–Carlsen, ½–½

Caruana–Carlsen, game 3
abcdefgh
8
f8 black rook
g8 black king
b7 black pawn
c7 black queen
f7 black pawn
g7 black bishop
h7 black pawn
c6 black pawn
f6 black knight
g6 black pawn
a5 black rook
e5 black pawn
e4 white pawn
d3 white pawn
f3 white knight
h3 white pawn
c2 white pawn
f2 white pawn
g2 white pawn
a1 white rook
c1 white bishop
d1 white queen
e1 white rook
g1 white king
8
77
66
55
44
33
22
11
abcdefgh
Position after 14...Rxa5. Here, Caruana (white) could have exchanged the first pair of rooks with 15. Rxa5 Qxa5 16. Bd2 Qc7 17. Qa1 and begin to apply pressure on the queenside and the position would become slightly more unpleasant for Carlsen.[28]

Game 3 was a 49-move draw, beginning again with the the Rossolimo Variation of the Sicilian Defence. Caruana deviated first with 6. O-O, against which Carlsen chose a rare continuation. White maintained some pressure, but it was not serious. On move 15 Caruana suffered a "blackout" and played Bd2, missing that black does not have to exchange rooks. This lost all the White pressure, and a few moves later with neither side having any concrete plan, Caruana exchanged all the major pieces and went into a slightly inferior endgame, where Black possessed a bishop for White's knight as well as a slight space advantage. Carlsen tried, but Caruana was never in real danger of losing.[28][29]

1. e4 c5 2. Nf3 Nc6 3. Bb5 g6 4. Bxc6 dxc6 5. d3 Bg7 6. O-O Qc7 7. Re1 e5 8. a3 Nf6 9. b4 O-O 10. Nbd2 Bg4 11. h3 Bxf3 12. Nxf3 cxb4 13. axb4 a5 14. bxa5 Rxa5 (diagram) 15. Bd2 Raa8 16. Qb1 Nd7 17. Qb4 Rfe8 18. Bc3 b5 19. Rxa8 Rxa8 20. Ra1 Rxa1+ 21. Bxa1 Qa7 22. Bc3 Qa2 23. Qb2 Qxb2 24. Bxb2 f6 25. Kf1 Kf7 26. Ke2 Nc5 27. Bc3 Ne6 28. g3 Bf8 29. Nd2 Ng5 30. h4 Ne6 31. Nb3 h5 32. Bd2 Bd6 33. c3 c5 34. Be3 Ke7 35. Kd1 Kd7 36. Kc2 f5 37. Kd1 fxe4 38. dxe4 c4 39. Nd2 Nc5 40. Bxc5 Bxc5 41. Ke2 Kc6 42. Nf1 b4 43. cxb4 Bxb4 44. Ne3 Kc5 45. f4 exf4 46. gxf4 Ba5 47. f5 gxf5 48. Nxc4 Kxc4 49. exf5 ½-½

Game 4: Carlsen–Caruana, ½-½

Game 4 was a 34-move draw that began with the English Opening, Four Knights, Kingside Fianchetto variation with neither side being able to obtain an advantage; leading the players to agree to a draw before reaching the first time control. This was only the second time Carlsen opened with c4 in a world championship match, the first being a victory against Viswanathan Anand in game 5 in 2013.

1.c4 e5 2. Nc3 Nf6 3. Nf3 Nc6 4. g3 d5 5. cxd5 Nxd5 6. Bg2 Bc5 7. O-O O-O 8. d3 Re8 9. Bd2 Nxc3 10. Bxc3 Nd4 11. b4 Bd6 12. Rb1 Nxf3+ 13. Bxf3 a6 14. a4 c6 15. Re1 Bd7 16. e3 Qf6 17. Be4 Bf5 18. Qf3 Bxe4 19. Qxf6 gxf6 20. dxe4 b5 21. Red1 Bf8 22. axb5 axb5 23. Kg2 Red8 24. Rdc1 Kg7 25. Be1 Rdc8 26. Rc2 Ra4 27. Kf3 h5 28. Ke2 Kg6 29. h3 f5 30. exf5+ Kxf5 31. f3 Be7 32. e4+ Ke6 33. Bd2 Bd6 34. Rbc1 ½-½

References

  1. ^ a b "Top 100 Players November 2018". ratings.fide.com. Retrieved 1 November 2018.
  2. ^ a b FIDE-Agon agreement (3.1a) of Annex 11, 2012 FIDE General Assembly
  3. ^ "London Will Host FIDE World Chess Championship Match 2018". World Chess. 29 November 2017. Retrieved 30 November 2017.
  4. ^ http://www.agonlimited.com/news/2017/9/10/the-fide-world-chess-candidates-tournament-will-take-place-in-berlin-germany-on-march-10-28-2018
  5. ^ a b Rules & regulations for the Candidates Tournament of the FIDE World Championship cycle 2016–2018, FIDE
  6. ^ "Kramnik to play 2018 Candidates". Chessbase. 30 October 2017.
  7. ^ "Top 100 Players March 2018 – Archive". FIDE. Retrieved 1 March 2018.
  8. ^ Cite error: The named reference regulations was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  9. ^ RULES & REGULATIONS FOR THE FIDE WORLD CHAMPIONSHIP MATCH (FWCM) 2018 FIDE
  10. ^ "Carlsen, Magnus vs. Caruana, Fabiano | Carlsen-Caruana FIDE World Chess Championship 2018". chess24.com. Retrieved 2018-11-01.
  11. ^ Doggers, Peter (2017-11-29). "World Chess Championship 2018 To Be Held In London". Chess.com. Retrieved 2018-11-11.
  12. ^ https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/an-american-will-play-for-the-world-chess-championship/
  13. ^ a b "Caruana vs. Carlsen". Chessgames.com. Retrieved 27 March 2018.
  14. ^ Saravanan, Venkatachalam (8 August 2018). "Sinquefield Cup: Magnus lets Fabi escape". Chessbase.
  15. ^ "Next World Chess Championship to be held in Asia — FIDE president". TASS. 1 December 2016. Retrieved 1 December 2016.
  16. ^ "Япония и Сингапур претендуют на проведение матча за звание чемпиона мира по шахматам" (in Russian).
  17. ^ "London among contenders for 2018 world chess championship". OneIndia. 24 May 2017. Retrieved 3 June 2017.
  18. ^ "London Will Host FIDE World Chess Championship Match 2018". World Chess. 29 November 2017. Retrieved 30 November 2017.
  19. ^ World Chess Championship's 'Kama Sutra' logo criticised, BBC, 20 December 2017
  20. ^ Doggers, Peter. "World Chess Championship 'Kama Sutra' Logo Goes Viral". Chess.com. Chess.com. Retrieved 22 June 2018.
  21. ^ "Schedule for the match". worldchess.com. Retrieved 1 November 2018.
  22. ^ a b "Carlsen and Caruana still deadlocked after YouTube 'leak' controversy". Retrieved 14 November 2018.
  23. ^ a b World Championship Game 1: Caruana dodges a bullet, Chessbase, 11/10/2018
  24. ^ "Clash of chess stars ends in dramatic draw after seven gruelling hours". theguardian.com. The Guardian. 9 November 2018. Retrieved 9 November 2018.
  25. ^ Roeder, Oliver (November 9, 2018). "The World Chess Championship Opened With A Wild Draw". FiveThirtyEight. Retrieved November 10, 2018.
  26. ^ Klein, Mike (10 November 2018). "World Chess Championship Round 2: Carlsen 'Grovels' To Draw After Caruana's Opening Surprise". Chess.com. Retrieved 12 November 2018. Instead, Caruana uncorked the much less common 10...Rd8 and the Norwegian went into mental Svalbard to figure out what to do next.
  27. ^ a b "Magnus Carlsen forced to hold on for Game 2 draw with Fabiano Caruana – as it happened". The Guardian. 10 November 2018. Retrieved 10 November 2018.
  28. ^ a b Klein, Mike (12 November 2018). "World Chess Championship Game 3: Caruana Repeats Rossolimo But Can't Break Carlsen". Chess.com. Retrieved 13 November 2018.
  29. ^ Crowther, Mark (12 November 2018). "Unimpressive draw in game three of the Carlsen-Caruana World Chess Championship Match". theweekinchess.com. Retrieved 13 November 2018.
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