Smerd: Difference between revisions
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A '''smerd''' ({{lang-orv|смердъ}}) |
A '''smerd''' ({{lang-orv|смердъ}}) was a free and later a [[feudal]]-dependent [[peasant]] in the medieval Slavic states of [[East Europe]]. Sources from the 11th and 12th centuries (such as the 12th-century ''[[Russkaya Pravda]]'') mention their presence in [[Kievan Rus']] and [[Poland]] as the ''smardones''. Etymologically, the word ''smerd'' originally implied a meaning of "one who stinks".<ref> |
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https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4#Russian |
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</ref> |
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In Kievan Rus', |
In Kievan Rus', ''smerdy'' were peasants who gradually lost their freedom (partially or completely) and whose [[legal]] status differed from group to group. Unlike [[slave]]s, they had their own [[property]] and had to pay [[fine (penalty)|fines]] for their delinquencies, legally the ''smerds'' never possessed full [[rights]]; the killing of a ''smerd'' was punished by the same fine as the killing of a ''[[kholop]]'' (similarly to a slave). The property of the deceased was inherited by the ''[[knyaz]]'' (prince). The ''Russkaya Pravda'' forbade torturing the ''smerds'' during court examination without the consent of the ''knyaz''. |
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During the 12th and the 13th centuries |
During the 12th and the 13th centuries a number of sources mention the ''smerdy'' while narrating events in [[Halych-Volynia]] and in [[Novgorod]]. It appears that during this period the term ''smerd'' encompassed the whole rural population of a given region. Sources of the 14th and 15th centuries refer to the ''smerds'' of Novgorod and [[Pskov]] as peasant-[[proprietor]]s, who possessed lands collectively (communes) or individually and had the right to freely alienate their own allotments. However, their personal freedom was limited: they were forbidden to seek a new master or princely [[patronage]]. The ''knyaz'' could not accept complaints from the ''smerds'' against their master. Also, the ''smerds'' had to provide labor services and to pay tribute (''dan''') to the benefit of the city as a collective feudal master. |
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== Notes == |
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{{reflist}} |
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==External links== |
==External links== |
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Revision as of 11:18, 14 November 2018
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A smerd (Template:Lang-orv) was a free and later a feudal-dependent peasant in the medieval Slavic states of East Europe. Sources from the 11th and 12th centuries (such as the 12th-century Russkaya Pravda) mention their presence in Kievan Rus' and Poland as the smardones. Etymologically, the word smerd originally implied a meaning of "one who stinks".[1]
In Kievan Rus', smerdy were peasants who gradually lost their freedom (partially or completely) and whose legal status differed from group to group. Unlike slaves, they had their own property and had to pay fines for their delinquencies, legally the smerds never possessed full rights; the killing of a smerd was punished by the same fine as the killing of a kholop (similarly to a slave). The property of the deceased was inherited by the knyaz (prince). The Russkaya Pravda forbade torturing the smerds during court examination without the consent of the knyaz.
During the 12th and the 13th centuries a number of sources mention the smerdy while narrating events in Halych-Volynia and in Novgorod. It appears that during this period the term smerd encompassed the whole rural population of a given region. Sources of the 14th and 15th centuries refer to the smerds of Novgorod and Pskov as peasant-proprietors, who possessed lands collectively (communes) or individually and had the right to freely alienate their own allotments. However, their personal freedom was limited: they were forbidden to seek a new master or princely patronage. The knyaz could not accept complaints from the smerds against their master. Also, the smerds had to provide labor services and to pay tribute (dan') to the benefit of the city as a collective feudal master.
Notes
External links
  | This Russian history–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
 | This article about Belarusian history is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
 | This Ukrainian history–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
 | This Polish history–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |