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== History ==
== History ==
[[File:Bernard Zwinny seal.PNG|alt=|left|thumb|Seal of [[Bernard the Lightsome]]]][[Bernard the Lightsome]] was the only ruler of the duchy of Lwowek. He was the youngest son of the silesian prince [[Bolesław II Rogatka|Boleslaw II Rogatka]] and Hedwig, daughter of [[Henry I, Count of Anhalt]]. He became the ruler 3 years after his father deceased, in 1281 when Bernards' brother [[Bolko I the Strict]] partitioned the [[duchy of Jawor]] and granted him western part of the duchy with its capital in [[Lwówek Śląski|Lwowek Slaski]]. [[Duchy of Jawor]] and duchy of Lwowek cooperated as brothers ruled in these two the duchies. Bernard died unmarried and childless in [[1286]] and because of no heirs the duchy of Lwowek was annexed and ruled by the [[duchy of Jawor]] again by Bernard's brother [[Bolko I the Strict|Bolko I]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Bernard Zwinny|url=http://www.wbc.poznan.pl/dlibra/doccontent?id=253664|author=Kazimierz (1920-1997) Jasiński|accessdate=2017-09-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Bernard Zwinny (Zręczny, Skoczek) - POCZET.COM|url=http://www.poczet.com/zwinny.htm|author=Michał Szuster|agency=www.poczet.com|accessdate=2017-09-04|language=pl}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=DOLNY ŚLĄSK: Księstwo świdnicko-jaworskie|url=http://region-dolny-slask.blogspot.com/2013/02/ksiestwo-swidnicko-jaworskie.html|author=Krystian Krawczyk|agency=DOLNY ŚLĄSK|date=wtorek, 19 lutego 2013|accessdate=2018-11-04}}</ref>.
[[File:Bernard Zwinny seal.PNG|alt=|left|thumb|Seal of [[Bernard the Lightsome]]]][[Bernard the Lightsome]] was the only ruler of the duchy of Lwowek. He was the youngest son of the silesian prince [[Bolesław II Rogatka|Boleslaw II Rogatka]] and Hedwig, daughter of [[Henry I, Count of Anhalt]]. He became the ruler 3 years after his father deceased, in 1281 when Bernards' brother [[Bolko I the Strict]] partitioned the [[duchy of Jawor]] and granted him western part of the duchy with its capital in [[Lwówek Śląski|Lwowek Slaski]]. [[Duchy of Jawor]] and duchy of Lwowek cooperated as brothers ruled in these two the duchies. Bernard died unmarried and childless in [[1286]] and because of no heirs the duchy of Lwowek was annexed and ruled by the [[duchy of Jawor]] again by Bernard's brother [[Bolko I the Strict|Bolko I]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Bernard Zwinny|url=http://www.wbc.poznan.pl/dlibra/doccontent?id=253664|author=Kazimierz (1920-1997) Jasiński|accessdate=2017-09-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Bernard Zwinny (Zręczny, Skoczek) - POCZET.COM|url=http://www.poczet.com/zwinny.htm|author=Michał Szuster|agency=www.poczet.com|accessdate=2017-09-04|language=pl}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=DOLNY ŚLĄSK: Księstwo świdnicko-jaworskie|url=http://region-dolny-slask.blogspot.com/2013/02/ksiestwo-swidnicko-jaworskie.html|author=Krystian Krawczyk|agency=DOLNY ŚLĄSK|date= 2013-02-19 |accessdate=2018-11-04}}</ref>.


== Castles ==
== Castles ==
Line 14: Line 14:
Lwowek Castle (Polish: ''Zamek książęcy w Lwówku Śląskim'') was a [[Middle Ages|medieval]] castle in Lwowek was built to protect the inhabitants of the city. It was build at the beginning of the XIII-th century as a seat of silesian
Lwowek Castle (Polish: ''Zamek książęcy w Lwówku Śląskim'') was a [[Middle Ages|medieval]] castle in Lwowek was built to protect the inhabitants of the city. It was build at the beginning of the XIII-th century as a seat of silesian


⚫
princes. It was located in the southern part of the city, along the [[Defensive wall|city walls]]. The founder of the castle was probably [[Henry the Bearded|Henry I the Bearded]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.zamki.pl/?idzamku=lwowek|title=Lwówek Śląski - Zamek w Lwówku Śląskim - OPIS - (Polskie zamki)|last=zerojeden|first=dariusz sitko,|website=www.zamki.pl|access-date=2018-11-18}}</ref>. The castle was often visited by princes of Jawor and Swidnica-Jawor (for example [[Bolko I the Strict]]). The castle was partly destroyed during a fire in [[1381]] but the city council decided to rebuild the castle and in [[1389]] the renovation was complete. Since [[1444]] the castle was no longer a public property. The castle was destroyed again in [[1475]] after a huge [[fire]] and has never been rebuilt again. Now in the place of the castle stands the oldest [[brewery]] in [[Poland]] which started prducing beer since [[1209]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://pawelskiersinis.pl/lwowek-najstarszy-browar-w-polsce/|title=Lwówek - najstarszy browar w Polsce - pawelskiersinis.pl|date=2015-07-16|work=pawelskiersinis.pl|access-date=2018-11-18|language=pl-PL}}</ref>. The only remainings of the castle are the [[sandstone]] foundations in the brewery's [[basement]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.zamkipolskie.net.pl/zamki/lwowek/lwowek.htm|title=Zamki polskie - Zamek w Lwówku Śląskim - Lwówek Ślaski|last=Kulesza|first=Małgorzata|website=www.zamkipolskie.net.pl|access-date=2018-11-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tajemnicedolnegoslaska.cba.pl/index.php/ciekawe-historie/26-zabytki/niezwykle-historie/49-turniej-rycerski-w-sredniowiecznym-lwowku|title=Turniej rycerski w średniowiecznym Lwówku - Tajemnice Dolnego Śląska|website=tajemnicedolnegoslaska.cba.pl|language=pl-pl|access-date=2018-11-18}}</ref>.<gallery>
princes. It was located in the southern part of the city, along the [[Defensive wall|city walls]]. The founder of the castle was probably [[Henry the Bearded|Henry I the Bearded]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.zamki.pl/?idzamku=lwowek|title=Lwówek Śląski - Zamek w Lwówku Śląskim - OPIS - (Polskie zamki
⚫
)|last=zerojeden|first=dariusz sitko,|website=www.zamki.pl|access-date=2018-11-18}}</ref>. The castle was often visited by princes of Jawor and Swidnica-Jawor (for example [[Bolko I the Strict]]). The castle was partly destroyed during a fire in [[1381]] but the city council decided to rebuild the castle and in [[1389]] the renovation was complete. Since [[1444]] the castle was no longer a public property. The castle was destroyed again in [[1475]] after a huge [[fire]] and has never been rebuilt again. Now in the place of the castle stands the oldest [[brewery]] in [[Poland]] which started prducing beer since [[1209]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://pawelskiersinis.pl/lwowek-najstarszy-browar-w-polsce/|title=Lwówek - najstarszy browar w Polsce - pawelskiersinis.pl|date=2015-07-16|work=pawelskiersinis.pl|access-date=2018-11-18|language=pl-PL}}</ref>. The only remainings of the castle are the [[sandstone]] foundations in the brewery's [[basement]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.zamkipolskie.net.pl/zamki/lwowek/lwowek.htm|title=Zamki polskie - Zamek w Lwówku Śląskim - Lwówek Ślaski|last=Kulesza|first=Małgorzata|website=www.zamkipolskie.net.pl|access-date=2018-11-18}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tajemnicedolnegoslaska.cba.pl/index.php/ciekawe-historie/26-zabytki/niezwykle-historie/49-turniej-rycerski-w-sredniowiecznym-lwowku|title=Turniej rycerski w średniowiecznym Lwówku - Tajemnice Dolnego Śląska|website=tajemnicedolnegoslaska.cba.pl|language=pl-pl|access-date=2018-11-18}}</ref>.<gallery>
File:Przywitanie gości na turnieju rycerskim we Lwówku Śląskim.jpg|Lwowek Castle during a very first [[Jousting|jousting tournament]] in Poland<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tajemnicedolnegoslaska.cba.pl/index.php/ciekawe-historie/26-zabytki/niezwykle-historie/49-turniej-rycerski-w-sredniowiecznym-lwowku|title=Turniej rycerski w średniowiecznym Lwówku - Tajemnice Dolnego Śląska|website=tajemnicedolnegoslaska.cba.pl|language=pl-pl|access-date=2018-11-18}}</ref>
File:Przywitanie gości na turnieju rycerskim we Lwówku Śląskim.jpg|Lwowek Castle during a very first [[Jousting|jousting tournament]] in Poland<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tajemnicedolnegoslaska.cba.pl/index.php/ciekawe-historie/26-zabytki/niezwykle-historie/49-turniej-rycerski-w-sredniowiecznym-lwowku|title=Turniej rycerski w średniowiecznym Lwówku - Tajemnice Dolnego Śląska|website=tajemnicedolnegoslaska.cba.pl|language=pl-pl|access-date=2018-11-18}}</ref>
File:Löwenberg-Bierbrauerei.JPG|Lwowek Brewery - the former location of the castle
File:Löwenberg-Bierbrauerei.JPG|Lwowek Brewery - the former location of the castle

Revision as of 20:22, 18 November 2018

Duchy of Löwenberg
Księstwo Lwóweckie (pl)
Herzogtum Löwenberg (de)
1281–1286
Coat of arms of Lwowek Slaski
Coat of arms
Silesia in 1284: Lwowek Duchy in burgundy
Silesia in 1284: Lwowek Duchy in burgundy
StatusSilesian duchy
CapitalLwowek Slaski
Religion
catholic
Governmentfeudalism
Historical eraMiddle Ages
• Partitioned from Jawor
1281
• Annexed by Jawor
1286
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Duchy of Legnica Duchy of Jawor
Duchy of Jawor Kingdom of Bohemia

Duchy of Löwenberg (or Duchy of Lwowek, Template:Lang-pl) was one of the Duchies of Silesia established in 1281 as a division of the Duchy of Jawor. Duchy of Lwowek was ruled by the Silesian Piast, Bernard the Lightsome, with its capital at Lwowek Slaski (city rights in 1217) in Lower Silesia.

Geography

The original Duchy was located in the south-western part of Lower Silesia on current lands of Lwowek Sląski County with the southern part of the duchy covering most of the modern Jelenia Gora County. Lwowek Slaski was the biggest city (around 11.000 inhabitants.[1]) and also the capital of the duchy. The city of Lwowek had it's own mint[2][3] and coin[4][5]. The city had double city walls and two big churches. Some other important cities located within the lands of the duchy were: Wlen, Gryfow Sląski, Jelenia Gora[6]. The main factor of the rapid development of the area was gold surrounding Lwowek Slaski and trade road Via Regia. Some sources say that few tons of gold were excavated in medieval from the mines around Lwowek[7]. After the deplatation of gold mines the citizens started to earn from cloth producing, weaving, crafting, trade and sandstone processing.

History

Seal of Bernard the Lightsome

Bernard the Lightsome was the only ruler of the duchy of Lwowek. He was the youngest son of the silesian prince Boleslaw II Rogatka and Hedwig, daughter of Henry I, Count of Anhalt. He became the ruler 3 years after his father deceased, in 1281 when Bernards' brother Bolko I the Strict partitioned the duchy of Jawor and granted him western part of the duchy with its capital in Lwowek Slaski. Duchy of Jawor and duchy of Lwowek cooperated as brothers ruled in these two the duchies. Bernard died unmarried and childless in 1286 and because of no heirs the duchy of Lwowek was annexed and ruled by the duchy of Jawor again by Bernard's brother Bolko I[8][9][10].

Castles

There was a couple of castles guarding the lands of duchy. The most important were these located in Wlen, Gryfow and Lwowek.

Lwowek Castle

Lwowek Castle (Polish: Zamek książęcy w Lwówku Śląskim) was a medieval castle in Lwowek was built to protect the inhabitants of the city. It was build at the beginning of the XIII-th century as a seat of silesian

princes. It was located in the southern part of the city, along the city walls. The founder of the castle was probably Henry I the Bearded[11]. The castle was often visited by princes of Jawor and Swidnica-Jawor (for example Bolko I the Strict). The castle was partly destroyed during a fire in 1381 but the city council decided to rebuild the castle and in 1389 the renovation was complete. Since 1444 the castle was no longer a public property. The castle was destroyed again in 1475 after a huge fire and has never been rebuilt again. Now in the place of the castle stands the oldest brewery in Poland which started prducing beer since 1209[12]. The only remainings of the castle are the sandstone foundations in the brewery's basement[13][14].

Gryf Castle

Lwowek in XVI-th century

Gryf Castle (Polish: Zamek Gryf, German: Greiffenstein) is located in Proszowka near Gryfow. The first owner of the castle was Konrad II the Hunchback.

  • Gryf Castle on the top of the hill (447 m a.s.l.)
    Gryf Castle on the top of the hill (447 m a.s.l.)
  • Remainings of the Gryf Castle
    Remainings of the Gryf Castle
  • Ruins
    Ruins
  • A part of Gryf Castle
    A part of Gryf Castle
  • Castle gate
    Castle gate

Wlen Castle

  • Wlen Castle
    Wlen Castle
  • The main tower of the castle
    The main tower of the castle
  • Remainings
    Remainings
  • Path to the castle
    Path to the castle
  • Map of the castle
    Map of the castle

There were also many medieval guard towers along Via Regia road.

  • Medieval bas-relief on the south wall of the city hall in Lwowek Slaski - a symbol of the city, with a sentence written in latin which means "Fair as a lion"
    Medieval bas-relief on the south wall of the city hall in Lwowek Slaski - a symbol of the city, with a sentence written in latin which means "Fair as a lion"
  • Medieval coat of arms of the city of Lwowek Slaski
    Medieval coat of arms of the city of Lwowek Slaski
  • Modern coat of arms of the city of Lwowek Slaski
    Modern coat of arms of the city of Lwowek Slaski
  • Medieval fortifications of Lwowek Slaski
    Medieval fortifications of Lwowek Slaski
  • Tower of Lubanian Gate - a place of a former city gate in Lwowek Slaski
    Tower of Lubanian Gate - a place of a former city gate in Lwowek Slaski
  • The high city wall of Lwowek Slaski (of double surrounding walls in general)
    The high city wall of Lwowek Slaski (of double surrounding walls in general)
  • Tower of Boleslawieckan Gate in Lwowek Slaski
    Tower of Boleslawieckan Gate in Lwowek Slaski
  • Tower of Złotoryjan Gate in Lwowek
    Tower of Złotoryjan Gate in Lwowek
  • Guard tower in Rakowice Wielkie
    Guard tower in Rakowice Wielkie
  • Second guard tower in Rakowice Wielkie
    Second guard tower in Rakowice Wielkie
  • Big church in Lwowek
    Big church in Lwowek
  • Church of st. Hedwig in Gryfow
    Church of st. Hedwig in Gryfow
  • City walls of Gryfow
    City walls of Gryfow
  • Houses in Gryfow
    Houses in Gryfow
  • Church in Wlen
    Church in Wlen

References

  1. ^ Staffa, Marek (2003). Słownik geografii turystycznej Sudetów, Pogórze Izerskie. [1], A-Ł. Wrocław: I-BiS. pp. 443–471. ISBN 83-85773-60-6.
  2. ^ "WCN :: A67/232". wcn.pl. Retrieved 2018-11-18.
  3. ^ https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-R74cpTX6nww/WR3LoKxXjdI/AAAAAAAAAUA/Ozrhnonug6wrXJpdI69NNyjVNXFd65dAACLcB/s1600/110.JPG
  4. ^ https://foto.wcn.pl/67/full/67_0239r.jpg
  5. ^ Kalinowski, Piotr (2009). Pieniądz miasta Lwówek Śląski. Kalety: Wydawnictwo Piotr Kalinowski. p. 4. ISBN 978-83-61755-19-7.
  6. ^ "Map of the Duchy". {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  7. ^ "samorodek.com". {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  8. ^ Kazimierz (1920-1997) Jasiński. "Bernard Zwinny". Retrieved 2017-09-04.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  9. ^ Michał Szuster. "Bernard Zwinny (Zręczny, Skoczek) - POCZET.COM" (in Polish). www.poczet.com. Retrieved 2017-09-04.
  10. ^ Krystian Krawczyk (2013-02-19). "DOLNY ŚLĄSK: Księstwo świdnicko-jaworskie". DOLNY ŚLĄSK. Retrieved 2018-11-04.
  11. ^ zerojeden, dariusz sitko,. "Lwówek Śląski - Zamek w Lwówku Śląskim - OPIS - (Polskie zamki)". www.zamki.pl. Retrieved 2018-11-18.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ^ "Lwówek - najstarszy browar w Polsce - pawelskiersinis.pl". pawelskiersinis.pl (in Polish). 2015-07-16. Retrieved 2018-11-18.
  13. ^ Kulesza, Małgorzata. "Zamki polskie - Zamek w Lwówku Śląskim - Lwówek Ślaski". www.zamkipolskie.net.pl. Retrieved 2018-11-18.
  14. ^ "Turniej rycerski w średniowiecznym Lwówku - Tajemnice Dolnego Śląska". tajemnicedolnegoslaska.cba.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2018-11-18.
  15. ^ "Turniej rycerski w średniowiecznym Lwówku - Tajemnice Dolnego Śląska". tajemnicedolnegoslaska.cba.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2018-11-18.
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