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This page lists examples of the [[orders of magnitude]] of [[molar concentration]]. Source values are parenthesized where unit conversions were performed.
#REDIRECT [[Molar concentration]]

==All orders==

{| class="wikitable"
|+'''List of orders of magnitude for [[molar concentration]]'''
! Factor (Molarity)
! [[International System of Units|SI]] [[SI prefix|prefix]]
! Value
! Item
|-
| 10<sup>−24</sup> || yM || {{val|1.66|u=yM}} || 1 elementary entity per [[litre]]<ref>{{val|1|upl=L}} ÷ [[Avogadro constant|''N''<sub>A</sub>]] ≈ {{val|1.66|u=yM}}</ref>
|-
| 10<sup>−23</sup> || || ||
|-
| 10<sup>−22</sup> || || ||
|-
| 10<sup>−21</sup> || zM
| {{val|3.6|u=zM}} || [[solar neutrino]]s on [[Earth]] ({{val|6.5|e=10|u=/cm<sup>2</sup>&sdot;s}})<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bahcall |first1=John N. |last2=Serenelli |first2=Aldo M. |last3=Basu |first3=Sarbani |title=New Solar Opacities, Abundances, Helioseismology, and Neutrino Fluxes |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |date=1 March 2005 |volume=621 |issue=1 |pages=L85–L88 |doi=10.1086/428929 |url=https://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/0412440 |accessdate=26 November 2018}}</ref>
|-
| 10<sup>−20</sup> ||
| {{val|12|u=zM}} || [[radon]] in ambient, outdoor air in the [[United States]] ({{val|0.4|u=pCi|up=L}} ≈ {{val|7000|up=L}})<ref>{{cite web |title=Radon Toxicity Case Study: What are the Standards and Regulations for Environmental Radon Levels? {{!}} ATSDR - Environmental Medicine & Environmental Health Education - CSEM |url=https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/csem/csem.asp?csem=8&po=8 |website=www.atsdr.cdc.gov |publisher=CDC |accessdate=26 November 2018}}</ref>

|-
| 10<sup>−19</sup> || || ||
|-
| 10<sup>−18</sup> || aM || ||
|-
| 10<sup>−17</sup> || || ||
|-
| 10<sup>−16</sup> || || ||
|-
| 10<sup>−15</sup> || fM || {{val|2|u=fM}} || [[bacteria]] in surface [[seawater]] ({{val|1e9|up=L}})<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gamfeldt |first1=Lars |last2=Lefcheck |first2=Jonathan S. |last3=Byrnes |first3=Jarrett E. K. |last4=Cardinale |first4=Bradley J. |last5=Duffy |first5=J. Emmett |last6=Griffin |first6=John N. |title=Marine biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: what's known and what's next? |journal=Oikos |date=March 2015 |volume=124 |issue=3 |pages=252–265 |doi=10.1111/oik.01549 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | 10<sup>−14</sup>
| rowspan="2" |
| {{val|20|u=fM}} || [[virion]]s in surface layer [[North Atlantic]] [[seawater]] ({{val|10e9|up=L}})<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bergh |first1=Øivind |last2=Børsheim |first2=Knut Yngve |last3=Bratbak |first3=Gunnar |last4=Heldal |first4=Mikal |title=High abundance of viruses found in aquatic environments |journal=Nature |date=August 1989 |volume=340 |issue=6233 |pages=467–468 |doi=10.1038/340467a0 |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/340467a0 |accessdate=26 November 2018 |language=En |issn=0028-0836}}</ref>
|-
| {{val|50|–|100|u=fM}} || [[gold]] in [[seawater]]<ref name="gold">{{cite journal |title=Gold in seawater |journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters |date=1 May 1990 |volume=98 |issue=2 |pages=208–221 |doi=10.1016/0012-821X(90)90060-B |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0012821X9090060B?via%3Dihub |accessdate=26 November 2018 |language=en |issn=0012-821X}}</ref>
|-
| 10<sup>−13</sup> || || ||
|-
| 10<sup>−12</sup> || pM || {{val|7.51|–|9.80|u=pM}} || normal range for [[erythrocyte]]s in [[blood]] in an adult male ({{val|4.52|–|5.90|e=12|up=L}})<ref name="blood">[[Reference ranges for blood tests]]</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Erythrocyte Count (RBC): Reference Range, Interpretation, Collection and Panels |url=https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2054474-overview |publisher=Medscape |accessdate=26 November 2018 |date=7 January 2017}}</ref>
|-
| 10<sup>−11</sup> ||
| {{val|10|–|100|u=pM}} || [[gold]] in undersea [[Hydrothermal circulation|hydrothermal fluids]]<ref name="gold"/>
|-
| 10<sup>−10</sup> || || {{val|170|u=pM}} || upper bound for healthy [[insulin]] when fasting<ref>{{cite web |title=Insulin: Reference Range, Interpretation, Collection and Panels |url=https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2089224-overview?fbclid=IwAR1pZmZMQq_x-Z-GnwiqC7xtjkWrrqMRC2So8PrYyZx-CXKh8p69BHzrJQc |website=Medscape |publisher=WebMD |accessdate=30 November 2018 |date=22 April 2018}}</ref>
|-
| 10<sup>−9</sup> || nM || {{val|5|u=nM}} || inhaled [[osmium tetroxide]] is [[immediately dangerous to life or health]] ({{val|1|u=mg Os|up=m3}})<ref>{{cite web |title=CDC - Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH): Osmium tetroxide (as Os) - NIOSH Publications and Products |url=https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/idlh/20816120.html |website=www.cdc.gov |publisher=CDC |accessdate=28 November 2018 |language=en-us |date=2 November 2018}}</ref>
|-
| 10<sup>−8</sup> || || ||
|-
| 10<sup>−7</sup> || || {{val|101|u=nM}} || [[hydronium]] and [[hydroxide]] ions in pure [[water]] at {{val|25|u=degC}} (p''K''<sub>W</sub> = 13.99)<ref>{{cite journal |last1 = Bandura |first1 = Andrei V. |last2 = Lvov |first2 = Serguei N. |year = 2006 |title = The Ionization Constant of Water over Wide Ranges of Temperature and Density |journal = Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data |volume = 35 |issue = 1 |pages = 15–30 |doi = 10.1063/1.1928231 |url = https://www.nist.gov/data/PDFfiles/jpcrd696.pdf |bibcode = 2006JPCRD..35...15B }}</ref>
|-
| 10<sup>−6</sup> || µM || ||
|-
| 10<sup>−5</sup> || || ||
|-
| rowspan=2 | 10<sup>−4</sup>
| rowspan=2 |
| {{val|180|–|480|u=µM}} ||normal range for [[uric acid]] in [[blood]]<ref name="blood"/>
|-
| {{val|570|u=µM}} || inhaled [[carbon monoxide]] induces unconsciousness in 2–3 breathes and death in < {{val|3|u=min}} ({{val|12800|u=ppm}})<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Goldstein |first1=Mark |title=Carbon Monoxide Poisoning |journal=Journal of Emergency Nursing |date=December 2008 |volume=34 |issue=6 |pages=538–542 |doi=10.1016/j.jen.2007.11.014 |pmid=19022078 }}</ref>
|-
| rowspan=3 | 10<sup>−3</sup>
| rowspan=3 | mM
| {{val|0.32|–|32|u=mM}} || normal range of [[hydronium]] ions in [[gastric acid|stomach acid]] ([[pH]] 1.5–3.5)<ref>{{cite book |vauthors=Marieb EN, Hoehn K |title=Human anatomy & physiology |publisher=Benjamin Cummings |location=San Francisco |year=2010 |pages= |isbn=0-8053-9591-1}}</ref>
|-
| {{val|5.5|u=mM}} || upper bound for healthy [[blood glucose]] when fasting<ref name="type2mayo">{{cite web |title=Type 2 diabetes - Diagnosis and treatment - Mayo Clinic |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/type-2-diabetes/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20351199 |website=www.mayoclinic.org |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| {{val|7.8|u=mM}} || upper bound for healthy [[blood glucose]] 2 hours after eating<ref name="type2mayo"/>
|-
| rowspan=2 | 10<sup>−2</sup>
| rowspan=2 | cM
| {{val|20|u=mM}} || [[neutrino]]s during a [[supernova]], {{val|1|ul=AU}} from the core (10<sup>58</sup> over {{val|10|u=s}})<ref>{{cite web |title=nature physics portal - looking back - Neutrinos and neutrino mass from a supernova |url=https://www.nature.com/physics/looking-back/bahcall/index.html |website=www.nature.com |publisher=Nature Publishing Group 2006 |accessdate=26 November 2018}}</ref>
|-
| {{val|44.6|u=mM}} || pure [[ideal gas]] at {{val|0|u=degC}} and {{val|101.325|u=kPa}}<ref>''V''<sub>m</sub> = 8.3145 × 273.15 / 101.325 = 22.414&nbsp;[[Decimetre|dm]]<sup>3</sup>/mol</ref>
|-
| rowspan=2 | 10<sup>−1</sup>
| rowspan=2 |dM|| {{val|140|u=mM}} || [[sodium]] ions in [[blood plasma]]<ref name="blood"/>
|-
| {{val|480|u=mM}} || [[sodium]] ions in [[seawater]]<ref>0.469 mol/kg at an average density of 1.025 kg/L</ref>
|-
| 10<sup>0</sup> || M || ||
|-
| rowspan="2" |10<sup>1</sup>
| rowspan="2" |daM
| {{val|40|u=M}} || pure [[solid hydrogen]] ({{val|86|ul=g/L}})<ref>{{cite journal|first=James|last=Dewar|year=1899|title=Sur la solidification de l'hydrogène|journal=Annales de Chimie et de Physique|volume=18|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k349183/f143.table|pages=145–150}}</ref>
|-
| {{val|55.5|u=M}} || pure [[water]] at {{val|3.984|u=degC}}, its maximum [[atmospheric pressure|atmospheric]] value ({{val|0.9999720|u=g/cm3}})<ref>{{cite book |editor1-last=Franks |editor1-first=Felix |title=The Physics and Physical Chemistry of Water |date=1974 |publisher=Plenum Press |location=New York |isbn=9781468483345 |page=376 |edition=2}}</ref>
|-
| 10<sup>2</sup> || hM
| {{val|118.8|u=M}} || pure [[osmium]] at {{val|20|u=degC}} ({{val|22.587|u=g/cm3}})<ref name="osmium">{{cite journal|title=Osmium, the Densest Metal Known|author=Arblaster, J. W.|journal=Platinum Metals Review|volume=39|issue=4|year=1995|page=164|url=http://www.platinummetalsreview.com/dynamic/article/view/pmr-v39-i4-164-164}}</ref>
|-
| 10<sup>3</sup> || kM || ||
|-
| 10<sup>4</sup> || || {{val|24|u=kM}} || [[helium]] in the [[solar core]] ({{val|150|u=g/cm3}} ⋅ {{val|65|u=%}})<ref>{{cite web |title=Helio- and Asteroseismology |url=http://solar-center.stanford.edu/helio-ed-mirror/english/engmod-res.html |website=solar-center.stanford.edu |publisher=Stanford SOLAR Center |accessdate=26 November 2018}}</ref>
|-
| 10<sup>5</sup> || || ||
|-
| 10<sup>6</sup> || MM || ||
|-
| 10<sup>7</sup> || || ||
|-
| 10<sup>8</sup> || || {{val|122.2|u=MM}} || [[Electron-degenerate matter|nuclei]] in a [[white dwarf]] from a {{val|3|ul=M_Solar}} progenitor star ({{val|e=6.349|u=g/cm3}})<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Fields |first1=C. E. |last2=Farmer |first2=R. |last3=Petermann |first3=I. |last4=Iliadis |first4=C. |last5=Timmes |first5=F. X. |title=Properties of Carbon-Oxygen White Dwarfs From Monte Carlo Stellar Models |journal=The Astrophysical Journal |date=20 May 2016 |volume=823 |issue=1 |pages=46 |doi=10.3847/0004-637X/823/1/46 |url=https://arxiv.org/abs/1603.06666 |accessdate=30 November 2018}}</ref>
|-
| 10<sup>9</sup> || GM || ||
|-
| 10<sup>12</sup> || TM || ||
|-
| 10<sup>15</sup> || PM || ||
|-
| 10<sup>17</sup> || || {{val|228|u=PM}} || [[nucleon]]s in [[Atomic nucleus|atomic nuclei]] ({{val|2.3e17|u=kg|up=m3}} = {{val|1.37e44|up=m3}})<ref>{{cite web |title=The Atomic Nucleus |url=https://www.cyberphysics.co.uk/topics/atomic/nucleus.htm |website=www.cyberphysics.co.uk |accessdate=26 November 2018}}</ref>
|-
| 10<sup>77</sup> || || {{val|3.9e77|u=M}} || the [[Planck units|Planck]] concentration ({{val|2.4e104|up=m3}}), inverse of the Planck volume
|-
|}

==SI multiples==
{{SI multiples|unit=molar|symbol=M}}

==See also==
* [[Molarity]]
* [[Osmolarity]]
* [[Metric system]]
* [[Scientific notation]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Orders of magnitude}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Orders Of Magnitude (Molar concentration)}}
[[Category:Chemical properties]]
[[Category:Orders of magnitude|Molar concentration]]

Revision as of 20:34, 30 November 2018

This page lists examples of the orders of magnitude of molar concentration. Source values are parenthesized where unit conversions were performed.

All orders

List of orders of magnitude for molar concentration
Factor (Molarity) SI prefix Value Item
10−24 yM 1.66 yM 1 elementary entity per litre[1]
10−23
10−22
10−21 zM 3.6 zM solar neutrinos on Earth (6.5×1010 /cm2⋅s)[2]
10−20 12 zM radon in ambient, outdoor air in the United States (0.4 pCi/L ≈ 7000/L)[3]
10−19
10−18 aM
10−17
10−16
10−15 fM 2 fM bacteria in surface seawater (1×109/L)[4]
10−14 20 fM virions in surface layer North Atlantic seawater (10×109/L)[5]
50–100 fM gold in seawater[6]
10−13
10−12 pM 7.51–9.80 pM normal range for erythrocytes in blood in an adult male ((4.52–5.90)×1012/L)[7][8]
10−11 10–100 pM gold in undersea hydrothermal fluids[6]
10−10 170 pM upper bound for healthy insulin when fasting[9]
10−9 nM 5 nM inhaled osmium tetroxide is immediately dangerous to life or health (1 mg Os/m3)[10]
10−8
10−7 101 nM hydronium and hydroxide ions in pure water at 25 °C (pKW = 13.99)[11]
10−6 µM
10−5
10−4 180–480 µM normal range for uric acid in blood[7]
570 µM inhaled carbon monoxide induces unconsciousness in 2–3 breathes and death in < 3 min (12800 ppm)[12]
10−3 mM 0.32–32 mM normal range of hydronium ions in stomach acid (pH 1.5–3.5)[13]
5.5 mM upper bound for healthy blood glucose when fasting[14]
7.8 mM upper bound for healthy blood glucose 2 hours after eating[14]
10−2 cM 20 mM neutrinos during a supernova, 1 AU from the core (1058 over 10 s)[15]
44.6 mM pure ideal gas at 0 °C and 101.325 kPa[16]
10−1 dM 140 mM sodium ions in blood plasma[7]
480 mM sodium ions in seawater[17]
100 M
101 daM 40 M pure solid hydrogen (86 g/L)[18]
55.5 M pure water at 3.984 °C, its maximum atmospheric value (0.9999720 g/cm3)[19]
102 hM 118.8 M pure osmium at 20 °C (22.587 g/cm3)[20]
103 kM
104 24 kM helium in the solar core (150 g/cm3 ⋅ 65%)[21]
105
106 MM
107
108 122.2 MM nuclei in a white dwarf from a 3 M☉ progenitor star (106.349 g/cm3)[22]
109 GM
1012 TM
1015 PM
1017 228 PM nucleons in atomic nuclei (2.3×1017 kg/m3 = 1.37×1044/m3)[23]
1077 3.9×1077 M the Planck concentration (2.4×10104/m3), inverse of the Planck volume

SI multiples

SI multiples of molar (M)
Submultiples Multiples
Value SI symbol Name Value SI symbol Name
10−1 M dM decimolar 101 M daM decamolar
10−2 M cM centimolar 102 M hM hectomolar
10−3 M mM millimolar 103 M kM kilomolar
10−6 M μM micromolar 106 M MM megamolar
10−9 M nM nanomolar 109 M GM gigamolar
10−12 M pM picomolar 1012 M TM teramolar
10−15 M fM femtomolar 1015 M PM petamolar
10−18 M aM attomolar 1018 M EM examolar
10−21 M zM zeptomolar 1021 M ZM zettamolar
10−24 M yM yoctomolar 1024 M YM yottamolar
10−27 M rM rontomolar 1027 M RM ronnamolar
10−30 M qM quectomolar 1030 M QM quettamolar

See also

References

  1. ^ 1/L ÷ NA ≈ 1.66 yM
  2. ^ Bahcall, John N.; Serenelli, Aldo M.; Basu, Sarbani (1 March 2005). "New Solar Opacities, Abundances, Helioseismology, and Neutrino Fluxes". The Astrophysical Journal. 621 (1): L85 – L88. doi:10.1086/428929. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
  3. ^ "Radon Toxicity Case Study: What are the Standards and Regulations for Environmental Radon Levels? | ATSDR - Environmental Medicine & Environmental Health Education - CSEM". www.atsdr.cdc.gov. CDC. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
  4. ^ Gamfeldt, Lars; Lefcheck, Jonathan S.; Byrnes, Jarrett E. K.; Cardinale, Bradley J.; Duffy, J. Emmett; Griffin, John N. (March 2015). "Marine biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: what's known and what's next?". Oikos. 124 (3): 252–265. doi:10.1111/oik.01549.
  5. ^ Bergh, Øivind; Børsheim, Knut Yngve; Bratbak, Gunnar; Heldal, Mikal (August 1989). "High abundance of viruses found in aquatic environments". Nature. 340 (6233): 467–468. doi:10.1038/340467a0. ISSN 0028-0836. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
  6. ^ a b "Gold in seawater". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 98 (2): 208–221. 1 May 1990. doi:10.1016/0012-821X(90)90060-B. ISSN 0012-821X. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
  7. ^ a b c Reference ranges for blood tests
  8. ^ "Erythrocyte Count (RBC): Reference Range, Interpretation, Collection and Panels". Medscape. 7 January 2017. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
  9. ^ "Insulin: Reference Range, Interpretation, Collection and Panels". Medscape. WebMD. 22 April 2018. Retrieved 30 November 2018.
  10. ^ "CDC - Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH): Osmium tetroxide (as Os) - NIOSH Publications and Products". www.cdc.gov. CDC. 2 November 2018. Retrieved 28 November 2018.
  11. ^ Bandura, Andrei V.; Lvov, Serguei N. (2006). "The Ionization Constant of Water over Wide Ranges of Temperature and Density" (PDF). Journal of Physical and Chemical Reference Data. 35 (1): 15–30. Bibcode:2006JPCRD..35...15B. doi:10.1063/1.1928231.
  12. ^ Goldstein, Mark (December 2008). "Carbon Monoxide Poisoning". Journal of Emergency Nursing. 34 (6): 538–542. doi:10.1016/j.jen.2007.11.014. PMID 19022078.
  13. ^ Marieb EN, Hoehn K (2010). Human anatomy & physiology. San Francisco: Benjamin Cummings. ISBN 0-8053-9591-1.
  14. ^ a b "Type 2 diabetes - Diagnosis and treatment - Mayo Clinic". www.mayoclinic.org.
  15. ^ "nature physics portal - looking back - Neutrinos and neutrino mass from a supernova". www.nature.com. Nature Publishing Group 2006. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
  16. ^ Vm = 8.3145 × 273.15 / 101.325 = 22.414 dm3/mol
  17. ^ 0.469 mol/kg at an average density of 1.025 kg/L
  18. ^ Dewar, James (1899). "Sur la solidification de l'hydrogène". Annales de Chimie et de Physique. 18: 145–150.
  19. ^ Franks, Felix, ed. (1974). The Physics and Physical Chemistry of Water (2 ed.). New York: Plenum Press. p. 376. ISBN 9781468483345.
  20. ^ Arblaster, J. W. (1995). "Osmium, the Densest Metal Known". Platinum Metals Review. 39 (4): 164.
  21. ^ "Helio- and Asteroseismology". solar-center.stanford.edu. Stanford SOLAR Center. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
  22. ^ Fields, C. E.; Farmer, R.; Petermann, I.; Iliadis, C.; Timmes, F. X. (20 May 2016). "Properties of Carbon-Oxygen White Dwarfs From Monte Carlo Stellar Models". The Astrophysical Journal. 823 (1): 46. doi:10.3847/0004-637X/823/1/46. Retrieved 30 November 2018.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  23. ^ "The Atomic Nucleus". www.cyberphysics.co.uk. Retrieved 26 November 2018.
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