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Synonyms include ''Verbena'' ''approximata'' Briq., ''Verbena'' ''brasiliensis'' var. ''brasiliensis'', ''Verbena'' ''brasiliensis'' var. ''subglabrata'' Moldenke, ''Verbena'' ''chacensis'' Moldenke, ''Verbena'' ''hansenii'' Greene, ''Verbena'' ''isabellei'' Briq., ''Verbena'' ''litoralis'' f. ''angustifolia'' Chodat, ''Verbena'' ''litoralis'' var. ''brasiliensis'' (Vell.) Briq. ex Munir, ''Verbena'' ''litoralis'' f. ''congesta'' (Moldenke) Moldenke,''Verbena'' ''litoralis'' var. ''congesta'' Moldenke, ''Verbena'' ''quadrangularis'' Vell., and ''Verbena paucifolia'' Turczaninow Bull. Soc. Imp.<ref name=":42" /> <ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-212136|title=Verbena brasiliensis Vell. — The Plant List|website=www.theplantlist.org|language=en|access-date=2018-11-19}}</ref>
Synonyms include ''Verbena'' ''approximata'' Briq., ''Verbena'' ''brasiliensis'' var. ''brasiliensis'', ''Verbena'' ''brasiliensis'' var. ''subglabrata'' Moldenke, ''Verbena'' ''chacensis'' Moldenke, ''Verbena'' ''hansenii'' Greene, ''Verbena'' ''isabellei'' Briq., ''Verbena'' ''litoralis'' f. ''angustifolia'' Chodat, ''Verbena'' ''litoralis'' var. ''brasiliensis'' (Vell.) Briq. ex Munir, ''Verbena'' ''litoralis'' f. ''congesta'' (Moldenke) Moldenke,''Verbena'' ''litoralis'' var. ''congesta'' Moldenke, ''Verbena'' ''quadrangularis'' Vell., and ''Verbena paucifolia'' Turczaninow Bull. Soc. Imp.<ref name=":42" /> <ref name=":12">{{Cite web|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-212136|title=Verbena brasiliensis Vell. — The Plant List|website=www.theplantlist.org|language=en|access-date=2018-11-19}}</ref>

== Distribution ==
''Verbena brasiliensis'' is currently found in many regions, including North America, Oceania, Africa, Asia, and Europe, where it is largely considered invasive. ''Verbena brasiliensis'' is native in South America, specifically, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Columbia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, and Uruguay. There, it grows in dry conditions on agricultural fields and is considered a weed. In locations where it is invasive, it grows well in man-made areas or riverine environments, where the habitat tends to face change. <ref name=":02">{{Cite journal|last=Verloove|first=Filip|date=2006|title=Verbena brasiliensis (Verbenaceae), a New Record for the Flora of Georgia (Former USSR)|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/20649710|journal=Systematics and Geography of Plants|volume=76|issue=2|pages=185–189}}</ref> In the United States, it is found mostly in grasslands, rangelands, riparian zones, urban areas, and wetlands. <ref name=":52">{{Cite web|url=https://www.texasinvasives.org/plant_database/detail.php?symbol=VEBR2|title=Texas Invasives|website=www.texasinvasives.org|access-date=2018-11-25}}</ref> The US states where the plant has thus far been introduced include Oregon, California, Texas, Oklahoma, Missouri, Arkansas, Louisiana, Kentucky, Tennessee, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, South Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia, and Hawaii.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/kew-212136|title=Verbena brasiliensis Vell. — The Plant List|website=www.theplantlist.org|language=en|access-date=2018-11-19}}</ref>

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==Footnotes==
==Footnotes==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}

Revision as of 19:41, 7 December 2018

"Brazilian verbena" and "Brazilian vervain" redirect here. See also below for a common misapplication of those names.

Verbena brasiliensis
Inflorescences with ichneumon wasp pollinator
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Lamiales
Family: Verbenaceae
Genus: Verbena
Species:
V. brasiliensis
Binomial name
Verbena brasiliensis
Vell.
Synonyms

Verbena bonariensis auct. non L.

Verbena brasiliensis, the Brazilian verbena or Brazilian vervain, is a flowering plant species from the vervain family (Verbenaceae). It is native to parts of South America, namely Brazil, but has spread its range in recent times and has occasionally become an invasive weed.

In the past, several botanists have mistakenly applied the scientific name of the purpletop vervain, V. bonariensis, to this species.[1] As a consequence, the common names "Brazilian verbena" and "Brazilian vervain" are sometimes erroneously applied to the purpletop vervain.[2]

Introduction

Verbena brasiliensis is an herbaceous plant in the family Verbenaceae and the order Lamiales. It is an annual plant with purple flowers, and it has been introduced outside of its native range as an ornamental plant, and is now largely considered an invasive weed in these regions.[3] [4]

Description

Verbena brasiliensis is an erect herb with serrate leaves and overlapping fruits.[5] Its flowers are usually purplish in color.[6] This plant exhibits a terminal inflorescence, with flowers grouped closely together. [7] It grows as a forb, herb, or subshrub.[8] The stems are roughly 1 meter tall and mostly glabrous below and scabrous-pubescent above. While the lower branches exhibit opposite arrangement, the upper branches grow in an irregular formation. The stem is mildly indented at the nodes. The leaves are membranaceous and have connate bases and have a mildly pubescent underside. The calyx of the flowers is about 3 mm long, five-lobed, and tubular. Nerves in the calyx extend beyond the lobes to form teeth. The posterior nerve is always shortest. The corolla is formed of fused petals that spread open at the end, and is just a little longer than the calyx. The flower possesses reproductive organs of both sexes. The ovary is superior and bicarpellary. The fruit is a schizocarp, a type of dry fruit that splits when mature. It is encased in the calyx, and released by the shortest posterior nerve of the calyx. The nutlets are triangular in cross section and are about 2 mm long each. Four nutlets are generally produced by each fruit, with two per each carpel.[9] Verbena brasiliensis reproduces sexually via seed production. [10]

Verbena brasiliensis is often confused with Verbena litoralis because they are found in similar habitats. However, their infloresences are different enough to easily separate the species. Verbena brasiliensis has short and compact spikes in open cymes, whereas Verbena litoralis has longer spikes that are arranged in paniculate cymes.[9]

Taxonomy

Verbena brasiliensis was described by Vellozo and published in Florae Fluminensis in 1829. The type is a lectotype located in Rio de Janeiro.[11] [12]

Synonyms include Verbena approximata Briq., Verbena brasiliensis var. brasiliensis, Verbena brasiliensis var. subglabrata Moldenke, Verbena chacensis Moldenke, Verbena hansenii Greene, Verbena isabellei Briq., Verbena litoralis f. angustifolia Chodat, Verbena litoralis var. brasiliensis (Vell.) Briq. ex Munir, Verbena litoralis f. congesta (Moldenke) Moldenke,Verbena litoralis var. congesta Moldenke, Verbena quadrangularis Vell., and Verbena paucifolia Turczaninow Bull. Soc. Imp.[11] [13]

Distribution

Verbena brasiliensis is currently found in many regions, including North America, Oceania, Africa, Asia, and Europe, where it is largely considered invasive. Verbena brasiliensis is native in South America, specifically, Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Columbia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru, and Uruguay. There, it grows in dry conditions on agricultural fields and is considered a weed. In locations where it is invasive, it grows well in man-made areas or riverine environments, where the habitat tends to face change. [14] In the United States, it is found mostly in grasslands, rangelands, riparian zones, urban areas, and wetlands. [15] The US states where the plant has thus far been introduced include Oregon, California, Texas, Oklahoma, Missouri, Arkansas, Louisiana, Kentucky, Tennessee, Mississippi, Alabama, Georgia, Florida, South Carolina, North Carolina, Virginia, and Hawaii.[16]


Footnotes

  1. ^ USDA (2008)
  2. ^ E.g. USDA (2007)
  3. ^ "Texas Invasives". www.texasinvasives.org. Retrieved 2018-11-25.
  4. ^ "Plants Profile for Verbena brasiliensis (Brazilian vervain)". plants.usda.gov. Retrieved 2018-11-19.
  5. ^ Weakley, Alan S. (2015). Flora of the Southern and Mid-Atlantic States. pp. 1057–1058.
  6. ^ Yeo, P. F. (1990). "A Re-Definition of Verbena brasiliensis". Kew Bulletin. 45 (1): 101–120. doi:10.2307/4114439.
  7. ^ Verloove, Filip (2006). "Verbena brasiliensis (Verbenaceae), a New Record for the Flora of Georgia (Former USSR)". Systematics and Geography of Plants. 76 (2): 185–189.
  8. ^ "Plants Profile for Verbena brasiliensis (Brazilian vervain)". plants.usda.gov. Retrieved 2018-11-19.
  9. ^ a b Perry, Lily M. (1933). "A Revision of the North American Species of Verbena". Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden. 20 (2): 239–362. doi:10.2307/2394217.
  10. ^ www.upane.it, Upane -. "GISD". www.iucngisd.org. Retrieved 2018-11-21.
  11. ^ a b "Verbena brasiliensis - Species Page - APA: Alabama Plant Atlas". atlas.uwa.edu. Retrieved 2018-11-25.
  12. ^ "IPNI Plant Name Details". www.ipni.org. Retrieved 2018-11-19.
  13. ^ "Verbena brasiliensis Vell. — The Plant List". www.theplantlist.org. Retrieved 2018-11-19.
  14. ^ Verloove, Filip (2006). "Verbena brasiliensis (Verbenaceae), a New Record for the Flora of Georgia (Former USSR)". Systematics and Geography of Plants. 76 (2): 185–189.
  15. ^ "Texas Invasives". www.texasinvasives.org. Retrieved 2018-11-25.
  16. ^ "Verbena brasiliensis Vell. — The Plant List". www.theplantlist.org. Retrieved 2018-11-19.

References


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