Jump to content

Miami people: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
m Reverting possible vandalism by 209.56.196.3 to version by Indyguy. Report False Positive? Thanks, ClueBot NG. (3549073) (Bot)
←Replaced content with 'ME WAS HEAR'
Tags: Replaced Visual edit
Line 1: Line 1:
ME WAS HEAR
{{About|the Native American tribe originating in the Great Lakes region|the tribe in Florida|Mayaimi}}
{{about|the tribe as a whole|the relocated branch|Miami Tribe of Oklahoma}}
{{For|notable people from the city of Miami|List of people from Miami}}
{{Infobox ethnic group
|group=Miami<br>''Myaamiaki''
|image=[[File:Kee-món-saw, Little Chief, a Chief (George Catlin).jpg|200px]]
|image_caption=''Kee-món-saw, Little Chief'', Miami chief, painted by [[George Catlin]], 1830
|population=3,908 (2011)<ref>[http://www.ok.gov/oiac/documents/2011.FINAL.WEB.pdf 2011 Oklahoma Indian Nations Pocket Pictorial Directory.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512000000/http://www.ok.gov/oiac/documents/2011.FINAL.WEB.pdf |date=2012-05-12 }} ''Oklahoma Indian Affairs Commission.'' 2011: 21. Retrieved 30 June 2013.</ref>
|popplace=[[United States]]<br>
[[Oklahoma]] and [[Indiana]]
|rels=[[Christianity]], Traditional tribal religion
|langs=[[English language|English]], [[French language|French]], [[Miami-Illinois language|Miami-Illinois]]
|related=[[Peoria (tribe)|Peoria]], [[Kaskaskia]], [[Piankashaw]], [[Wea]], [[Illinois Confederation|Illinois]], and other [[Algonquian peoples]]
}}

The '''Miami''' ([[Miami-Illinois language|Miami-Illinois]]: ''Myaamiaki'') are a [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] nation originally speaking one of the [[Algonquian languages]]. Among the peoples known as the [[Great Lakes]] tribes, it occupied territory that is now identified as [[Indiana]], southwest [[Michigan]], and western [[Ohio]]. By 1846, most of the Miami had been removed to Indian Territory (now Oklahoma). The [[Miami Tribe of Oklahoma]] is the only [[federally recognized tribe]] of Miami Indians in the United States. The [[Miami Nation of Indiana]] is an [[unrecognized tribe]].

==Name==
The name Miami derives from ''Myaamia'' (plural ''Myaamiaki''), the tribe's [[endonym|autonym]] (name for themselves) in their [[Algonquian languages|Algonquian language]] of [[Miami-Illinois]]. This appears to have been derived from an older term meaning "downstream people." Some scholars contended the Miami called themselves the '''Twightwee''' (also spelled ''Twatwa''), supposedly an [[onomatopoeia|onomatopoeic]] reference to their [[sacred]] bird, the [[sandhill crane]]. Recent studies have shown that ''Twightwee'' derives from the [[Delaware language]] [[exonym]] for the Miamis, ''tuwéhtuwe'', a name of unknown etymology.<ref>{{cite book| last= Costa| first= David J.| year= 2000| chapter= Miami-Illinois Tribe Names| editor-first= John| editor-last= Nichols| title= Papers of the Thirty-first Algonquian Conference| pages= 30–53| location= Winnipeg| publisher= University of Manitoba}}</ref> Some Miami have stated that this was only a name used by other tribes for the Miami, and not their autonym. They also called themselves ''Mihtohseeniaki'' (the people). The Miami continue to use this autonym today.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Name
! Source<ref name=Kubiak>{{cite book| title= Great Lakes Indians; A Pictorial Guide| last= Kubiak| first= William J.| publisher= Baker Book House Company| year= 1970}}</ref>
! Name
! Source<ref name=Kubiak/>
|-
| Maiama
|
| Maumee
| later French
|-
| Meames
|
| Memilounique
| French
|-
| Metouseceprinioueks
|
| Myamicks
|
|-
| Naked Indians
|
| Nation de la Grue
| French
|-
| Omameeg
|
| Omaumeg
| Chippewa
|-
| Oumami (or Oumiami)
|
| Oumamik
| 1st French
|-
| Piankashaw
|
| Quikties
|
|-
| Tawatawas
|
| Titwa
|
|-
| Tuihtuihronoons
|
| Twechtweys
|
|-
| Twightwees
| Delaware
| Wea
| band
|-
|}
{{clear}}

==History==

===Prehistory===
{{Infobox
| title = Known locations of the Miami during the [[Beaver Wars|Iroquois War years]]
| label1 = 1654
| data1 = Fox River, southwest of Lake Winnebago
| label2 = 1670–95
| data2 = Wisconsin River, below the Portage to the Fox River
| label3 = 1673
| data3 = Niles, Michigan
| label4 = 1679–81
| data4 = Fort Miamis, at St. Joseph, Michigan
| label5 = 1680
| data5 = Fort Chicago
| label6 = 1682–2014
| data6 = Fort St. Louis, at Starved Rock, Illinois
| label7 = 1687
| data7 = Calumet River, at Blue Island, Illinois
| label8 = c. 1691
| data8 = Wabash River, at the mouth of the Tippecanoe River
| below = <ref name=Tanner>{{cite book| last= Tanner| first= Helen Hornbeck |title= Atlas of Great Lakes Indian History| year= 1987| publisher= University of Oklahoma Press| isbn= 9780806120560}}</ref><ref name=Rafert>{{cite book| title= The Miami Indians of Indiana: A Persistent People, 1654–1994| first= Stewart |last= Rafert| publisher= Indiana Historical Society| year= 2016| isbn= 9780871951328}}</ref>
}}

Early Miami people are considered to belong to the Fischer Tradition of [[Mississippian culture]].<ref>{{cite book| last1= Emerson| first1= Thomas E.| first2= R. Barry| last2= Lewis| title= Cahokia and the Hinterlands: Middle Mississippian Cultures of the Midwest| place= Champaign, Illinois| publisher= University of Illinois Press| year= 2000| page= 17| isbn= 978-0-252-06878-2}}</ref> Mississippian societies were characterized by [[maize]]-based agriculture, [[chiefdom]]-level social organization, extensive regional trade networks, [[hierarchical]] settlement patterns, and other factors. The historical Miami engaged in hunting, as did other Mississippian peoples.

During historic times, the Miami were known to have migrated south and eastwards from [[Wisconsin]] from the mid-17th century to the mid-18th century, by which time they had settled on the upper [[Wabash River]] in what is now northwestern Ohio. The migration was likely a result of their being invaded during the protracted [[Beaver Wars]] by the more powerful [[Iroquois]], who traveled far in strong organized groups (war parties) from their territory in central and western [[New York (state)|New York]] for better hunting during the peak of the eastern [[beaver]] [[fur trade]]r days. The Dutch and French traders and, after 1652, the British fueled demand. The warfare and social disruption contributed to the decimation of Native American populations, but the major factor were fatalities from infectious diseases for which they had no [[immunity (medical)|immunity]].

'''Historic locations'''<ref name=Kubiak />
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Year
! Location
|-
| 1658
| Northeast of Lake Winnebago, Wisconsin (Fr)
|-
| 1667
| Mississippi Valley of Wisconsin
|-
| 1670
| Head of the Fox River, Wisconsin; Chicago village
|-
| 1673
| St. Joseph River Village, Michigan (River of the Miamis) (Fr),
|-
|
| Kalamazoo River Village, Michigan
|-
| 1703
| Detroit village, Michigan
|-
| 1720–63
| Miami River locations, Ohio
|-
|
| Scioto River village (near Columbus), Ohio
|-
| 1764
| Wabash River villages
|-
|}
{{clear}}

===European contact===
[[File:Little Turtle.jpg|thumb|200px|Lithograph of [[Little Turtle]] is reputedly based upon a lost portrait by [[Gilbert Stuart]], destroyed when the British [[Burning of Washington|burned Washington, D.C.]] in 1814.<ref>Carter, ''Life and Times'', 62–3.</ref>]]
[[File:Pacanne.jpg|thumb|200px|Miami chief [[Pacanne]]]]

When [[France|French]] [[missionaries]] first encountered the Miami in the mid-17th century, the [[indigenous people]] were living around the western shores of [[Lake Michigan]]. The Miami had reportedly moved there because of pressure from the [[Iroquois]] further east. Early French explorers noticed many linguistic and cultural similarities between the Miami bands and the [[Illiniwek]], a loose confederacy of Algonquian-speaking peoples.

At this time, the major bands of the Miami were:
*'''Atchakangouen''', '''Atchatchakangouen''', '''Atchakangouen''', '''Greater Miami''' or '''Crane Band''' (named after their leading clan, largest Miami band - their main village was [[Kekionga|Kekionga / Kiihkayonki]] ("blackberry bush") at the confluence of the [[St. Joseph River (Maumee River)|Saint Joseph (Kociihsa Siipiiwi)]] (″Bean River″), [[St. Marys River (Indiana and Ohio)|Saint Marys (Nameewa Siipiiwi/Mameewa Siipiiwi)]] (″River of the [[Atlantic sturgeon]]″) and [[Maumee River|Maumee River (Taawaawa Siipiiwi)]] (″River of the [[Odawa]]″) on the western edge of the [[Great Black Swamp]] in present-day Indiana - this place was although called ''saakiiweeki taawaawa siipiiwi'' (lit. ″the confluence of the Maumee River″); ''Kekionga / Kiihkayonki'' was although the capital of the Miami confederacy)
*'''Kilatika''', '''Kilatak''', '''Kiratika''' called by the French, later known by the English as '''[[Eel River tribe|Eel River Band ''of Miamis'']]'''; autonym: '''Kineepikomeekwaki''' (″People along the Snake-Fish-River, i.e. Eel River″, their main village ''Kineepikwameekwa/Kenapekwamakwah/Kenapocomoco'' ("Snake-Fish-Town" or "Eel River Village") moved its location from the headwaters of the [[Eel River (Wabash River)|Eel River (Kineepikwameekwa Siipiiwi)]] ("Snake-Fish-River") (near Logansport, Indiana) down to its mouth into the [[Wabash River|Wabash River (Waapaahšiki Siipiiwi)]] (″Shining White River/Bright Shiny River″) (near Columbia City, Indiana) in northern Indiana; the ''Kilatika Band'' of the French years had their main village at the confluence of the [[Kankakee River]] and [[Des Plaines River]]s to form the Illinois River about 16&nbsp;km southwest of today's [[Joliet, Illinois]])
*'''Mengakonkia''' or '''Mengkonkia''', [[Michikinikwa]] ("Little Turtle")' people
*'''Pepikokia''', '''Pepicokea''', later known as '''Tepicon Band''' or '''Tippecanoe Band'''; autonym: '''Kiteepihkwana''' (″People of the Place of the buffalo fish″), their main village ''Kithtippecanuck / Kiteepihkwana'' (″Place of the [[Ictiobus|buffalo fish]]″) moved its location various times from the headwaters of the [[Tippecanoe River|Tippecanoe River (Kiteepihkwana siipiiwi)]] (″River of the buffalo fish″) (east of Old Tip Town, Indiana) to its mouth into the Wabash River (Waapaahšiki Siipiiwi) (near Lafayette, Indiana) - sometimes although known as ''Nation de la Gruë'' or ''Miamis of [[Meramec River]]'', possibly the name of a Miami-Illinois band named ''Myaarameekwa'' (″Ugly Fish, i.e. [[Catfish]] Band″) that lived along the Meramec River (″River of the ugly fish″)<ref>http://www.meramecrivermonitor.com/MeramecThenandNow-Revised.pdf REVISED-2003 Updates on River and Place Names Origins,
Plus Meramec River Source</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://ozarkoutdoors.net/meramec-river-history-name-origins/|title=Meramec River Name Origin - Ozark Outdoors Riverfront Resort|author=|date=|website=ozarkoutdoors.net|accessdate=22 March 2018}}</ref>
*'''[[Piankeshaw]]''', '''Piankashaw''', '''Pianguichia'''; autonym: '''Peeyankihšiaki''' (″those who separate″ or ″those who split of″) lived in several villages along the [[White River (Indiana)|White River]]{{efn|West Fork of the White River was known to the native Miami-Illinois peoples as ''Wapahani'', meaning ″white sands″ or ''Waapi-nipi Siipiiwi'', meaning ″white lake river″.}} in western Indiana, the [[Vermilion River (Wabash River)|Vermilion River (Peeyankihšiaki Siipiiwi)]] (″River of the Peeyankihšiaki/Piankashaw″)<ref>{{cite web |url =http://genealogytrails.com/ill/vermilion/piankeshaw.html|title=piankeshaw Indian Village of Vermilion County, IL |first =K.|last= Torp|date= |website=genealogytrails.com|accessdate=22 March 2018}}</ref> and Wabash Rivers (Waapaahšiki Siipiiwi) in Illinois and later along the [[Great Miami River|Great Miami River (Ahsenisiipi)]] (″Rocky River″) in western Ohio, their first main village ''Peeyankihšionki'' (″Place of the Peeyankihšiaki/Piankashaw″) was at the confluence of Vermilion River and the Wabash River (near [[Cayuga, Indiana]]) - one minor settlement was at the confluence of the main tributaries of the Vermilion River (near [[Danville, Illinois]]), the second important settlement was named ''Aciipihkahkionki / Chippekawkay / Chippecoke'' (″Place of the ''edible'' Root″) and was situated at the mouth of the [[Embarras River (Illinois)|Embarras River]] in the Wabash River (near [[Vincennes, Indiana]]), in the 18th century a third settlement outside the historic Wabash River Valley named ''[[Pickawillany|Pinkwaawilenionki / Pickawillany]]'' (″Ash Place″) was erected along the Great Miami River (which developed into [[Piqua, Ohio]]){{efn|Both the Piankashaw and the Wea are known in historic sources as ''Newcalenous'' because of their close relationship.}}<ref name= Baxter4>{{cite book |last=Baxter |first=Nancy Niblack |year=1987 |title=The Miamis! |publisher=Emmis Books |isbn=0-9617367-3-9}}</ref>
*'''[[Wea]]''', '''Wiatonon''', '''Ouiatanon''' or '''Ouaouiatanoukak'''; autonym: '''Waayaahtanooki''' or '''Waayaahtanwa''' (″People of the place of the whirlpool″), because their main village ''Waayaahtanonki'' (″Place of the [[whirlpool]]″) was at the riverside where a whirlpool was in the river, under the term "[[Ouiatanon]]" was both referred to a group of extinct five Wea settlements or to their historic tribal lands along the Middle Wabash Valley between the Eel River to the north and the Vermilion River to the south, the ″real″ ''Quiatanon'' at the mouth of the Wea Creek into the Wabash River was their main village{{efn|The common tribal name as ''Wea'' developed through by poor pronunciation and [[orthography]] by the French as well through shortened [[Transcription (linguistics)|transcription]] by the British, since the French pronounced ''Wiatanon'', but used the letters "[[Ou (digraph)|Ou]]" to reproduce the letter "[[W]]", so that they finally wrote the name as ''Ouiatanon''; the British, on the other hand, first expressed the French name as ''Wiatanon'', later they shortened it simply to ''Wea''.}}<ref>{{cite web| work= myaamiahistory.wordpress.com| url= https://myaamiahistory.wordpress.com/2010/12/16/walking-myaamionki/ |title= Walking Myaamionki: Quelle für Siedlungs-, Flüsse, Orts- sowie Eigennamen der einzelnen Bands}}</ref><ref name= Anson13>{{cite book |last=Anson |first=Bert |year=2000 |title=The Miami Indians |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |location=Norman, Oklahoma |isbn=0-8061-3197-7| page= 13}}</ref>

In 1696, the [[Comte de Frontenac]] appointed [[Jean Baptiste Bissot, Sieur de Vincennes]] as commander of the French outposts in northeast [[Indiana]] and southwest Michigan. He befriended the Miami people, settling first at the [[St. Joseph River (Lake Michigan)|St. Joseph River]], and, in 1704, establishing a trading post and fort at ''[[Kekionga]]'', present-day [[Fort Wayne, Indiana]].<ref name="Vincennes1">{{cite encyclopedia| title= Vincennes, Sieur de (Jean Baptiste Bissot| work= The Encyclopedia Americana| location= Danbury, Connecticut| publisher= Grolier| year= 1990| volume= 28| page= 130}}</ref>

By the 18th century, the Miami had for the most part returned to their homeland in present-day Indiana and Ohio. The eventual victory of the [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] in the [[French and Indian War]] ([[Seven Years' War]]) led to an increased British presence in traditional Miami areas.

Shifting alliances and the gradual encroachment of European-American settlement led to some Miami bands merging. Native Americans created larger tribal confederacies led by Chief [[Little Turtle]]; their alliances were for waging war against Europeans and to fight advancing white settlement. By the end of the century, the tribal divisions were three: the Miami, ''[[Piankeshaw]]'', and ''[[Wea]]''.

The latter two groups were closely aligned with some of the [[Illiniwek|Illini]] tribes. The US government later included them with the Illini for administrative purposes. The [[Eel River tribe|Eel River band]] maintained a somewhat separate status, which proved beneficial in the [[Indian Removal Act|removals]] of the 19th century. The nation's traditional capital was ''Kekionga''.

====Locations====
'''French years'''<ref name=Tanner /><ref name=Rafert />
*1718–94 Kekionga, Portage of the [[Maumee River|Maumee]] and [[Wabash River|Wabash]] rivers, [[Fort Wayne, Indiana]]
*1720–49 Portage of the [[Great Miami River|Miami River]], [[St. Joseph River (Maumee River)|St. Joseph]] and [[Kankakee River|Kankakee]] rivers
*unknown - 1733 Tepicon of the Wabash, Fort Ouiatenon, [[Lafayette, Indiana]]
*1733–51 Tepicon of the Tippecanoe, headwaters of the [[Tippecanoe River]] near [[Warsaw, Indiana|Warsaw]]
*1748–52 Pickawillany, Piqua on the [[Great Miami River]] in Ohio
*1752 Headwaters of the [[Eel River (Wabash River)|Eel River]], southwest of [[Columbia City, Indiana]]
*1752 Le Gris, Maumee River (Miami River), east of Fort Wayne

'''British years'''<ref name=Tanner /><ref name=Rafert />
*1763 Captured British at Fort Miami (1760–63) as a part of the [[Pontiac's Rebellion]]
*1774 Warriors participated in Lord [[Dunmore's War]] in Ohio
*1778 Kenapacomaqua, Wabash at the mouth of the Eel River, [[Logansport, Indiana]]
*1780 October&nbsp;— [[Augustin de La Balme|Agustin Mottin de La Balme]] (French, from [[St. Louis, Missouri|St. Louis]]) headed a raid of [[Detroit]]. Stopped and destroyed Kekionga. La Balme withdrew to the west, where Little Turtle destroyed the raiders, killing one third of them, on the 5th of November.

===United States and Tribal Divide===
[[File:Indiana Indian treaties.jpg|right|thumb|Miami treaties in Indiana]]
[[File:Bandera Miami Nation.PNG|200px|thumb|left|[[Miami Tribe of Oklahoma]] flag]]
[[File:Flag of the Miami Nation of Indiana.PNG|200px|thumb|left|[[Miami Nation of Indiana]] flag.]]
The Miami had mixed relations with the United States. Some villages of the Piankeshaw openly supported the American rebel colonists during the [[American Revolution]], while the villages around ''[[Ouiatenon]]'' were openly hostile. The Miami of Kekionga remained allies of the British, but were not openly hostile to the United States (US) (except when attacked by [[Augustin de La Balme]] in 1780).

The U.S. government did not trust their neutrality, however. US forces attacked Kekionga several times during the [[Northwest Indian War]] shortly after the [[American Revolution]]. Each attack was repulsed, including the battle known as [[St. Clair's Defeat]], recognized as the worst defeat of an American army by Native Americans in U.S. history.<ref>{{cite book| editor-last1= Sisson| editor-first1= Richard| editor-last2= Zacher| editor-first2= Christian| editor-last3= Cayton| editor-first3= Andrew |year= 2007| title= The American Midwest: An Interpretive Encyclopedia| page= 1749| publisher= Indiana University Press| isbn= 0-253-34886-2}}</ref> The [[Northwest Indian War]] ended with the [[Battle of Fallen Timbers]] and [[Treaty of Greenville]]. Those Miami who still resented the United States gathered around Ouiatenon and [[Prophetstown State Park|Prophetstown]], where [[Shawnee]] Chief [[Tecumseh]] led a coalition of Native American nations. Territorial governor [[William Henry Harrison]] and his forces destroyed Prophetstown in 1811, then used the [[War of 1812]] as pretext for attacks on Miami villages throughout the Indiana Territory.

The [[Treaty of Mississinwas]], signed in 1826, forced the Miami to cede most of their land to the US government. It also allowed Miami lands to be held as private property by individuals, where the tribe had formerly held the land in common. At the time of Indian Removal in 1846, those Miami who held separate allotments of land were allowed to stay as citizens in Indiana. Those who affiliated with the tribe were moved to reservations west of the [[Mississippi River]], first to [[Kansas]], then to [[Indian Territory]] in [[Oklahoma]].

The divide in the tribe exists to this day. The US government has recognized the Western Miami as the official tribal government since the forced divide in 1846. Migration between the tribes has made it difficult to track affiliations and power for bureaucrats and historians alike.<ref name=Rafert />{{rp|XXV}} Today the western tribe is [[federally recognized tribes|federally recognized]] as the [[Miami Tribe of Oklahoma]], with 3553 enrolled members.

The Eastern Miami (or Indiana Miami) has its own tribal government, but lacks federal recognition. Although they were recognized by the US in an 1854 treaty, that recognition was stripped in 1897. In 1980, the Indiana legislature recognized the Eastern Miami and voted to support federal recognition.<ref name=Rafert />{{rp|291}} In the late 20th century, [[US Senator]] [[Richard Lugar]] introduced a bill to recognize the Eastern Miami. He withdrew support due to constituent concerns over gambling rights. In recent decades, numerous federally recognized tribes in other states have established gambling casinos and related facilities on their [[sovereignty|sovereign]] lands.<ref name=Rafert />{{rp|292}} Such establishments have helped some tribes raise revenues to devote to economic development, health and education. On 26 July 1993, a federal judge ruled that the Eastern Miami were recognized by the US in the 1854 treaty, and that the federal government had no right to strip them of their status in 1897. However, he also ruled that the statute of limitations on appealing their status had expired. The Miami no longer had any right to sue.<ref name=Rafert />{{rp|293}}

====Locations====
[[File:Chief Francis Godfroy (Miami) Burial.jpg|thumb|right|The grave of Miami Chief Francis Godfroy, located at Chief Francis Godfroy Cemetery, Miami County, Indiana]]
'''United States years'''<ref name=Tanner /><ref name=Rafert />
* 1785 – Delaware villages located near Kekionga (refugees from American settlements)
* 1790 – Pickawillany Miami join Kekionga (refugees from American settlements)
* 1790 Gen. Harmar marches on Kekionga to punish the Miami, Delaware, and Shawnee villages. On October 17, Harmar found the seven villages deserted. The rear guard, left to destroy the returning villagers, was defeated by [[Little Turtle]]'s warriors.
* 1790 – Mississinewa ([[Mississinewa River]] below the Wabash, southeast of [[Peru, Indiana]])
* 1791 Gen. [[Arthur St. Clair]] moves on Kekionga. Little Turtle destroys the US Army (1400) near the future [[Fort Recovery]].
* Kentucky Militia destroy Eel River villages.
* 1793 December&nbsp;— General [[Anthony Wayne]] moves to Fort Recovery to prepare to destroy Kekionga.
* 1794 August&nbsp;— [[Fort Defiance (Ohio)|Fort Defiance]] ([[Defiance, Ohio]]) built on the [[Maumee River]], site of deserted Shawnee village of Blue Jacket. 20 August [[Battle of Fallen Timbers]], Blue Jacket loses to Wayne.
* 1794 – Kekionga site abandoned
* Mississinewa towns become the center of the nation.
* 1809 – Gov. [[William Henry Harrison]] orders destruction of all villages within two days' march of [[Fort Wayne, Indiana|Fort Wayne]]. Villages near [[Columbia City, Indiana|Columbia City]] and [[Huntington, Indiana|Huntington]] destroyed.
* 17 December – Lt. Col. [[John B. Campbell]] ordered to destroy the Mississinewa villages. Campbell destroys villages and kills women and children.
* 18 December, at second village, Americans repulsed and return to Greenville.
* 1810 July – US Army returns and burns deserted town and crops.
* 1817 Maumee Treaty&nbsp;— loose Ft. Wayne area (1400 Miami counted)
* 1818 Treaty of St. Mary's ([[New Purchase (1818)|New Purchase]] Treaty) - lose south of the Wabash&nbsp;— Big Miami Reservation created. Grants on the Mississinewa and Wabash given to Josetta Beaubien, Anotoine Bondie, Peter Labadie, Francois Lafontaine, Peter Langlois, Joseph Richardville, and Antoine Rivarre. Miami National Reserve (875,000) created.
* 1818 Eel River Miami settle at [[Thorntown, Indiana|Thorntown]], northeast of [[Lebanon, Indiana|Lebanon]]).
* 1825 1073 Miami, including the Eel River Miami
* 1826 Mississinewa Treaty&nbsp;— loose between the Eel and the Wabash to create a right of way for the canal. Eel River Miami leave Thorntown, northeast of Lebanon, for Logansport area.
* 1834 Western part of the Big Reservation sold ({{convert|208,000|acre|km2}})
* 1838 Potawatomi removed from Indiana. No other Indian tribes in the state. Treaty of 1838 made 43 grants and sold the western portion of the Big Reserve. Richardville exempted from any future removal treaties. Richardsville, Godfroy, Metocina received grants, plus family reserves for Ozahshiquah, Maconzeqyuah (Wife of Benjamin), Osandian, Tahconong, and Wapapincha.
* 1840 Remainder of the Big Reservation ({{convert|500,000|acre|km2}}) sold for lands in [[Kansas]]. Godfroy descendants and Meshingomesia (s/o Metocina), sister, brothers and their families exempted from the removal. 800 Miami
* 1846 – October 1, removal was supposed to begin. It began October 6 by canal boat. By ship to Kansas Landing [[Kansas City, Missouri|Kansas City]] and {{convert|50|mi|km}} overland to the reservation. Reached by 9 November.
* 1847 [[Godfroy Reserve]], between the Wabash and Mississinewa
* Wife of Benjamin Reserve, east edge of Godfroy
* Osandian Reserve, on the Mississinewa, southeast boundary of Godfroy
* Wapapincha Reserve, south of Mississinewa at Godfroy/Osandian juncture
* Tahkonong Reserve, southeast of Wapapincha south of Mississinewa
* Ozahshinquah Reserve, on the Mississinewa River, southeast of Peoria
* Meshingomesa Reserve, north side of Mississinewa from Somerset to Jalapa (northwest Grant County)
* 1872 Most reserves were partially sold to non-Indians.
* 1922 All reserves were sold for debt or taxes for the Miamis.

==Places named for the Miami==
A number of places have been named for the Miami nation. [[Miami, Florida]] is ''not'' named for the tribe, but the nearby [[Miami River (Florida)|Miami River]], which is in turn named for the [[Mayaimi]] people.

{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}

===Towns and Cities===
* [[Maumee, Ohio]]
* [[Miami, Indiana]]
* [[Miami, Oklahoma]]
* [[Miami Bend, Indiana]]
* [[Miami Shores, Ohio]]
* [[Miami Villa, Ohio]]
* [[Miamisburg, Ohio]]
* [[Miamitown, Ohio]]
* [[Miamiville, Ohio]]
* [[New Miami, Ohio]]

===Townships===
* [[Maumee Township, Allen County, Indiana]]
* [[Miami Township, Cass County, Indiana]]
* Miami Township, [[Miami County, Kansas]]
* Miami Township, [[Reno County, Kansas]]
* [[Miami Township, Clermont County, Ohio]]
* [[Miami Township, Greene County, Ohio]]
* [[Miami Township, Hamilton County, Ohio]]
* [[Miami Township, Logan County, Ohio]]
* [[Miami Township, Montgomery County, Ohio]]
{{col-break}}

===Counties===
* [[Miami County, Indiana]]
* [[Miami County, Ohio]]
* [[Miami County, Kansas]]

===Forts===
* [[Fort Miami (Indiana)]]
* [[Fort Miami (Michigan)]]
* [[Fort Miami (Ohio)]]

===Bodies of water and geographical locations===
* [[Little Miami River]], [[Great Miami River]], and [[Miami Valley]] in Ohio<ref name="Drury 57">{{cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hhObs4HhLlEC&pg=PA57 | title=History of the City of Dayton and Montgomery County, Ohio, Volume 1 | publisher=S. J. Clarke Publishing Company | last=Drury | first=Augustus Waldo | year=1909 | page=57}}</ref>
* [[Maumee River]] in Indiana and Ohio<ref name="Drury 57" />
* [[Miami and Erie Canal]]

=== Institutions ===
* [[Miami University]] in [[Oxford, Ohio]]

===Sports teams===
* [[Toledo Maumees]]
{{col-end}}

==Notable Miami people==
{{Portal|Indigenous peoples of North America}}
*[[Memeskia]] (Old Briton), Miami chief
*[[Francis Godfroy]] (Palawonza), Miami Chief
*[[Tetinchoua]], a powerful 17th-century Miami chief
*[[Little Turtle]] (Mishikinakwa), 18th-century war chief
*[[Pacanne]], 18th-century chief
*[[Francis La Fontaine]], last principal chief of the united Miami tribe
*[[Jean Baptiste de Richardville]] (Peshewa), 19th-century chief
*[[Frances Slocum]] (Maconaquah), adopted member of the Miami tribe
*[[William Wells (soldier)|William Wells]] (Apekonit), adopted member of the Miami tribe

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}
* {{cite book |last=Magnin |first=Frédéric |year=2005 |title=Mottin de la Balme, cavalier des deux mondes et de la liberté |location=Paris| language= French |publisher=L'Harmattan |isbn=2-7475-9080-1}}

== External links ==
{{commons category|Miami (tribe)}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070212082031/http://www.bsu.edu/libraries/collections/archives/findingaids.aspx Miami Indian Collection (MSS 004)]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070927201923/http://www.bsu.edu/libraries/viewpage.aspx?src=.%2Fcollections%2Farchives%2Fguides.html Guide to Native American Resources]
*{{CathEncy|wstitle=Miami Indians|short=x}}
*{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Miami (tribe)|display=Miami, a tribe of North American Indians of Algonquian stock|short=x}}
*{{Cite NSRW|wstitle=Miamis|short=x}}

{{Native American Tribes in Oklahoma}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Miami People}}
[[Category:Miami tribe| ]]
[[Category:Algonquian peoples]]
[[Category:Native American history of Ohio]]
[[Category:Native American tribes in Indiana]]
[[Category:Native American tribes in Ohio]]
[[Category:Algonquian ethnonyms]]
[[Category:Miami people| ]]
[[Category:Native Americans in the American Revolution]]

Revision as of 20:31, 7 December 2018

ME WAS HEAR

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Miami_people&oldid=872559078"