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'''Ivan Abramovich Zalkind''' ({{Lang-ru|Иван Абрамович Залкинд}}; born 1 May<ref name="Dodis">[[Diplomatic Documents of Switzerland]] 1848-1975: ''[http://dodis.ch/P23702 Salkind, Iwan]''</ref> 1885 in [[Saint Petersburg]],<ref name="open">Ирошников М.П., Чубарьян А.О.: ''[http://www.opentextnn.ru/history/arkheography/metod/?id=5865 Тайное становится явным]''</ref> [[Russian Empire|Russia]]; killed 27 November<ref name="Dodis" /> 1928 in Leningrad,<ref name="Almanach-SIA">Архив [[Alexander Yakovlev (Russian politician)|Александра Н. Яковлева]] - Альманах "Россия. ХХ век" - Биографический словарь: ''[http://www.alexanderyakovlev.org/almanah/almanah-dict-bio/1018090/7 Залкинд, Иван Абрамович]''</ref> [[Soviet Union]]), also known as '''Ivan Artamonov''' ({{Lang-ru|Иван Артамонов}}),<ref name="Almanach-SIA" /> was a Soviet [[diplomat]]. Originally a [[biologist]] who got his doctorate from the [[Sorbonne]] in [[Paris]], Zalkind took part in the [[October Revolution]] on the side of [[Leon Trotsky]]. When Trotsky 1917 became [[People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs]] (''[[de facto]]'': Soviet [[foreign minister]]), he made Zalkind his first deputy (''de facto'': [[Permanent secretary|Permanent]] [[Secretary of State|Under Secretary of State]] or Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs).<ref name="MGN2">Михайловский, Георгий Николаевич: ''Записки. Из истории российского внешнеполитического ведомства, 1914–1920 гг. Книга 1.'' [https://biography.wikireading.ru/276197 ''Начало саботажа'']</ref><ref name="Reed">[[John Reed (journalist)|John Reed]]: ''[[Ten Days That Shook the World|Zehn Tage, die die Welt erschütterten]]'', pages 111 and 235. MEHRING, Essen 2011</ref><ref name="MGN3">Михайловский, Георгий Николаевич: ''Записки. Из истории российского внешнеполитического ведомства, 1914–1920 гг. Книга 1.'' [https://biography.wikireading.ru/276198 ''Троцкий в министерстве'']</ref><ref>[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Russia)|Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs]]: ''[http://www.mid.ru/web/guest/about/professional_holiday/history/-/asset_publisher/8DMVoaXSrMPo/content/id/746978 Троцкий, Лев Давидович]''</ref><ref>[[Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn|Alexander I. Solschenizyn]]: ''[[Two Hundred Years Together|Zweihundert Jahre zusammen]] - die Juden in der Sowjetunion'', Vol. 2, page 86. Herbig, München 2003</ref> When Trotsky resigned as foreign minister (because of the peace [[Treaty of Brest-Litovsk]]), Zalkind was sent as [[plenipotentiary]] and [[Consul (representative)|consul]] to [[Switzerland]]<ref name="Almanach-SIA" /><ref>David W. McFadden: ''Alternative Paths - Soviets and Americans, 1917-1920'', page 107. Oxford University Press, Oxford 1993</ref><ref>Ludmila Thomas, Viktor Knoll: ''Zwischen Tradition und Revolution - Determinanten und Strukturen sowjetischer Aussenpolitik 1917-1941'', pages 229-232. Franz Steiner, Stuttgart 2000</ref><ref>[[Diplomatic Documents of Switzerland]] 1848-1975: ''[http://dodis.ch/43657 Le Ministre de Suisse à Berlin, Ph. Mercier, au Chef du Département politique, F. Calonder]'' from Februar 6, 1918</ref><ref>[[Diplomatic Documents of Switzerland]] 1848-1975: ''[http://dodis.ch/43737 Rapport du Conseil fédéral sur les mesures à prendre contre l’agitation bolchevique.]'' from November 6, 1918</ref> ([[Zürich]], 1918), [[Turkey]] ([[Istanbul]], 1922), [[Latvia]] ([[Liepāja]], 1923) and [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]] ([[Genoa]], 1924, and [[Milan]], 1925). Back in the Soviet Union, he was shot after Trotsky's downfall.<ref name="Almanach-SIA" />
'''Ivan Abramovich Zalkind''' ({{Lang-ru|Иван Абрамович Залкинд}}; born 1 May<ref name="Dodis">[[Diplomatic Documents of Switzerland]] 1848-1975: ''[http://dodis.ch/P23702 Salkind, Iwan]''</ref> 1885 in [[Saint Petersburg]],<ref name="open">Ирошников М.П., Чубарьян А.О.: ''[http://www.opentextnn.ru/history/arkheography/metod/?id=5865 Тайное становится явным]''</ref> [[Russian Empire|Russia]]; killed 27 November<ref name="Dodis" /> 1928 in Leningrad,<ref name="Almanach-SIA">Архив [[Alexander Yakovlev (Russian politician)|Александра Н. Яковлева]] - Альманах "Россия. ХХ век" - Биографический словарь: ''[http://www.alexanderyakovlev.org/almanah/almanah-dict-bio/1018090/7 Залкинд, Иван Абрамович]''</ref> [[Soviet Union]]), also known as '''Ivan Artamonov''' ({{Lang-ru|Иван Артамонов}}),<ref name="Almanach-SIA" /> was a Soviet [[diplomat]]. Originally a [[biologist]] who got his doctorate from the [[Sorbonne]] in [[Paris]], Zalkind took part in the [[October Revolution]] on the side of [[Leon Trotsky]]. When Trotsky 1917 became [[People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs]] (''[[de facto]]'': Soviet [[foreign minister]]), he made Zalkind his first deputy (''de facto'': [[Permanent secretary|Permanent]] [[Secretary of State|Under Secretary of State]] or Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs).<ref name="MGN2">Михайловский, Георгий Николаевич: ''Записки. Из истории российского внешнеполитического ведомства, 1914–1920 гг. Книга 1.'' [https://biography.wikireading.ru/276197 ''Начало саботажа'']</ref><ref name="Reed">[[John Reed (journalist)|John Reed]]: ''[[Ten Days That Shook the World|Zehn Tage, die die Welt erschütterten]]'', pages 111 and 235. MEHRING, Essen 2011</ref><ref name="MGN3">Михайловский, Георгий Николаевич: ''Записки. Из истории российского внешнеполитического ведомства, 1914–1920 гг. Книга 1.'' [https://biography.wikireading.ru/276198 ''Троцкий в министерстве'']</ref><ref>[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Russia)|Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs]]: ''[http://www.mid.ru/web/guest/about/professional_holiday/history/-/asset_publisher/8DMVoaXSrMPo/content/id/746978 Троцкий, Лев Давидович]''</ref><ref>[[Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn|Alexander I. Solschenizyn]]: ''[[Two Hundred Years Together|Zweihundert Jahre zusammen]] - die Juden in der Sowjetunion'', Vol. 2, page 86. Herbig, München 2003</ref> When Trotsky resigned as foreign minister (because of the peace [[Treaty of Brest-Litovsk]]), Zalkind was sent as [[plenipotentiary]] and [[Consul (representative)|consul]] to [[Switzerland]]<ref name="Almanach-SIA" /><ref>David W. McFadden: ''Alternative Paths - Soviets and Americans, 1917-1920'', page 107. Oxford University Press, Oxford 1993</ref><ref>Ludmila Thomas, Viktor Knoll: ''Zwischen Tradition und Revolution - Determinanten und Strukturen sowjetischer Aussenpolitik 1917-1941'', pages 229-232. Franz Steiner, Stuttgart 2000</ref><ref>[[Diplomatic Documents of Switzerland]] 1848-1975: ''[http://dodis.ch/43657 Le Ministre de Suisse à Berlin, Ph. Mercier, au Chef du Département politique, F. Calonder]'' from Februar 6, 1918</ref><ref>[[Diplomatic Documents of Switzerland]] 1848-1975: ''[http://dodis.ch/43737 Rapport du Conseil fédéral sur les mesures à prendre contre l’agitation bolchevique.]'' from November 6, 1918</ref> ([[Zürich]], 1918), [[Turkey]] ([[Istanbul]], 1922), [[Latvia]] ([[Liepāja]], 1923) and [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]] ([[Genoa]], 1924, and [[Milan]], 1925). Back in the Soviet Union, after Trotsky's downfall he was was expelled from the Communist party and shot himself.<ref name="Almanach-SIA" />


== Sources ==
== Sources ==

Revision as of 20:39, 27 December 2018

Ivan Abramovich Zalkind (Template:Lang-ru; born 1 May[1] 1885 in Saint Petersburg,[2] Russia; killed 27 November[1] 1928 in Leningrad,[3] Soviet Union), also known as Ivan Artamonov (Template:Lang-ru),[3] was a Soviet diplomat. Originally a biologist who got his doctorate from the Sorbonne in Paris, Zalkind took part in the October Revolution on the side of Leon Trotsky. When Trotsky 1917 became People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs (de facto: Soviet foreign minister), he made Zalkind his first deputy (de facto: Permanent Under Secretary of State or Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs).[4][5][6][7][8] When Trotsky resigned as foreign minister (because of the peace Treaty of Brest-Litovsk), Zalkind was sent as plenipotentiary and consul to Switzerland[3][9][10][11][12] (Zürich, 1918), Turkey (Istanbul, 1922), Latvia (Liepāja, 1923) and Italy (Genoa, 1924, and Milan, 1925). Back in the Soviet Union, after Trotsky's downfall he was was expelled from the Communist party and shot himself.[3]

Sources

  1. ^ a b Diplomatic Documents of Switzerland 1848-1975: Salkind, Iwan
  2. ^ Ирошников М.П., Чубарьян А.О.: Тайное становится явным
  3. ^ a b c d Архив Александра Н. Яковлева - Альманах "Россия. ХХ век" - Биографический словарь: Залкинд, Иван Абрамович
  4. ^ Михайловский, Георгий Николаевич: Записки. Из истории российского внешнеполитического ведомства, 1914–1920 гг. Книга 1. Начало саботажа
  5. ^ John Reed: Zehn Tage, die die Welt erschütterten, pages 111 and 235. MEHRING, Essen 2011
  6. ^ Михайловский, Георгий Николаевич: Записки. Из истории российского внешнеполитического ведомства, 1914–1920 гг. Книга 1. Троцкий в министерстве
  7. ^ Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs: Троцкий, Лев Давидович
  8. ^ Alexander I. Solschenizyn: Zweihundert Jahre zusammen - die Juden in der Sowjetunion, Vol. 2, page 86. Herbig, München 2003
  9. ^ David W. McFadden: Alternative Paths - Soviets and Americans, 1917-1920, page 107. Oxford University Press, Oxford 1993
  10. ^ Ludmila Thomas, Viktor Knoll: Zwischen Tradition und Revolution - Determinanten und Strukturen sowjetischer Aussenpolitik 1917-1941, pages 229-232. Franz Steiner, Stuttgart 2000
  11. ^ Diplomatic Documents of Switzerland 1848-1975: Le Ministre de Suisse à Berlin, Ph. Mercier, au Chef du Département politique, F. Calonder from Februar 6, 1918
  12. ^ Diplomatic Documents of Switzerland 1848-1975: Rapport du Conseil fédéral sur les mesures à prendre contre l’agitation bolchevique. from November 6, 1918


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