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Although the maned wolf displays many fox-like characteristics, it is not closely related to [[fox]]es. It lacks the [[elliptical]] pupils found distinctively in foxes. The maned wolf's evolutionary relationship to the other members of the [[canid]] family makes it a unique animal.
Although the maned wolf displays many fox-like characteristics, it is not closely related to [[fox]]es. It lacks the [[elliptical]] pupils found distinctively in foxes. The maned wolf's evolutionary relationship to the other members of the [[canid]] family makes it a unique animal.


[[electrophoresis|Electrophoretic]] studies did not link ''Chrysocyon'' with any of the other living canids studied. One conclusion of this study is that the maned wolf is the only species among the large South American canids that survived the late [[Pleistocene extinction]]. Fossils of the maned wolf from the [[Holocene]] and the [[late Pleistocene]] have been excavated from the [[Brazilian Highlands]].<ref name=adw>{{cite web |title=Chrysocyon brachyurus - Maned wolf |publisher=Animal Diversity Web |url=http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Chrysocyon_brachyurus.html}}</ref>
[[Gel electrophoresis of nucleic acids|Electrophoretic]] studies did not link ''Chrysocyon'' with any of the other living canids studied. One conclusion of this study is that the maned wolf is the only species among the large South American canids that survived the late [[Pleistocene extinction]]. Fossils of the maned wolf from the [[Holocene]] and the [[late Pleistocene]] have been excavated from the [[Brazilian Highlands]].<ref name=adw>{{cite web |title=Chrysocyon brachyurus - Maned wolf |publisher=Animal Diversity Web |url=http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Chrysocyon_brachyurus.html}}</ref>


A 2003 study on the brain anatomy of several canids placed the maned wolf together with the [[Falkland Islands wolf]] and with pseudo-foxes of the genus ''[[Pseudalopex]]''.<ref name=lyras>{{cite journal |last1=Lyras |first1=G. A. |last2=Van der Geer |first2=A. A. E.|year=2003 |title=External brain anatomy of the Canidae |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |doi=10.1046/j.1096-3642.2003.00067.x |volume=138 |issue=4 |pages=505–522}}</ref> One study based on [[DNA]] evidence <!-- published in 2009, --> showed that the [[extinct]] genus ''[[Dusicyon]]'', comprising the Falkland Islands wolf and its mainland relative, was the most closely related species to the maned wolf in historical times, and that about seven million years ago it shared a common ancestor with that genus.<ref name=austin>{{cite journal |last1=Austin |first1=J. J. |last2=Soubrier |first2=J. |last3=Prevosti |first3=F. J. |last4=Prates |first4=L. |last5=Trejo |first5=V. |last6=Mena |first6=F. |last7=Cooper |first7=A. |year=2013 |title=The origins of the enigmatic Falkland Islands wolf |journal=Nature Communications |doi=10.1038/ncomms2570 |pmid=23462995 |volume=4 |pages=1552|bibcode=2013NatCo...4E1552A }}</ref> A 2015 study reported genetic signatures in maned wolves that are indicative of population expansion followed by contraction and that took place during [[Pleistocene]] [[interglacial|interglaciation]]s about 24,000 years before present.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=González|first1=S.|last2=Cosse|first2=M.|last3=del Rosario Franco|first3=M.|last4=Emmons|first4=L.|last5=Vynne|first5=C.|last6=Duarte|first6=J. M. B.|first7=M. D.|last7=Beccacesi|first8=J. E.|last8=Maldonado|year=2015|title=Population Structure of mtDNA Variation due to Pleistocene Fluctuations in the South American Maned Wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus, Illiger, 1815): Management Units for Conservation|journal=Journal of Heredity|volume=106 (S1)|pages=459–468|url=https://academic.oup.com/jhered/article/106/S1/459/2961835}}</ref>
A 2003 study on the brain anatomy of several canids placed the maned wolf together with the [[Falkland Islands wolf]] and with pseudo-foxes of the genus ''[[Pseudalopex]]''.<ref name=lyras>{{cite journal |last1=Lyras |first1=G. A. |last2=Van der Geer |first2=A. A. E.|year=2003 |title=External brain anatomy of the Canidae |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |doi=10.1046/j.1096-3642.2003.00067.x |volume=138 |issue=4 |pages=505–522}}</ref> One study based on [[DNA]] evidence <!-- published in 2009, --> showed that the [[extinct]] genus ''[[Dusicyon]]'', comprising the Falkland Islands wolf and its mainland relative, was the most closely related species to the maned wolf in historical times, and that about seven million years ago it shared a common ancestor with that genus.<ref name=austin>{{cite journal |last1=Austin |first1=J. J. |last2=Soubrier |first2=J. |last3=Prevosti |first3=F. J. |last4=Prates |first4=L. |last5=Trejo |first5=V. |last6=Mena |first6=F. |last7=Cooper |first7=A. |year=2013 |title=The origins of the enigmatic Falkland Islands wolf |journal=Nature Communications |doi=10.1038/ncomms2570 |pmid=23462995 |volume=4 |pages=1552|bibcode=2013NatCo...4E1552A }}</ref> A 2015 study reported genetic signatures in maned wolves that are indicative of population expansion followed by contraction and that took place during [[Pleistocene]] [[interglacial|interglaciation]]s about 24,000 years before present.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=González|first1=S.|last2=Cosse|first2=M.|last3=del Rosario Franco|first3=M.|last4=Emmons|first4=L.|last5=Vynne|first5=C.|last6=Duarte|first6=J. M. B.|first7=M. D.|last7=Beccacesi|first8=J. E.|last8=Maldonado|year=2015|title=Population Structure of mtDNA Variation due to Pleistocene Fluctuations in the South American Maned Wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus, Illiger, 1815): Management Units for Conservation|journal=Journal of Heredity|volume=106 (S1)|pages=459–468|url=https://academic.oup.com/jhered/article/106/S1/459/2961835}}</ref>

Revision as of 13:57, 2 January 2019

Maned wolf [1]
Temporal range: 0.1–0 Ma
↓
Late Pleistocene – Recent
Maned wolf in Cologne Zoo, Germany
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Family: Canidae
Subfamily: Caninae
Tribe: Canini
Genus: Chrysocyon
Smith, 1839
Species:
C. brachyurus
Binomial name
Chrysocyon brachyurus
(Illiger, 1815)
Range of the maned wolf
Synonyms[3]

Canis brachyurus, C. campestris, C. isodactylus, C. jubatus, Vulpes cancrosa

The maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus) is the largest canid of South America.[4] Its markings resemble those of foxes, but it is not a fox, nor is it a wolf. It is the only species in the genus Chrysocyon (meaning "golden dog").

This mammal is found in open and semiopen habitats, especially grasslands with scattered bushes and trees, in south, central-west, and southeastern Brazil, Paraguay, northern Argentina, Bolivia east and north of the Andes,[5] and far southeastern Peru (Pampas del Heath only).[6] It is very rare in Uruguay, possibly being displaced completely through loss of habitat.[2] IUCN lists it as near threatened,[2] while it is considered a vulnerable species by the Brazilian government (IBAMA).

It is known locally as aguará guazú (meaning "large fox" in the Guarani language), or kalak in the Toba Qom language, lobo de crin, lobo de los esteros, or lobo colorado, and lobo-guará in Brazil. It also is called borochi in Bolivia.

Taxonomy

Although the maned wolf displays many fox-like characteristics, it is not closely related to foxes. It lacks the elliptical pupils found distinctively in foxes. The maned wolf's evolutionary relationship to the other members of the canid family makes it a unique animal.

Electrophoretic studies did not link Chrysocyon with any of the other living canids studied. One conclusion of this study is that the maned wolf is the only species among the large South American canids that survived the late Pleistocene extinction. Fossils of the maned wolf from the Holocene and the late Pleistocene have been excavated from the Brazilian Highlands.[7]

A 2003 study on the brain anatomy of several canids placed the maned wolf together with the Falkland Islands wolf and with pseudo-foxes of the genus Pseudalopex.[8] One study based on DNA evidence showed that the extinct genus Dusicyon, comprising the Falkland Islands wolf and its mainland relative, was the most closely related species to the maned wolf in historical times, and that about seven million years ago it shared a common ancestor with that genus.[9] A 2015 study reported genetic signatures in maned wolves that are indicative of population expansion followed by contraction and that took place during Pleistocene interglaciations about 24,000 years before present.[10]

The maned wolf is not closely related to any other living canid. It is not a fox, wolf coyote, dog, or jackal, but a distinct canid, though, based only on morphological similarities, it previously had been placed in the Canis and Vulpes genera.[3] Its closest living relative is the bush dog (genus Speothos), and it has a more distant relationship to other South American canines (the short-eared dog, the crab-eating fox, and the 'false foxes' or Pseudalopex).[11]


Cerdocyonina

Description

Video of captive maned wolves at Ueno Zoo, in Japan
Drawing of the skull of a maned wolf

The maned wolf bears minor similarities to the red fox, although it belongs to a different genus. The average adult weighs 23 kg (51 lb) and stands 90 cm (35 in) tall at the shoulder, has a head-body length of 100 cm (39 in) with the tail adding another 45 cm (18 in).[13] Its ears are large and long (7 inches).[14]

The maned wolf is the tallest of the wild canids; its long legs are likely an adaptation to the tall grasslands of its native habitat.[15] Fur of the maned wolf may be reddish brown to golden orange on the sides with long, black legs, and a distinctive black mane. The coat is marked further with a whitish tuft at the tip of the tail and a white "bib" beneath the throat. The mane is erectile and typically is used to enlarge the wolf's profile when threatened or when displaying aggression. Melanistic maned wolves do exist, but are rare. The first photograph of a black adult maned wolf was taken by a camera trap in northern Minas Gerais in Brazil in 2013.[16][17][18]

The maned wolf also is known for the distinctive odor of its territory markings, which has earned it the nickname "skunk wolf".

Ecology and behavior

Hunting and territoriality

Unlike other large canids (such as the gray wolf, the African hunting dog, or the dhole), the maned wolf does not form packs.[13] It hunts alone, usually between sundown and midnight. Maned wolves rotate their large ears to listen for prey animals in the grass. They tap the ground with a front foot to flush out the prey and pounce to catch it.[14] They kill prey by biting on the neck or back, and shaking the prey violently if necessary.[19] Monogamous pairs may defend a shared territory around 30 km2 (12 sq mi), although outside of mating, the individuals may meet only rarely. The territory is crisscrossed by paths that they create as they patrol at night. Several adults may congregate in the presence of a plentiful food source, for example, a fire-cleared patch of grassland that would leave small vertebrate prey exposed while foraging.

A maned wolf and pup at White Oak Conservation

Both female and male maned wolves use their urine to communicate, e.g. to mark their hunting paths or the places where they have buried hunted prey.[19] The urine has a very distinctive odor, which some people liken to hops or cannabis. The responsible substance very likely is a pyrazine, which also occurs in both plants.[20] (At the Rotterdam Zoo, this smell once set the police on a hunt for cannabis smokers.[20][21]) The preferred habitat of the maned wolf include grasslands, scrub prairies, and forests.

Reproduction

Maned wolf pup

Their mating season ranges from November to April. Gestation lasts 60 to 65 days and a litter may have from two to six black-furred pups, each weighing roughly 450 g (16 oz). Pups are fully grown when one year old. During that first year, the pups rely on their parents for food.[19]

Diet

The maned wolf is omnivorous. It specialises in preying on small and medium-sized animals, including small mammals (typically rodents and rabbits), birds, and even fish,[22][19] but a large portion of its diet (more than 50%, according to some studies) is vegetable matter, including sugarcane, tubers, and fruit (especially the wolf apple, Solanum lycocarpum, a tomato-like fruit).[23] Despite their preferred habitat, maned wolves are ecologically flexible species able to survive in even disturbed areas from burned areas to places with high human influences. For example, burned areas have some small mammals,such as Necromys lasiurus and Calomy sp., they can hunt and survive off of. [24]Traditionally, captive maned wolves were fed meat-heavy diets, but that caused them to develop bladder stones. Zoo diets for them now feature fruits and vegetables, as well as meat and specialized extruded diet formulated for maned wolves to be low in stone-causing compounds (i.e., cystine).

Relations with other species

The maned wolf participates in symbiotic relationships. It contributes to the propagation and dissemination of the plants on which it feeds, through excretion. Often, maned wolves defecate on the nests of leafcutter ants. The ants then use the dung to fertilize their fungus gardens, but they discard the seeds contained in the dung onto refuse piles just outside their nests. This process significantly increases the germination rate of the seeds.[25]

The maned wolf is not a common prey species for any predator, although it may be attacked or killed by feral dogs. An additional threat to the maned wolf exists from sharing territory with domestic dogs. The maned wolf is particularly susceptible to infection by the giant kidney worm, a potentially fatal parasite that also may infect domestic dogs.

Relations with humans

Generally, the maned wolf is shy and flees when alarmed, so it poses little direct threat to humans. Popularly, the maned wolf is thought to have the potential of being a chicken thief. It once was considered a similar threat to cattle and sheep, although this now is known to be false.

Historically, in a few parts of Brazil, these animals were hunted for some body parts, notably the eyes, that were believed to be good-luck charms. Since its classification as a vulnerable species by the Brazilian government, it has received greater consideration and protection.

They are threatened by habitat loss and being run over by automobiles. Feral and domestic dogs pass on diseases to them, and have been known to attack them.

The species occurs in several protected areas, including the national parks of Caraça and Emas in Brazil. The maned wolf is well represented in captivity and has been bred successfully at many zoos,[26] particularly in Argentina, North America (part of a Species Survival Plan) and Europe (part of a European Endangered Species Programme). In 2012, a total of 3,288 maned wolves was kept at more than 300 institutions worldwide.[27] The Smithsonian National Zoo Park has been working to protect maned wolves for nearly 30 years, and coordinates the collaborative, interzoo maned wolf Species Survival Plan of North America, which includes breeding maned wolves, studying them in the wild, protecting their habitat, and educating people about them.[14]

  • Maned wolf heart
    Maned wolf heart

References

  1. ^ Wozencraft, W. C. (2005). "Order Carnivora". In Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 532–628. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  2. ^ a b c Template:IUCN2008 Database entry includes justification for why this species is near threatened.
  3. ^ a b Osgood, Wilfred H. (1919). "Names of Some South American Mammals". Journal of Mammalogy. 1 (1): 35. doi:10.2307/1373718. JSTOR 1373718.
  4. ^ Dietz, James M. "Chrysocyon brachyurus." (1985).
  5. ^ Langguth, A. (1975). "Ecology and evolution in the South American canids". In Fox, M. W. (ed.). The wild canids: their systematics, behavioral ecology and evolution. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold Company. pp. 192–206. ISBN 0442224303.
  6. ^ Sillero-Zubiri, Hoffmann, & Macdonald (eds). 2004.Canids: Foxes, Wolves, Jackals and Dogs – 2004 Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan. Archived 2011-10-06 at the Wayback Machine IUCN/SSC Canid Specialist Group.
  7. ^ "Chrysocyon brachyurus - Maned wolf". Animal Diversity Web.
  8. ^ Lyras, G. A.; Van der Geer, A. A. E. (2003). "External brain anatomy of the Canidae". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 138 (4): 505–522. doi:10.1046/j.1096-3642.2003.00067.x.
  9. ^ Austin, J. J.; Soubrier, J.; Prevosti, F. J.; Prates, L.; Trejo, V.; Mena, F.; Cooper, A. (2013). "The origins of the enigmatic Falkland Islands wolf". Nature Communications. 4: 1552. Bibcode:2013NatCo...4E1552A. doi:10.1038/ncomms2570. PMID 23462995.
  10. ^ González, S.; Cosse, M.; del Rosario Franco, M.; Emmons, L.; Vynne, C.; Duarte, J. M. B.; Beccacesi, M. D.; Maldonado, J. E. (2015). "Population Structure of mtDNA Variation due to Pleistocene Fluctuations in the South American Maned Wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus, Illiger, 1815): Management Units for Conservation". Journal of Heredity. 106 (S1): 459–468.
  11. ^ Kerstin, Lindblad-Toh; Wade, Claire M.; Mikkelsen, Tarjei S.; Karlsson, Elinor K.; Jaffe, David B.; Kamal, Michael; Clamp, Michele; Chang, Jean L.; Kulbokas, Edward J., III; Zody, Michael C.; Mauceli, Evan; Xiaohui Xie; Breen, Matthew; Wayne, Robert K.; Ostrander, Elaine A.; Ponting, Chris P.; Galibert, Francis; Smith, Douglas R.; deJong, Pieter J.; Kirkness, Ewen; Alvarez, Pablo; Biagi, Tara; Brockman, William; Butler, Jonathan; Chin, Chee-Wye; Cook, April; Cuff, James; Daly, Mark J.; DeCaprio, David; et al. (2005-12-08). "Genome sequence, comparative analysis and haplotype structure of the domestic dog". Nature. 438 (7069): 803–819. Bibcode:2005Natur.438..803L. doi:10.1038/nature04338. PMID 16341006.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ^ Lindblad-Toh, K; Wade, CM; Mikkelsen, TS; Karlsson, EK; Jaffe, DB; Kamal, M; Clamp, M; Chang, JL; Kulbokas, EJ, III (2005). "Genome sequence, comparative analysis and haplotype structure of the domestic dog" (PDF). Nature. 438 (7069): 803–819. Bibcode:2005Natur.438..803L. doi:10.1038/nature04338. PMID 16341006.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  13. ^ a b Dietz, J. M. (1984). "Ecology and social organization of the maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus)". Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology. 392 (392): 1–51. doi:10.5479/si.00810282.392.
  14. ^ a b c "Maned Wolf Facts - National Zoo". nationalzoo.si.edu. Archived from the original on 2015-10-31. Retrieved 2015-11-05. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  15. ^ Dietz, James (1984). Macdonald, D. (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Mammals. New York: Facts on File. p. 31. ISBN 0-87196-871-1.
  16. ^ "WWF-Brazil partner photographs unique black maned wolf".
  17. ^ "Black Maned Wolf is the People's Choice - World Land Trust".
  18. ^ Ferreira, G.B., Barros, C.S., Costa, A.B., Dias, T.S. and Oliveira, M.J.R (2017). "First ever record of a black-coloured maned wolf" (PDF). Canid Biology & Conservation. 20.10: 42–45. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2018-01-03. Retrieved 2018-12-24. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |dead-url= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  19. ^ a b c d Frers, Cristian. "Un lobo de crin llamado Aguará Guazú". Retrieved 2007-04-23.
  20. ^ a b Switek, Brian (2011-03-10). "Maned Wolf Pee Demystified". Wired. Retrieved 2011-06-05.
  21. ^ Süddeutsche Zeitung, 2006-09-02, p3
  22. ^ Juarez, Keila Macfadem; Marinho-Filho, Jader (November 2002). "Diet, habitat use, and home ranges of sympatric canids in central Brazil". Journal of Mammalogy. 83 (4): 925–934. doi:10.1644/1545-1542(2002)083<0925:DHUAHR>2.0.CO;2.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  23. ^ Motta-Junior, J. C.; Talamon, S. A.; Lombardi, J. A.; Simokomaki, K. (1996). "Diet of maned wolf, Chrysocyon brachyurus, in central Brazil". Journal of Zoology (London). 240 (2): 277–284. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1996.tb05284.x.
  24. ^ Massara, Rodrigo Lima. "Diet and Habitat use by Maned Wolf Outside Protected Areas in Eastern Brazil". Mongabay. Tropical Conservation Science.
  25. ^ Courtenay, O. (1994). "Conservation of the Maned Wolf: fruitful relationships in a changing environment". Canid News. 2. Archived from the original on 2004-03-01. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  26. ^ "Maned wolf - Chrysocyon brachyurus". Zootierliste.
  27. ^ Holland, R. (2013). "The Maned Wolf Ex Situ Worldwide". In Conserot-McCrea, A. G.; Santos, E. F. (eds.). Ecology and Conservation of the Maned Wolf: Multidisciplinary perspectives. pp. 53–62. ISBN 978-1-4665-1260-3.
Wikispecies has information related to Chrysocyon.

Media related to Chrysocyon brachyurus at Wikimedia Commons

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