Petrine Baroque: Difference between revisions
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== Overview == |
== Overview == |
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'''Petrine<ref>from the name of Peter I of Russia</ref> Baroque''' (Rus. Петровское барокко) is a name applied by art historians to a style of [[Baroque architecture]] and decoration favoured by [[Peter the Great]] and employed to design buildings in the newly founded Russian capital, [[Saint Petersburg]], under this monarch and his immediate successors. |
'''Petrine<ref>from the name of Peter I of Russia</ref> Baroque''' (Rus. Петровское барокко) is a name applied by art historians to a style of [[Baroque architecture]] and decoration favoured by [[Peter the Great]] and employed to design buildings in the newly founded Russian capital, [[Saint Petersburg]], under this monarch and his immediate successors. {{Citation needed}} |
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Different from contemporary [[Naryshkin Baroque]], favoured in [[Moscow]], the Petrine Baroque represented a drastic rupture with Byzantine traditions that had dominated [[Russian architecture]] for almost a millennium. Its chief practitioners - [[Domenico Trezzini]], [[Andreas Schlüter]], and [[Mikhail Zemtsov]] - drew inspiration from a rather modest Dutch, Danish, and Swedish architecture of the time. |
Different from contemporary [[Naryshkin Baroque]], favoured in [[Moscow]], the Petrine Baroque represented a drastic rupture with Byzantine traditions that had dominated [[Russian architecture]] for almost a millennium. Its chief practitioners - [[Domenico Trezzini]], [[Andreas Schlüter]], and [[Mikhail Zemtsov]] - drew inspiration from a rather modest Dutch, Danish, and Swedish architecture of the time. {{Citation needed}} |
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== Architectural influence of Peter I == |
== Architectural influence of Peter I == |
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== Notable examples == |
== Notable examples == |
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[[File:Kikin palace SPB.jpg|thumb|288x288px|[[Kikin Hall]] (1714), an example of private residence dating from Peter I's reign.]]Extant examples of the style in St Petersburg are the [[Peter and Paul Cathedral]] (Trezzini), the [[Twelve Colleges]] (Trezzini), the [[Kunstkamera]] (Zemtsov), [[Kikin Hall]] (Schlüter) and [[Menshikov Palace]] (Giovanni Fontana). |
[[File:Kikin palace SPB.jpg|thumb|288x288px|[[Kikin Hall]] (1714), an example of private residence dating from Peter I's reign.]]Extant examples of the style in St Petersburg are the [[Peter and Paul Cathedral]] (Trezzini), the [[Twelve Colleges]] (Trezzini), the [[Kunstkamera]] (Zemtsov), [[Kikin Hall]] (Schlüter) and [[Menshikov Palace]] (Giovanni Fontana). {{Citation needed}} |
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The Petrine Baroque structures outside St. Petersburg are scarce; they include the [[Menshikov Tower]] in [[Moscow]] and the [[Kadriorg Palace]] in [[Tallinn]] |
The Petrine Baroque structures outside St. Petersburg are scarce; they include the [[Menshikov Tower]] in [[Moscow]] and the [[Kadriorg Palace]] in [[Tallinn]] {{Citation needed}} |
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==Further reading== |
==Further reading== |
Revision as of 05:53, 7 February 2019
Overview
Petrine[1] Baroque (Rus. Петровское барокко) is a name applied by art historians to a style of Baroque architecture and decoration favoured by Peter the Great and employed to design buildings in the newly founded Russian capital, Saint Petersburg, under this monarch and his immediate successors. [citation needed]
Different from contemporary Naryshkin Baroque, favoured in Moscow, the Petrine Baroque represented a drastic rupture with Byzantine traditions that had dominated Russian architecture for almost a millennium. Its chief practitioners - Domenico Trezzini, Andreas Schlüter, and Mikhail Zemtsov - drew inspiration from a rather modest Dutch, Danish, and Swedish architecture of the time. [citation needed]
Architectural influence of Peter I
Naryshkin Baroque Style
Peter I, also known as Peter the Great, served as the tsar of Russia from 1682-1725. He was raised in Moscow, lived at the Grand Palace of Kremlin, and spent time at multiple royal estates outside of the city. His father died when he was four years old, so Peter had a fairly unsupervised youth to pursue his own passions. Peter developed his taste for architecture by looking at the buildings which surrounded him in his childhood, many of which were patronized by his family. These churches and houses which surrounded Moscow reflected European influence in their structure and decoration. The Moscow or Naryshkin Baroque style, named after Peter's maternal side of the family, was prominent in these buildings. Characteristic of the Naryshkin Baroque style is large scale buildings and lack of wood amongst building materials.[2]
Dutch Baroque
As Peter entered young adulthood and spent time travelling, his architectural taste began to favor the elements of Dutch architecture. Peter met with the Dutch architect Simon Schijnvoet (sometimes Schynvoet or Schynvaet) in 1697. Schijnvoet specialized in Dutch Baroque but also taught Peter about naval architecture. The first house in St. Petersburg that Peter designed utilized elements from this naval style which Schjinvoet taught him, including flat, painted log walls, wooden tile-like shingles, and windows made from small planes of glass. These elements of design were unlike the Russian styles seen up until this point. The clearest example of Dutch architecture designed by Peter was his Summer Palace in St. Petersburg which was referred to as "Monplaisir" or "Little Dutch House". In a 1724 letter to the architectural student Ivan Korobov, Peter discusses his preference for the ornamentation of Dutch Baroque. In this same letter, Peter conveys his disinterest for the architectural styles of the French and Italian due to its lack of adornment and use of stone rather than brick. Among Peter's papers, a note was found describing how he sent two Russian architecture students to Holland so that they could learn the Dutch Baroque style and come back to build churches and houses for St. Petersburg. In addition to having Russian students train abroad, Peter also hired Dutch architects to come and work on projects in Russia.[3]
Other Styles
While Peter prefered the Dutch Baroque style, he also sought out architectural inspiration from other countries. Despite his recorded dislike for the French and Italian styles, Peter sent two architectural students to Rome in 1723 to replace another two students working there. Scholars suggest that an equal amount of architectural students were sent to Holland and Italy during his reign and more Italian builders worked on projects for Peter in Russia than Dutch builders did. In the early years of St. Petersburg, the French served as prominent designers and decorators.[4]
Notable examples
Extant examples of the style in St Petersburg are the Peter and Paul Cathedral (Trezzini), the Twelve Colleges (Trezzini), the Kunstkamera (Zemtsov), Kikin Hall (Schlüter) and Menshikov Palace (Giovanni Fontana). [citation needed]
The Petrine Baroque structures outside St. Petersburg are scarce; they include the Menshikov Tower in Moscow and the Kadriorg Palace in Tallinn [citation needed]
Further reading
- William Craft Brumfield. A History of Russian Architecture (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993) ISBN 978-0-521-40333-7 (Chapter Eight: "The Foundations of the Baroque in Saint Petersburg")
References
- ^ from the name of Peter I of Russia
- ^ Cracraft, James (1988). "Revolution Embodied: The Building of St. Petersburg". Petrine Revolution in Russian Architecture. University of Chicago Press. pp. 147–148.
- ^ Cracraft, James (1988). "Revolution Embodied: The Buildings of St. Petersburg". Petrine Revolution in Russian Architecture. University of Chicago Press. pp. 148–149.
- ^ Cracraft, James (1988). "Revolution Embodied: The Buildings of St. Petersburg". Petrine Revolution in Russian Architecture. University of Chicago Press. p. 150.