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{{Infobox officeholder
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix =[[His Excellency]]
| honorific-prefix =[[His Excellency]]
| name = [[Sir]] [[Khawaja Nazimuddin]] <br />{{Lang|ur|{{Nastaliq| خواجہ ناظِمُ الدّین}}}}<br />{{lang|bn|খাজা নাজিমুদ্দীন}}
| name = [[Sir]] Khwaja Nazimuddi<br />{{lang|bn|খাজা নাজিমুদ্দীন}}n<br />{{Lang|ur|{{Nastaliq| خواجہ ناظِمُ الدّین}}}}
| native_name =
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Revision as of 06:00, 10 February 2019

His Excellency
Sir Khwaja Nazimuddi
খাজা নাজিমুদ্দীনn
خواجہ ناظِمُ الدّین
CIE, KCIE
Khawaja Nazimuddin (1894–1964)
2nd Prime Minister of Pakistan
In office
17 October 1951 – 17 April 1953
MonarchsGeorge VI
(1951–52)
Elizabeth II
(1952–53)
Governor GeneralSir Malik Ghulam Muhammad
Preceded byLiaquat Ali Khan
Succeeded byMohammad Ali Bogra
2nd Governor-General of Pakistan
In office
14 September 1948 – 17 October 1951
MonarchGeorge VI
Prime MinisterLiaquat Ali Khan
Preceded byMuhammad Ali Jinnah
Succeeded bySir Malik Ghulam Muhammad
Chief Minister of East Bengal
In office
15 August 1947 – 14 September 1948
MonarchGeorge VI
Governor GeneralMuhammad Ali Jinnah
Prime MinisterLiaquat Ali Khan
GovernorSir Fredrick Chalmers Bourne
Preceded byHuseyn Suhrawardy (as Prime minister of Bengal)
Succeeded byNurul Amin
Prime Minister of Bengal
In office
29 April 1943 – 31 March 1945
MonarchGeorge VI
Governor GeneralLord Mountbatten
GovernorRichard Casey, Baron Casey
Preceded byFazlul Haq
Succeeded byHuseyn Suhrawardy
President of Pakistan Muslim League
In office
17 October 1951 – 17 April 1953
Preceded byLiaquat Ali Khan
Succeeded byMohammad Ali of Bogra
Personal details
Born
Khawaja Nazimuddin

(1894-07-19)19 July 1894
Dacca, Bengal, British India
(now Dhaka, Bangladesh)
Died22 October 1964(1964-10-22) (aged 70)
Dacca, Pakistan
(now Dhaka, Bangladesh)
Resting placeMausoleum of three leaders
CitizenshipIndian (1894–1947)
Pakistani (1947–1964)
NationalityPakistani[1]
Political partyPakistan Muslim League
(1947–64)
Other political
affiliations		All-India Muslim League
(1922–1947)
Spouse(s)Shah Bano Ashraf, daughter of Khwaja Ashraf
RelationsKhwaja Shahabuddin
(Younger brother)
Alma materCambridge University
(MA in Eng.)
Aligarh Muslim University
(BA in Soci.)
ProfessionBarrister, politician
AwardsOrder of the Indian Empire

Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin (Template:Lang-ur; Template:Lang-bn; 19 July 1894 – 22 October 1964), KCIE, CIE, was a Bengali politician, conservative figure, and one of the leading founding fathers of Pakistan.[2] He is noted as being the first Bengali leader of Pakistan who led the country as Prime Minister (1951–53), as well as the second Governor-General (1948–51).[3][4]

Born into an aristocrat Nawab family in Bengal in 1894, he was educated at the Aligarh Muslim University before pursuing his education at the Cambridge University to secure his graduation. Upon returning, he started his political career on a Muslim League platform where he primary focused on education causes in Bengal before leading the cause for separate Muslim homeland, Pakistan, under the leadership of Muhammad Ali Jinnah. From 1943–45, he served as the Prime Minister of Bengal and later becoming the Chief Minister in 1947 until 1948 when he ascended as Governor-General after Jinnah's passing.

In 1951, he took over the control of the government as Prime Minister of Pakistan upon the assassination of Liaquat Ali Khan, and relinquished the post of Governor-General to Sir Malik Ghulam.[5] As Prime Minister, he struggled to run the government effectively on the internal and foreign fronts, and thus he tenured for only two years. On the home front, he struggled to maintain law and order in the country and instructed the military to impose martial law in Lahore due to religious riots and stagnation. He also faced a populist language movement in his native Bengal that eventually led to the shutdown of Government of East Pakistan. Foreign relations with the United States, Soviet Union, Afghanistan, and India soured as republicanism and socialism gained popularity at home.

Eventually, he was forced to step down in favor of diplomat Mohammad Ali Bogra by his own appointed Governor-General Sir Malik Ghulam and conceded defeat in elections held in 1954. Upon retiring from national politics, he suffered a brief illness and died in 1964. He was buried at a Mausoleum in Dhaka.[6]

Biography

Family background, early life and education

Nazimuddin was born into an aristocratic and wealthy family of the Nawabs of Dhaka, Dacca, Bengal, on 19 July 1894.[7][8][9]: 1895 [10]: xxx  He was the maternal grandson of Nawab Sir Khwaja Ahsanullah and his mother, Bilquis Bano, was notable for her own statue.[11] Nazimuddin had a younger brother, Khwaja Shahabuddin, who would later played a vital role in national politics onwards.[12]: 76 [11]: xxx  Being of Kashmiri-Bengali descent, his family spoke both Urdu and Bengali.[13] They were the first cousin of Nawab Khwaja Habibullah son of Nawab Sir Khwaja Salimullah Bahadur who helped laid foundation of Muslim League in 1906.[14]

He was educated at the Dunstable Grammar School in England but returned to India following his matriculation where he enrolled to attend the MAO College of the Aligarh Muslim University (AMU) in Uttar Pradesh, India.[15] Nazimuddin secured his graduation with a BA degree in sociology from AMU and was sent back to England to pursue higher education.[16] During his time at AMU, he was known to be an avid tennis player and excelled in this sport when he represented his university in collegiate games.[12]: 76 

After AMU, Nazimuddin went to England and attended Trinity College at Cambridge University. He was granted his MA degree in English by Cambridge University.[17]: 449–450  His training in England enabled him to practice law and become a Barrister-at-Law in England.[15] He was knighted in 1934.[18] In 1947–49, Nazimuddin was granted the degree of Doctor of Laws by the Vice-Chancellor of Dhaka University, Dr. Mahmud Hasan.[19]: 161 

Politics

Public service and Independence movement

Main article: Prime Minister of Bengal

Nazimuddin returned to India to join his brother Khwaja Shahbuddin from England, taking interest in civil and public affairs that led him to join the Bengali politics.[20] Both brother joined the Muslim League, and Nazimuddin successfully ran for the municipality election and elected as Chairman of Dhaka Municipality from 1922 until 1929.[9] During this time, he was appointed as Education minister of Bengal. He remained minister of Education till 1934. Later he was appointmented in Viceroy's Executive Council in 1934 which he served until 1937.[21]

He participated in regional elections held on 1937 on a Muslim League's platform but conceded his defeat in favor of Fazlul Haq of Krishak Praja Part (KPP) who was appointed as Prime Minister of Bengal, while assuming his personal role as member of the legislative assembly.[22][23]: 69 

In the India Office Records, Political and Secret Department Records (1756–1950), Category L/P&S, Record 5/250, 3/79, one comes across the Fortnightly Report (February 1947) to the Viceroy by the then Governor of Punjab Sir Evan Jenkins. According to this report when inquired about the Pakistan project, Khawaja Nazimuddin candidly told him that ″he did not know what Pakistan means and that nobody in the Muslim League knew.″ This remark clearly shows that so few as six months before the creation of Pakistan, even senior Muslim League leaders had no clarity as to the basic features of the State they were asking for.[a]

Home and Prime Minister of Bengal and Chief Minister of East Bengal (1940–47)

Upon the formation of the coalition government in an agreement facilitated between Muslim League and the Krishak Praja Party, Nazimuddin was appointed as the home minister under Haq's premiership., which he continued until 1943.[24]: 331 

Due to his conservative elite position, he became close associate of Muhammad Ali Jinnah, then-president of the Muslim League, who appointed him as a member of the executive committee to successfully promote Muslim League' party agenda and program that gained popularity in East Bengal.[24]: 332 [25] In 1940–41, Nazimuddin broke away from the coalition led by Premier Fazlul Haq and decided to become a leader of the opposition, leading campaign against Haq's premiership and primarily focused on Bengali nationalism issues.[24]: 332  In 1943, Nazimuddin took over the government from Premier Haq when the latter was dismissed by the Governor John Herbert amid controversies surrounding in his political campaigns.[26] During this time, Nazimuddin played a crucial political role for the cause for the separate Muslim homeland, Pakistan.[24]: 332  About his role, he was asked about the "Pakistan question" by British Governor Richard Casey in 1945 but he showed very little and no interests in discussing the existence of the movement and reportedly quoting: he did not know what Pakistan means and nobody in Muslim League knew."[27]

His premiership lasted until 1945 when a motion of no confidence and faced with defeat in the assembly hall by 160 to 97 votes that effectively ended his premiership.[28]: 106  He relinquished the office to Nausher Ali, an Indian nationalist Muslim and a prominent member of Congress Party who the speaker of the assembly, but the administration was taken over by Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy.[28]: 106 [29]

From 1945–47, Sir Nazimuddin continued to be served as the chairman of the Muslim League in Bengal, ardently supporting the political cause for Pakistan against the Congress Party.[24]: 333  During this time, he had been in brief conflict with Premier Suhrawardy and strongly opposed the United Bengal Movement and led a strong parliamentary opposition in the assembly against Suhrawardy's administration in April 1947. The conflict between two men mainly existed because Suhrawardy had represented the middle class while Nazimuddin was representing the aristocracy in the assembly.[30]

In 1947, he again contested in the party elections in the Muslim League against Suhrawardy's platform and securing his nomination as the party chairman for the Muslim League's East Bengal chapter.[31]: 49–50  His success in the party election eventually led him to the appointed as the first Chief Minister of East Bengal after the Partition of India in 1947 and effectively gained controlled of the Muslim League in the province.[31]: 50 

As the Chief Minister, he led the motion of confidence that ultimately voted in favor of joining the Federation of Pakistan and reorganized the Government of East Pakistan by delegating conservative members in his administration.[31]: 49–50 

Governor-General of Pakistan (1948–51)

On 14 August of 1947, Governor-General Muhammad Ali Jinnah relinquished the party presidency of the Pakistan Muslim League (PML) to Khawaja Nazimuddin who took over the party of President of Pakistan Muslim League (PML), due to his party electoral performance.[31]: 50–51  On 1 November 1947, he was appointed as acting Governor-General in the absence of Governor-General Jinnah due to worsening health, and eventually appointed as Governor-General after passing of Muhammad Ali Jinnah, in a crucial support provided by Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan on 14 September 1948 to the President Nazimuddin.[32] His oath of office was supervised by Chief Justice Sir Abdul Rashid of the Supreme Court of Pakistan, in attendance with Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan.[9]

As Governor-General, Nazimuddin set a precedent of neutrality and non-interference in the government, and provided his political support to Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan's government, which was seen as essential to the working of the responsible government at that time.[33]: 102 

His role as Governor-General reflected a conservative mind-set and he spoke against secularism in the country.[34]

I do not agree that religion is a private affair of the individual nor do I agree that in an Islamic state every citizen has identical rights, no matter what his caste, creed or faith be ...

— Governor-General Khawaja Nazimuddin, 1948–49, [34]

In 1949, Governor-General Nazimuddin established the parliamentary committee, the Basic Principles Committee, on the advice of Prime Minister Ali Khan to underlying basic principles that would lay foundation of Constitution of Pakistan.[35]

In 1950, Nazimuddin released an official policy statement and declared that: "Pakistan would remain incomplete until the whole of Kashmir is liberated."[36]

Prime Minister of Pakistan (1951–53)

Nazimuddin administration

Nazimuddin, with M.G. Muhammad in New York City, ca. 1948.

After the assassination of Liaqat Ali Khan in 1951, the Muslim League leaders asked Governor-General Nazimuddin to take over the business of the government as well as the party's presidency as there was no other person found suitable for the post.[37][9]: 233  He appointed Finance Minister Sir Malik Ghulam as Governor-General's post.[9] Nazimuddin's government focused towards promoting the political programs aimed towards conservative ideas.[38] During his time in office, a framework was begun for a constitution that would allow Pakistan to become a republic, and end its Dominion status under the English monarchy.

Nazimuddin's administration took place during a poor economy and the rise of provincial nationalism in four provinces and East Bengal which made him unable to run the country's affairs effectively.[39]: 121–122  By 1951–52, the Muslim League had split into two different factions dominated by the Bengali chapter and Punjab-Sindh chapter, as those were the two largest ethnic demographics, but were separated by India.[37]: 235 

In 1951, Prime Minister Nazimuddin's government conducted the country's first nationwide census where it was noted that 57% population of the country was Indian immigrants, mostly residing in Karachi that further complicated the situation in the country.[40]: xxx  In January 1952, Prime Minister Nazimuddin publicly announced in Dacca's meeting that: Jinnah had been right: for the sake of Pakistan's national unity, Urdu must be the official language of Pakistan–East and West.[41]: 153  On 21 February 1952, a demonstration in the Bengali Language movement demanding equal and official status to the Bengali language turned bloody, with many fatalities caused by police firings.[42]: 137  This demonstration was held when he declared Urdu the National Language of Pakistan, following the previous statement of Muhammad Ali Jinnah that Urdu shall be 'one and only' language of Pakistan.[43]

In 1953, a violent religious movement led by far-right Jamaat-e-Islami began to agitate for the removal of the Ahmadi religious minority from power positions, and demanded a declaration of this minority as non-Muslims.[44]: 60 

Nazimuddin was held morally responsible for riots being spread and resisted such pressures;[44]: 60  but mass rioting broke out in Punjab against both the government and followers of this religious minority.[44]: 60–61  Prime Minister Nazimuddin responded to the violence by dismissing the Chief Minister of Punjab, Mumtaz Daultana, to Feroze Khan, but the decision came late.[45]: 17  He declared martial law, with approval coming from Governor-General Malik Ghulam, and enforced through Lieutenant General Azam Khan who successfully quelled the agitation.[45]: 17–18 [46]: 158 

Dismissal

The agitations and violence spread through the successful Bengali language movement and the riots in Lahore proved the inability of Prime Minister Nazimuddin's government as he was widely seen as weak in running the government administration.[47]: 288 

In a view of attempting to improve the economy and internal security, Governor-General Malik Ghulam asked Prime Minister Nazimuddin to step down in the wider interest of the country.[47]: 289  Prime Minister Nazimuddin refused to oblige and Governor-General Malik Ghulam used reserve powers granted in the Government of India Act, 1935, dismissed Prime Minister Nazimuddin.[47]: 289 

Nazimuddin then requested the Supreme Court of Pakistan's intervention against this action but the Chief Justice, Moh'd Munir did not rule on the legality of the dismissal, but instead forced new elections to be held in 1954.[48] Governor-General Malik Ghulam appointed another Bengali politician, Muhammad Ali Bogra who was then tenuring as the Pakistan ambassador to the United States, as the new Prime Minister until the new elections to be held in 1954.[47]: 289  The dismissal of Sir Khawaja Nazimuddin's administration, the Prime Minister, by the Governor-General Malik Ghulam, signalled a troubling trend in political history of the country.[47]: 289 [49]: 132 

Death and legacy

Later life and death

Mausoleum of three leaders at Dhaka

Even after his dismissal, he and his family remained active in parliamentary politics; his nephew, Khwaja Wasiuddin, an army general serving as GOC-in-C II Corps and later repatriated to Bangladesh in 1974.

His younger brother, Shahabuddin, remained active in the politics and eventually ascended as Information minister in the President Ayub Khan's administration.[50]: 559  Sir Khawaja died in 1964, aged 70. He was buried at Mausoleum of three leaders in his hometown of Dhaka.[51][52] He is considered a betrayer by Bengalis as he called the language movement protesters Communists.[citation needed]

Wealth and honours

Nazimuddin and his brother, Shahabuddin, belonged to an aristocrat wealthy family who were known for their wealth. In thesis written by Joya Chatterji, Nazimuddin was described for unquestionable loyalty to British administration in India:

Short statured with a bulging pear-like figure, he was known for his insatiable appetite and his unfailing submission to the ... Britishers ... Dressed in British-styled Sherwani and breechers-like Churidar pajamas with a Fez cap and wearing little shoes, he carried a... cane of knob and represented an age and tradition.

— Joya Chatterji, Bengal Divided: Hindu Communalism and Partition, Reference [21]: 80 

By 1934, the family had estates that covered almost 200,000 acres and was well spread over different districts of Eastern Bengal, together with properties in Shillong,Assam and kolkata had an yearly rent of ₤120,000 ($2,736,497.94 in 2017).[21]: 80  By 1960s, the majority of estate was relocated from East Pakistan to the different areas of Pakistan, leaving very little of his estate in East.[21]: 80 

He was appointed a Companion of the Order of the Indian Empire (CIE) in 1926, and was knighted in 1934 by the King-Emperor, George V, when he was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire (KCIE).[53]

By the Government of Pakistan, Nazimuddin has been honored from time to time after his death. In Karachi, the residential areas, Nazimabad and North Nazimabad in suburbs of Karachi, had been named after his name. In Islamabad, there is a road intersection, Nazimuddin Road, that has been named in his honor; while in Dacca, there is also a road after his namesake.[citation needed]

In his honour, the Pakistan Post issued a commemorative stamp in accordance to his respect.[54]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Further on this: Husain Haqqani, ″Magnificent Delusions,″ New York: Public Affairs, 2013, p. 17

References

  1. ^ Khan, Feroz (2012). Eating Grass: The Making of the Pakistani Bomb. Stanford University Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-8047-8480-1.
  2. ^ "Khawaja Nazimuddin | Former Governor General of Pakistan". 1 June 2003. Retrieved 20 September 2016.
  3. ^ Sundararajan, Saroja (2010). Kashmir Crisis: Unholy Anglo-Pak Nexus. Delhi: Kalpaz Publications. pp. 375–. ISBN 978-81-7835-808-6.
  4. ^ http://opinion.bdnews24.com/bangla/archives/30517
  5. ^ "PakistanHerald.com : Khwaja Nazimuddin". Retrieved 12 January 2012.
  6. ^ http://www.thedailystar.net/star-weekend/heritage/memory-the-three-leaders-1268149
  7. ^ "The Official website of the Dhaka Nawab Family: Biographies". Retrieved 12 January 2012.
  8. ^ Lentz, Harris M. (1994). "Islamic Republic of Pakistan: Heads of State". Heads of States and Governments Since 1945 (Googlebooks) (4 ed.). New York: Routledge, Lentz. p. 3000. ISBN 9781134264971. Retrieved 17 March 2017.
  9. ^ a b c d e "Khwaja Nazimuddin". Story of Pakistan. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
  10. ^ Oberst, Robert C.; Malik, Yogendra K.; Kennedy, Charles; Kapur, Ashok; Lawoti, Mahendra; Rahman, Syedur; Ahmad, Ahrar (2014). "The National Elites of Pakistan". Government and Politics in South Asia (googlebooks) (1 ed.). Boulder, CO, U.S: Avalon Publishing. ISBN 9780813348803. Retrieved 17 March 2017.
  11. ^ a b Sobhan, Rehman (2016). Untranquil Recollections: The Years of Fulfilment. SAGE Publications. pp. 24–. ISBN 978-93-5150-320-0.
  12. ^ a b Amid, Shahid (1986). "It nearly succeeded". Disastrous Twilight: A Personal Record of the Partition of india by Major-General Shahid Hamid (googleboosk) (2 ed.). London, UK: Pen and Sword, Amid. ISBN 9780850523966. Retrieved 17 March 2017.
  13. ^ Coakley, John (2005) [First published 2003]. The Territorial Management of Ethnic Conflict. Routledge. pp. 145–146. ISBN 978-1-135-76442-5.
  14. ^ Chatterji, Joya (2002) [First published 1994]. Bengal Divided: Hindu Communalism and Partition, 1932-1947. Cambridge University Press. pp. 80–81. ISBN 978-0-521-52328-8.
  15. ^ a b Excerpts I. 1949. Retrieved 18 March 2017.
  16. ^ Khan, Feisal (2015). Islamic Banking in Pakistan: Shariah-Compliant Finance and the Quest to make Pakistan more Islamic. New York, US: Routledge, Khan. ISBN 9781317366522. Retrieved 17 March 2017.
  17. ^ Block, Maxine; Rothe, Anna Herthe; Candee, Marjorie Dent (1950). Current Biography Yearbook. H. W. Wilson Co. Retrieved 18 March 2017.
  18. ^ Watt, Andrew. "9 celebrities you might not know have a connection with Dunstable". Luton on Sunday. Retrieved 21 January 2016.
  19. ^ Dacca, University of. Report. Report. Retrieved 18 March 2017.
  20. ^ Ikram, S.M. (1995) [First published 1992]. Indian Muslims and Partition of India (2nd ed.). Delhi: Atlantic Publishers & Dist. pp. 310–311. ISBN 978-81-7156-374-6.
  21. ^ a b c d Chatterji, Joya (2002) [First Published 1994]. Bengal Divided: Hindu Communalism and Partition, 1932-1947. Cambridge University Press. p. 80. ISBN 978-0-521-52328-8.
  22. ^ Rahman, Syedur (2010). Historical Dictionary of Bangladesh (4 ed.). Uk: Scarecrow Press. p. 442. ISBN 9780810874534. Retrieved 19 March 2017.
  23. ^ : 219 Shibly, Atful Hye (2011). Abdul Matin Chaudhury (1895–1948) : trusted lieutenant of Mohammad Ali Jinnah. Dhaka: Juned A. Choudhury. p. 69. ISBN 9789843323231.
  24. ^ a b c d e Chakrabarti, Kunal; Chakrabarti, Shubhra (2004). Historical Dictionary of the Bengalis (2 ed.). UK: Scarecrow Press. ISBN 9780810880245. Retrieved 19 March 2017.
  25. ^ Jaffrelot, Christophe. The Pakistan Paradox: Instability And Resilience (5 ed.). Random House India. ISBN 9788184007077. Retrieved 19 March 2017.
  26. ^ Partridge, Roger. Bengal 1943: The Forgotten Famine: A Novel. Roger Partridge. ISBN 9781909424005. Retrieved 19 March 2017.
  27. ^ Haqqani, Husain (2015). Magnificent Delusions: Pakistan, the United States, and an Epic History of Misunderstanding. PublicAffairs. p. 17. ISBN 978-1-61039-473-4.
  28. ^ a b Indo-iranica (1991). Indo-iranica. Iran Society. Retrieved 20 March 2017.
  29. ^ Birla, Krishna Kumar. Brushes With History. Penguin UK. ISBN 9788184758511. Retrieved 19 March 2017.
  30. ^ Chakrabarty, Bidyut (2004). The Partition of Bengal and Assam, 1932–1947: Contour of Freedom. Routledge. p. 136. ISBN 978-1-134-33274-8.
  31. ^ a b c d Nair, M. Bhaskaran. Politics in Bangladesh: A Study of Awami League, 1949–58. Northern Book Centre. ISBN 9788185119793. Retrieved 19 March 2017.
  32. ^ Pakistan Affairs. Information Division, Embassy of Pakistan. 1948. Retrieved 20 March 2017.
  33. ^ Akbar, M. K. (1998). "Head of State". Pakistan from Jinnah to Sharif (googlebooks) (1 ed.). New Delhi, India: Mittal Publications. p. 360. ISBN 9788170996743. Retrieved 20 March 2017.
  34. ^ a b Ahmed, Khaled (22 July 2015). "Defined by exclusion". The Indian Express. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
  35. ^ "Basic Principles Committee". Story of Pakistan. Retrieved 19 December 2013.
  36. ^ Praveen, Swami (10 July 2015). "Why Narendra Modi is smoking the Pakistani peace pipe". The Indian Express. Retrieved 22 January 2016.
  37. ^ a b Noon, Feroze Khan (1966). From Memory. Karachi, Pakistan: Ferozsons, Noon. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
  38. ^ Ispahani, Farahnaz (2 January 2017). Purifying the Land of the Pure: A History of Pakistan's Religious Minorities. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190621674. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
  39. ^ Kulkarni, V. B. (1987). Pakistan, its origin & relations with India. Sterling Publishers. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
  40. ^ Pike, Francis (2011). "The Night of Intellectuals". Empires at War: A Short History of Modern Asia Since World War II (google books) (2 ed.). New Yorks: I.B.Tauris, Pike. ISBN 9780857730299. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
  41. ^ Jones, Owen Bennett (2001). "Bangladesh". Pakistan: Eye of the Storm (google books). Yale, United States: Yale University Press. p. 315. ISBN 0300101473. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
  42. ^ Mitra, Subrata Kumar; Enskat, Mike; Spiess, Clemens (2004). "The Muslim League: The decline of a national part". Political Parties in South Asia (google books). Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780275968328.
  43. ^ Wali Janjua, Raashid. "Secession of East Pakistan". thenews.com.pk. Retrieved 21 January 2016.
  44. ^ a b c Ziring, Lawrence (2003). Pakistan: At the Crosscurrent of History. Oneworld. ISBN 9781851683277. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
  45. ^ a b Kukreja, Veena (24 February 2003). Contemporary Pakistan: Political Processes, Conflicts and Crises. SAGE. ISBN 9780761996835. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
  46. ^ Mohiuddin, Yasmeen Niaz (2007). Pakistan: A Global Studies Handbook. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 9781851098019. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
  47. ^ a b c d e Jennings, Sir Ivor (29 January 2015). Constitution-Maker. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781107091115. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
  48. ^ Chak, Farhan Mujahid (2015). "The Constitutional cases". Islam and Pakistan's Political Culture (googlebooks) (1 ed.). New York, U.S.: Routledge. p. 180. ISBN 9781317657941. Retrieved 6 March 2017.
  49. ^ Rashiduzzaman, M. (1967). Pakistan: A Study of Government and Politics. Ideal Library.
  50. ^ Khan, Mohammad Ayub (1966). Diaries of Field Marshal Mohammad Ayub Khan, 1966–1972. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195474428. Retrieved 22 March 2017.
  51. ^ "Find A Grave Memorial". Archived from the original on 6 July 2011. Retrieved 12 January 2012. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  52. ^ Qasmi, Ali Usman (16 December 2015). "1971 war: Witness to history". herald.dawn.com. Retrieved 21 January 2016.
  53. ^ http://www.london-gazette.co.uk/issues/34056/pages/3560
  54. ^ "Stamp of Sir Nazimuddin".

Current Events Biography, 1949

Political offices
Preceded by Prime Minister of Bengal
1943–1945 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Chief Minister of East Bengal
1947–1948 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Governor-General of Pakistan
1948–1951 		Succeeded by
Preceded by Prime Minister of Pakistan
1951–1953 		Succeeded by
Minister of Defence
1951–1953
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