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'''Diapensiaceae''' (Link) Lindley is a small [[family]] of [[flowering plants]], classified as a [[Crown group|crown group]], which includes 15 [[species]] in 6 [[genera]]. <ref>{{cite web |last1=Stevens |first1=P. F. |title=Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 14, July 2017 |url=http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/ |accessdate=29 January 2019}}</ref> The [[genera]] include ''[[Berneuxia]]'' Decne. (1 species) <ref> Rönblom, K.; A. A. Anderberg (2002). "Phylogeny of Diapensiaceae based on molecular data and morphology". Systematic Botany. 27 (2): 383–395. doi:10.1043/0363-6445-27.2.383 (inactive 2019-01-22).</ref>, ''[[Diapensia]]'' L. (5 species)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hou |first1=Yan |last2=Nowak |first2=Michael D. |last3=Mirré |first3=Virginia |last4=Bjorå |first4=Charlotte S. |last5=Brochmann |first5=Christian |last6=Popp |first6=Magnus |title=Thousands of RAD-seq Loci Fully Resolve the Phylogeny of the Highly Disjunct Arctic-Alpine Genus Diapensia (Diapensiaceae) |journal=PLOS ONE |date=2015 |volume=10 |issue=10 |page=e0140175 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0140175 |url=https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0140175}}</ref>, ''[[Galax]]'' Sims (1 species)<ref> Rönblom, K.; A. A. Anderberg (2002). "Phylogeny of Diapensiaceae based on molecular data and morphology". Systematic Botany. 27 (2): 383–395. doi:10.1043/0363-6445-27.2.383 (inactive 2019-01-22).</ref>, ''[[Pyxidanthera]]'' Michx. (2 species)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wells |first1=B. W. |title=A new pyxie from North Carolina |journal=Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society |date=1929 |volume=44 |issue=2 |page=238-239}}</ref>, ''[[Shortia]]'' Torr. & A.Gray (4 species)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Higashi |first1=Hiroyuki |last2=Ikeda |first2=Hajime |last3=Setoguchi |first3=Hiroaki |title=Molecular phylogeny of Shortia sensu lato (Diapensiaceae) based on multiple nuclear sequences |journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution |date=2015 |volume=301 |issue=2 |page=523-529 |doi=10.1007/s00606-014-1088-7 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00606-014-1088-7#Sec5}}</ref>, and ''[[Schizocodon]]'' Siebold & Zucc. (2 species)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Higashi |first1=Hiroyuki |last2=Ikeda |first2=Hajime |last3=Setoguchi |first3=Hiroaki |title=Molecular phylogeny of Shortia sensu lato (Diapensiaceae) based on multiple nuclear sequences |journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution |date=2015 |volume=301 |issue=2 |page=523-529 |doi=10.1007/s00606-014-1088-7 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00606-014-1088-7#Sec5}}</ref>. Members of this family have little economic importance. However, some members are cultivated by florist. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Scott |first1=P. J. |title=Diapensiaceae |journal=Flowering Plants Dicotyledons Part of The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants book series (Families genera, volume 6) |date=2004 |page=117 - 121}}</ref>
'''Diapensiaceae''' (Link) Lindley is a small [[family]] of [[flowering plants]], classified as a [[Crown group|crown group]], which includes 15 [[species]] in 6 [[genera]]. <ref>{{cite web |last1=Stevens |first1=P. F. |title=Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 14, July 2017 |url=http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/ |accessdate=29 January 2019}}</ref> The [[genera]] include ''[[Berneuxia]]'' Decne. (1 species),<ref name="Rönblom02">{{cite journal |last=Rönblom |first=K. |first2=A. A. |last2=Anderberg |title=Phylogeny of Diapensiaceae based on molecular data and morphology |journal=Systematic Botany |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=383–395 |year=2002 |jstor=3093878 }}</ref> ''[[Diapensia]]'' L. (5 species)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hou |first1=Yan |last2=Nowak |first2=Michael D. |last3=Mirré |first3=Virginia |last4=Bjorå |first4=Charlotte S. |last5=Brochmann |first5=Christian |last6=Popp |first6=Magnus |title=Thousands of RAD-seq Loci Fully Resolve the Phylogeny of the Highly Disjunct Arctic-Alpine Genus Diapensia (Diapensiaceae) |journal=PLOS ONE |date=2015 |volume=10 |issue=10 |page=e0140175 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0140175 |url=https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0140175}}</ref>, ''[[Galax]]'' Sims (1 species),<ref name="Rönblom02"/> ''[[Pyxidanthera]]'' Michx. (2 species)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wells |first1=B. W. |title=A new pyxie from North Carolina |journal=Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society |date=1929 |volume=44 |issue=2 |page=238-239}}</ref>, ''[[Shortia]]'' Torr. & A.Gray (4 species)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Higashi |first1=Hiroyuki |last2=Ikeda |first2=Hajime |last3=Setoguchi |first3=Hiroaki |title=Molecular phylogeny of Shortia sensu lato (Diapensiaceae) based on multiple nuclear sequences |journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution |date=2015 |volume=301 |issue=2 |page=523–529 |doi=10.1007/s00606-014-1088-7 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00606-014-1088-7#Sec5}}</ref>, and ''[[Schizocodon]]'' Siebold & Zucc. (2 species)<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Higashi |first1=Hiroyuki |last2=Ikeda |first2=Hajime |last3=Setoguchi |first3=Hiroaki |title=Molecular phylogeny of Shortia sensu lato (Diapensiaceae) based on multiple nuclear sequences |journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution |date=2015 |volume=301 |issue=2 |page=523-529 |doi=10.1007/s00606-014-1088-7 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00606-014-1088-7#Sec5}}</ref>. Members of this family have little economic importance. However, some members are cultivated by florist. <ref name=Scott04>{{cite book |last=Scott |first=P.J. |year=2004 |chapter=Diapensiaceae |editor-last=Kubitzki |editor-first=K. |title=Flowering Plants. Dicotyledons: Celastrales, Oxalidales, Rosales, Cornales, Ericales |series=The families and genera of vascular plants |volume=6 |pp=117–121 |publisher=Springer |chapterurl=https://books.google.com/books?id=O-tHGAaaf2cC&pg=PA117 |isbn=9783540065128}}</ref>


==Taxonomy==
==Taxonomy==
Past literature classified Diapensiaceae as an old family. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Baldwin Jr. |first1=J. T. |title=Chromosomes of the Diapensiaceae: a cytological approach to a phylogenetic problem |journal=ournal of Heredity |date=1939 |volume=30 |issue=4 |page=169-171}}</ref> The name ''Diapensia'' was given to ''Diapensia lapponica'' by [[Linnaeus]], previously, it was the Greek name of [[Sanicle]]. <ref>{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=A. W. |title=A Gardener's Handbook of Plant Names: Their Meanings and Origins |publisher=Dover Publications |isbn=0486297152}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sweet |first1=Robert |title=The British Flower Garden, (series the Second) |publisher=Forgotten Books |isbn=0428437605 |edition=3}}</ref> The family, including only ''Diapensia lapponica'', was named by [[Heinrich Friedrich Link]] in 1829. <ref>{{cite book |last1=Link |first1=Heinrich Friedrich |last2=Willdenow |first2=Karl Ludwig |title=Handbuch zur Erkennung der nutzbarsten und am häufigsten vorkommenden Gewächse |date=1829–1833 |publisher=Spenerschen Buchhandlung |location=Berlin |url=https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.129754}}</ref> Regarding the interrelationships in Diapensiaceae, debate still remains regarding the recognition of Schizocodon, separate from Shortia. However, recent molecular studies support the split of the two genera. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Higashi |first1=Hiroyuki |last2=Ikeda |first2=Hajime |last3=Setoguchi |first3=Hiroaki |title=Molecular phylogeny of Shortia sensu lato (Diapensiaceae) based on multiple nuclear sequences |journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution |date=2015 |volume=301 |issue=2 |page=523-529 |doi=10.1007/s00606-014-1088-7 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00606-014-1088-7#Sec5}}</ref> Additionally, recognition of species within the genera has been debated. Within the genera Pyxidanthera, two species have previously been recognized. Recent morphology and molecular work found that the two species do not have different morphology and gene flow exists between them. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wells |first1=B. W. |title=A new pyxie from North Carolina |journal=Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society |date=1929 |volume=44 |issue=2 |page=238-239}}</ref>
Past literature classified Diapensiaceae as an old family. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Baldwin Jr. |first1=J. T. |title=Chromosomes of the Diapensiaceae: a cytological approach to a phylogenetic problem |journal=Journal of Heredity |date=1939 |volume=30 |issue=4 |page=169-171}}</ref> The name ''Diapensia'' was given to ''Diapensia lapponica'' by [[Linnaeus]], previously, it was the Greek name of [[Sanicle]]. <ref>{{cite book |last1=Smith |first1=A. W. |title=A Gardener's Handbook of Plant Names: Their Meanings and Origins |publisher=Dover |isbn=0486297152}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Sweet |first1=Robert |title=The British Flower Garden, (series the Second) |publisher=Forgotten Books |isbn=0428437605 |edition=3}}</ref> The family, including only ''Diapensia lapponica'', was named by [[Heinrich Friedrich Link]] in 1829. <ref>{{cite book |last1=Link |first1=Heinrich Friedrich |last2=Willdenow |first2=Karl Ludwig |title=Handbuch zur Erkennung der nutzbarsten und am häufigsten vorkommenden Gewächse |date=1829–1833 |publisher=Spenerschen Buchhandlung |location=Berlin |url=https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.129754}}</ref> Regarding the interrelationships in Diapensiaceae, debate still remains regarding the recognition of Schizocodon, separate from Shortia. However, recent molecular studies support the split of the two genera. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Higashi |first1=Hiroyuki |last2=Ikeda |first2=Hajime |last3=Setoguchi |first3=Hiroaki |title=Molecular phylogeny of Shortia sensu lato (Diapensiaceae) based on multiple nuclear sequences |journal=Plant Systematics and Evolution |date=2015 |volume=301 |issue=2 |page=523-529 |doi=10.1007/s00606-014-1088-7 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00606-014-1088-7#Sec5}}</ref> Additionally, recognition of species within the genera has been debated. Within the genera Pyxidanthera, two species have previously been recognized. Recent morphology and molecular work found that the two species do not have different morphology and gene flow exists between them. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wells |first1=B. W. |title=A new pyxie from North Carolina |journal=Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society |date=1929 |volume=44 |issue=2 |page=238–239}}</ref>




Overtime, various relationship among Diapensiaceae and other angiosperm families have been proposed. Previously, it has been placed with the order Rosales <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Thorne |first1=R. F. |title=Proposed new realignments in the angiosperms |journal=Nordic Journal of Botany |date=1983 |volume=3 |issue=1 |page=85-117 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1756-1051.1983.tb01447.x}}</ref>, as well as in the [[Cornales]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dahlgren |first1=R. |title=General aspects of angiosperm evolution and macrosystematics |journal=Nordic Journal of Botany |date=1983 |volume=3 |page=119-149}}</ref> Diapensiaceae was also placed in an order of its own in the [[Cronquist system]] and by Takhtajan. <ref>{{cite book |last1=Takhtajan |first1=A. L. |title=Diversity and classification of flowering plants |date=1997 |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York}}</ref> Recent studies have placed Diapensiaceae as part of the Ericales clade, belonging to the “styracoids” (Diapensiaceae, [[Styracaceae]], [[Symplocaceae]]).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Schönenberger |first1=J |last2=Anderberg |first2=A. A. |last3=Sytsma |first3=K. J. |title=Molecular phylogenetics and patterns of floral evolution in the Ericales. |journal=International Journal of Plant Sciences |date=2005 |volume=166 |issue=2 |page=265-288}}</ref> It is estimated that Diapensiaceae diverged from Sytracaceae about 93 million years ago. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rose |first1=J. P. |last2=Kleist |first2=T. J. |last3=Löfstrand |first3=S. D. |last4=Drew |first4=B. T. |last5=Schönenberger |first5=J. |last6=Sytsma |first6=K. J. |title=Phylogeny, historical biogeography, and diversification of angiosperm order Ericales suggest ancient Neotropical and East Asian connections |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |date=2018 |volume=122 |page=59-79}}</ref> The family is thought to have originated in the Northern Hemisphere.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hou |first1=Y. |last2=Bjorå |first2=C. S. |last3=Ikeda |first3=H. |last4=Brochmann |first4=C. |last5=Popp |first5=M. |title=rom the north into the Himalayan–Hengduan Mountains: fossil‐calibrated phylogenetic and biogeographical inference in the arctic‐alpine genus Diapensia (Diapensiaceae) |journal=Journal of Biogeography |date=2016 |volume=43 |issue=8 |page=1502-1513}}</ref>
Overtime, various relationship among Diapensiaceae and other angiosperm families have been proposed. Previously, it has been placed with the order Rosales <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Thorne |first1=R. F. |title=Proposed new realignments in the angiosperms |journal=Nordic Journal of Botany |date=1983 |volume=3 |issue=1 |page=85–117 |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1756-1051.1983.tb01447.x |doi=10.1111/j.1756-1051.1983.tb01447.x}}</ref>, as well as in the [[Cornales]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dahlgren |first1=R. |title=General aspects of angiosperm evolution and macrosystematics |journal=Nordic Journal of Botany |date=1983 |volume=3 |issue=1 |page=119–149 |doi=10.1111/j.1756-1051.1983.tb01448. |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1756-1051.1983.tb01448.x}}</ref> Diapensiaceae was also placed in an order of its own in the [[Cronquist system]] and by Takhtajan. <ref>{{cite book |last1=Takhtajan |first1=A. L. |title=Diversity and classification of flowering plants |date=1997 |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York}}</ref> Recent studies have placed Diapensiaceae as part of the Ericales clade, belonging to the “styracoids” (Diapensiaceae, [[Styracaceae]], [[Symplocaceae]]).<ref>{{cite journal |first=Jürg |last=Schönenberger |first2=Arne A. |last2=Anderberg |first3=Kenneth J. |last3=Sytsma |date=March 2005 |title=Molecular Phylogenetics and Patterns of Floral Evolution in the Ericales |journal=International Journal of Plant Sciences |volume=166 |issue=2 |pages=265–288 |doi=10.1086/427198 |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/427198 }}</ref> It is estimated that Diapensiaceae diverged from Sytracaceae about 93 million years ago. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rose |first1=J. P. |last2=Kleist |first2=T. J. |last3=Löfstrand |first3=S. D. |last4=Drew |first4=B. T. |last5=Schönenberger |first5=J. |last6=Sytsma |first6=K. J. |title=Phylogeny, historical biogeography, and diversification of angiosperm order Ericales suggest ancient Neotropical and East Asian connections |journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution |date=2018 |volume=122 |page=59–79 |doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2018.01.014 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S105579031730622X}}</ref> The family is thought to have originated in the Northern Hemisphere.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hou |first1=Y. |last2=Bjorå |first2=C. S. |last3=Ikeda |first3=H. |last4=Brochmann |first4=C. |last5=Popp |first5=M. |title=From the north into the Himalayan–Hengduan Mountains: fossil‐calibrated phylogenetic and biogeographical inference in the arctic‐alpine genus Diapensia (Diapensiaceae) |journal=Journal of Biogeography |date=2016 |volume=43 |issue=8 |page=1502–13 |doi=10.1111/jbi.12715}}</ref>




Line 19: Line 19:
==Distribution==
==Distribution==


Diapensiaceae family members are mostly found in North America and Eastern Asia. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Scot |first1=P. J. |title=Diapensiaceae |journal=Flowering Plants Dicotyledons Part of The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants book series (Families genera, volume 6) |date=2004 |page=117 - 121}}</ref>
Diapensiaceae family members are mostly found in North America and Eastern Asia. <ref name=Scott04/>
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
|-
|-
! Genera !! Distribution<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Palser |first1=Barbara F. |title=Studies of Floral Morphology in the Ericales VI. The Diapensiaceae |journal=Botanical Gazette |date=1963 |volume=124 |issue=3 |page=200-219}}</ref>
! Genera !! Distribution<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Palser |first1=Barbara F. |title=Studies of Floral Morphology in the Ericales VI. The Diapensiaceae |journal=Botanical Gazette |date=1963 |volume=124 |issue=3 |page=200–219}}</ref>
|-
|-
| Berneuxia || Tibet, southern China, and Burma
| Berneuxia || Tibet, southern China, and Burma
Line 39: Line 39:
==Characteristics==
==Characteristics==


Diapensiaceae family members are mostly herbs or shrublets. Flowers have radial symmetry, are [[hypogynous]], and have most parts arranged in 5. The ovary is made of three fused carpels. They have both ectotrophic and endotrophic mycorrhiza associations. <ref> Rönblom, K.; A. A. Anderberg (2002). "Phylogeny of Diapensiaceae based on molecular data and morphology". Systematic Botany. 27 (2): 383–395. doi:10.1043/0363-6445-27.2.383 (inactive 2019-01-22).</ref>
Diapensiaceae family members are mostly herbs or shrublets. Flowers have radial symmetry, are [[hypogynous]], and have most parts arranged in 5. The ovary is made of three fused carpels. They have both ectotrophic and endotrophic mycorrhiza associations. <ref name="Rönblom02"/>


{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
Line 55: Line 55:
| Shortia/Schizocodon || Perennial herb || reniform to orbicular and petiolate || Solitary or [[Raceme]]
| Shortia/Schizocodon || Perennial herb || reniform to orbicular and petiolate || Solitary or [[Raceme]]
|}
|}
<ref name=Scott04/>
<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Scott |first1=P. J. |title=Diapensiaceae |journal=Flowering Plants Dicotyledons Part of The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants book series (Families genera, volume 6) |date=2004 |page=117 - 121}}</ref>


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 12:33, 11 February 2019

Diapensiaceae
Diapensia lapponica
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Ericales
Family: Diapensiaceae
Lindl.[1]

Diapensiaceae (Link) Lindley is a small family of flowering plants, classified as a crown group, which includes 15 species in 6 genera. [2] The genera include Berneuxia Decne. (1 species),[3] Diapensia L. (5 species)[4], Galax Sims (1 species),[3] Pyxidanthera Michx. (2 species)[5], Shortia Torr. & A.Gray (4 species)[6], and Schizocodon Siebold & Zucc. (2 species)[7]. Members of this family have little economic importance. However, some members are cultivated by florist. [8]

Taxonomy

Past literature classified Diapensiaceae as an old family. [9] The name Diapensia was given to Diapensia lapponica by Linnaeus, previously, it was the Greek name of Sanicle. [10][11] The family, including only Diapensia lapponica, was named by Heinrich Friedrich Link in 1829. [12] Regarding the interrelationships in Diapensiaceae, debate still remains regarding the recognition of Schizocodon, separate from Shortia. However, recent molecular studies support the split of the two genera. [13] Additionally, recognition of species within the genera has been debated. Within the genera Pyxidanthera, two species have previously been recognized. Recent morphology and molecular work found that the two species do not have different morphology and gene flow exists between them. [14]


Overtime, various relationship among Diapensiaceae and other angiosperm families have been proposed. Previously, it has been placed with the order Rosales [15], as well as in the Cornales.[16] Diapensiaceae was also placed in an order of its own in the Cronquist system and by Takhtajan. [17] Recent studies have placed Diapensiaceae as part of the Ericales clade, belonging to the “styracoids” (Diapensiaceae, Styracaceae, Symplocaceae).[18] It is estimated that Diapensiaceae diverged from Sytracaceae about 93 million years ago. [19] The family is thought to have originated in the Northern Hemisphere.[20]


Distribution

Diapensiaceae family members are mostly found in North America and Eastern Asia. [8]

Genera Distribution[21]
Berneuxia Tibet, southern China, and Burma
Diapensia Mostly mountains in southern Asia, Diapensia lapponica is circumboreal
Galax Eastern United States
Pyxidanthera Eastern United States
Shortia Eastern United States, China, and Taiwan
Schizocodon Japan

Characteristics

Diapensiaceae family members are mostly herbs or shrublets. Flowers have radial symmetry, are hypogynous, and have most parts arranged in 5. The ovary is made of three fused carpels. They have both ectotrophic and endotrophic mycorrhiza associations. [3]

Genera Life Form Leaf Shape Flowers
Berneuxia Perennial herb linear and petiolate Distinct scape
Diapensia Cushion-like shrublet linear and lanceolate to oblanceolate and sessile Solitary
Galax Perennial herb reniform to orbicular and petiolate Raceme
Pyxidanthera Cushion-like shrublet linear and lanceolate to oblanceolate and sessile Solitary
Shortia/Schizocodon Perennial herb reniform to orbicular and petiolate Solitary or Raceme

[8]

References

  1. ^ Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (2009). "An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III" (PDF). Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 161 (2): 105–121. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x. Retrieved 2013-07-06.
  2. ^ Stevens, P. F. "Angiosperm Phylogeny Website. Version 14, July 2017". Retrieved 29 January 2019.
  3. ^ a b c Rönblom, K.; Anderberg, A. A. (2002). "Phylogeny of Diapensiaceae based on molecular data and morphology". Systematic Botany. 27 (2): 383–395. JSTOR 3093878.
  4. ^ Hou, Yan; Nowak, Michael D.; Mirré, Virginia; Bjorå, Charlotte S.; Brochmann, Christian; Popp, Magnus (2015). "Thousands of RAD-seq Loci Fully Resolve the Phylogeny of the Highly Disjunct Arctic-Alpine Genus Diapensia (Diapensiaceae)". PLOS ONE. 10 (10): e0140175. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0140175.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  5. ^ Wells, B. W. (1929). "A new pyxie from North Carolina". Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society. 44 (2): 238-239.
  6. ^ Higashi, Hiroyuki; Ikeda, Hajime; Setoguchi, Hiroaki (2015). "Molecular phylogeny of Shortia sensu lato (Diapensiaceae) based on multiple nuclear sequences". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 301 (2): 523–529. doi:10.1007/s00606-014-1088-7.
  7. ^ Higashi, Hiroyuki; Ikeda, Hajime; Setoguchi, Hiroaki (2015). "Molecular phylogeny of Shortia sensu lato (Diapensiaceae) based on multiple nuclear sequences". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 301 (2): 523-529. doi:10.1007/s00606-014-1088-7.
  8. ^ a b c Scott, P.J. (2004). "Diapensiaceae". In Kubitzki, K. (ed.). Flowering Plants. Dicotyledons: Celastrales, Oxalidales, Rosales, Cornales, Ericales. The families and genera of vascular plants. Vol. 6. Springer. pp. 117–121. ISBN 9783540065128. {{cite book}}: External link in |chapterurl= (help); Unknown parameter |chapterurl= ignored (|chapter-url= suggested) (help)
  9. ^ Baldwin Jr., J. T. (1939). "Chromosomes of the Diapensiaceae: a cytological approach to a phylogenetic problem". Journal of Heredity. 30 (4): 169-171.
  10. ^ Smith, A. W. A Gardener's Handbook of Plant Names: Their Meanings and Origins. Dover. ISBN 0486297152.
  11. ^ Sweet, Robert. The British Flower Garden, (series the Second) (3 ed.). Forgotten Books. ISBN 0428437605.
  12. ^ Link, Heinrich Friedrich; Willdenow, Karl Ludwig (1829–1833). Handbuch zur Erkennung der nutzbarsten und am häufigsten vorkommenden Gewächse. Berlin: Spenerschen Buchhandlung.
  13. ^ Higashi, Hiroyuki; Ikeda, Hajime; Setoguchi, Hiroaki (2015). "Molecular phylogeny of Shortia sensu lato (Diapensiaceae) based on multiple nuclear sequences". Plant Systematics and Evolution. 301 (2): 523-529. doi:10.1007/s00606-014-1088-7.
  14. ^ Wells, B. W. (1929). "A new pyxie from North Carolina". Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society. 44 (2): 238–239.
  15. ^ Thorne, R. F. (1983). "Proposed new realignments in the angiosperms". Nordic Journal of Botany. 3 (1): 85–117. doi:10.1111/j.1756-1051.1983.tb01447.x.
  16. ^ Dahlgren, R. (1983). "General aspects of angiosperm evolution and macrosystematics". Nordic Journal of Botany. 3 (1): 119–149. doi:10.1111/j.1756-1051.1983.tb01448. {{cite journal}}: Check |doi= value (help)
  17. ^ Takhtajan, A. L. (1997). Diversity and classification of flowering plants. New York: Columbia University Press.
  18. ^ Schönenberger, Jürg; Anderberg, Arne A.; Sytsma, Kenneth J. (March 2005). "Molecular Phylogenetics and Patterns of Floral Evolution in the Ericales". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 166 (2): 265–288. doi:10.1086/427198. {{cite journal}}: no-break space character in |first2= at position 5 (help); no-break space character in |first3= at position 8 (help)
  19. ^ Rose, J. P.; Kleist, T. J.; Löfstrand, S. D.; Drew, B. T.; Schönenberger, J.; Sytsma, K. J. (2018). "Phylogeny, historical biogeography, and diversification of angiosperm order Ericales suggest ancient Neotropical and East Asian connections". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 122: 59–79. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2018.01.014.
  20. ^ Hou, Y.; Bjorå, C. S.; Ikeda, H.; Brochmann, C.; Popp, M. (2016). "From the north into the Himalayan–Hengduan Mountains: fossil‐calibrated phylogenetic and biogeographical inference in the arctic‐alpine genus Diapensia (Diapensiaceae)". Journal of Biogeography. 43 (8): 1502–13. doi:10.1111/jbi.12715.
  21. ^ Palser, Barbara F. (1963). "Studies of Floral Morphology in the Ericales VI. The Diapensiaceae". Botanical Gazette. 124 (3): 200–219.
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