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The Photo of Viola

The Range of Viola: C3-E6

Viola (German: Bratsche, French: Alto, Esperanto: Vjolo) is one of the string instruments which is belonged to the violin family. It is also known as the instrument that was made the last in the violin family. The viola resembles the shape of the violin but has the bigger size than the violin. Its sound is also louder and heavier than the violin.

In addition, viola also covers the lower range than the violin. The range it covers is located between the violin and cello and overlaps the range of both these instruments. However, even though the viola and the violin have similar shape and the playing method, it is not the violin but the cello which has the same open string notes with the viola. While the Violin is tuned G,D,A,E, the viola is tuned C,G,D,A as the cello does, but one octave higher. To be precise, viola is tuned about the perfect fifth low than the violin and one octave high than the cello. Viola is known that covers from C3 to E6 and it is mostly notated on the alto clef. However, when it plays the note beyond the C5, it is usually notated on the treble clef which the violin uses for its notation.

Viola is also known as an instrument which mostly plays the part of the accompaniment rather than plays the melody or solo line since its sound is close to rich and calm but little far from sharp and striking. According to Adler, Viola has not been acknowledged as a solo instrument before 17th centuries and started to be flourished on the 19th centuries. In particular, the solo works or passages of viola, which were not found much after Berlioz, were composed by many composers such as Stravinsky in the 19th and 20th centuries.

History<Sheng>

While the appellation 'Viola' was derived from the Italian word 'Viola da gamba', the actual shape of the viola was derived from the instrument called 'Viola da baccio.' Like the cello, viola da gamba was the instrument which used both of legs. However, the viola da braccio was the instrument which was placed on the left shoulder, just like the viola in present.

In the Baroque and Classical era, the viola usually played the accompaniment part. In these era, composers usually treated the viola as the instrument which fills the harmony.

n the last two decades of the eighteenth century, many musicians gradually realized that the viola was unique and beautiful in tone. Example. Sir William Turner Walton,Bartók Béla Viktor János and many other composers had create concertos for the viola.

The development history of the violin and viola were very similar, nonetheless because of the viola was lack of the solo violin’s adaptability and tone, therefore the viola only could being the accompaniment of position to played sound of harmonious. In the last two decades of the eighteenth century, many musicians gradually acknowledged viola was unique and had beautiful timbre, and commonly used on the string quartets of Haydn and Mozart. In general, viola in orchestral and chamber music almost exclusively used to strengthen the rhythm and harmony. However when viola used as a solo instrument it was uniqued, like a stringed musical instrument, full of nasal sounds deep and mysterious.

In the nineteenth century, musicians of alto fiddle the advantages of raising attention; Berlioz's symphony works "Harold in Italy" had a movement was given priority to with the viola solo, since then the viola solo in the role of more and more important.

Shape<Yiyang>

When the viola first appeared in Italy, there were two kinds of viola; 'Alto viola' and the 'Tenor viola.' In this period, the size of the tenor violas were about 15-16 inches. Moreover, the other kind of viola called the second tenor viola was bigger than this. It was nearly 18 inches for its size.

The size of these two violas caused some problems, therefore, as time goes by, the Therefore, as time goes by, the size of viola began to shrink.

most of the tenor violas were produced

were about 15-16 inches in size and the second tenor viola which was the another type of ancient viola was about 18 inches. Therefore, most of the tenor violas except for the Alto violas have been reduced its size. In 21th century, it is hard to see

remain.

Gradually, the later violas were no longer alto or tenor. And composers, in their ideas and works, no longer divide the viola into two parts. The size of the viola most of us play depends on the body shape of the user. There are many variations from 12 to 17 inches. In general, 15 to 17 inches is considered an adult, and under 14 inches is a child. For the viola voice requirements, many people will allow in their own body size, try to choose a larger viola to obtain a larger volume. Especially bass, the larger the body of the viola tend to produce a richer effect. However, in terms of penetration, some violas with small bodies but excellent production also often perform surprisingly well.

The structure and material of the viola are similar to that of the violin, except that the size is larger and the timbre is more variable. Unlike the violin, the viola has no standard length. For harmony with the violin, the best viola length is 21 inches. It's not a comfortable size to play the violin. So over the centuries, violinists and violin-makers have often modified the size and shape of violas to make them shorter and lighter, but also to ensure that there is a resonator large enough to embody the viola's timbre. Violas are usually one to four inches longer than violins, with an average length of 16 inches. The length of the viola for children was shortened to 12 inches.

When the viola was first appeared in the Italy, there was two kinds of viola;Alto viola and the Tenor viola. Most tenor violas are about 15 to 16 inches in size, and the second tenor viola is larger, which means more than 18 inches. So for the Italian viola that is left behind, except for the Alto, most Tenro's have been reduced in size. This is because they are too big to play. Gradually, for composers, in their ideas and works, no longer divide the viola into two types. The size of the viola depends on the body shape of the user. There are many variations from 12 to 17 inches. In general, 15 to 17 inches is considered an adult, and under 14 inches is a child. For the viola voice requirements, many people will allow in their own body size, try to choose a larger viola to obtain a larger volume. Especially bass, the larger the body of the viola tend to produce a richer effect. However, in terms of penetration, some violas with small bodies but excellent production also often perform surprisingly well.

The structure and material of the viola are similar to that of the violin, except that the size is larger and the timbre is more variable. Unlike the violin, the viola has no standard length. For harmony with the violin, the best viola length is 21 inches. It's not a comfortable size to play the violin. So over the centuries, violinists and violin-makers have often modified the size and shape of violas to make them shorter and lighter, but also to ensure that there is a resonator large enough to embody the viola's timbre. Violas are usually one to four inches longer than violins, with an average length of 16 inches. The length of the viola for children was shortened to 12 inches.

Posture

The posture of violist

Playing viola is basically the same as playing the violin. As violinist does, the violist puts the instrument on their left shoulder and place their chin or left side of cheek on the chin-rest. And as the violinist do, the violist also hold the bow on the right hand with same hand position. And as the violinist do, the violist also hold the bow on the right hand with same hand position. When they hold the bow, they hold the bow not too strong with both hand and arm. They put their thumbs near the frog and curl the wood part of the bow with other fingers except the index finger. Index finger should be placed slighter far from the rest of other fingers. However, because the size of viola and the violin is different, the violist should stretch their arm more than the violinist.

Playing techniques

There are various playing techniques for viola. And most of the techniques available in the violin are also possible in the viola.

Techniques with bow

The techniques which utilize the bow is founded almost every music in any era. The techniques which are related to the bowing are the most used techniques in the string instrument. The techniques which utilize the bow is founded almost every music in any era. The techniques which are related to the bowing are the most used techniques in the string instruments. Among all, techniques which are most used are détaché, legato, tenuto, portato, staccato, spiccato, martelé and tremolo. Ricochet and jété are also frequently used techniques. There are some techniques which acquire the bowing position, one is called 'Sul ponticello' and the other is called 'Sul tasto.' Sul ponticello signifies the technique that plays the bow near the bridge, the sound which is elicited from this technique is sharp and includes some noises. Sul tasto signifies the technique that plays the bow near the fingerboard, the sound that this technique makes is richer, louder and heavier compared to the sound from ordinary bowing.

Techniques with hands

There are lots of technique which not requires the bowing. The most commonly used one is the technique of plucking strings, and most of these techniques are called pizzicato. Pizzicato sound includes both percussive noises and pitches. In addition, the pitches which can get from this technique is quite clear and accurate. There are various types of pizzicato. For its kind, there are normal pizzicato, left hand pizzicato, pizzicato secco, pizzicato tremolo, plucking glissando, quasi guitar and snap pizzicato which is also known as Bartok pizzicato. Bartok pizzicato is a technique which can get the greatest percussive sound by plucking them strongly.

Extended techniques

Since the 20th century, many composers have begun to pay much attention to the new sounds that have not existed before. To create new sounds, composers tried to find the new techniques that could produce new sounds and succeed to develop those techniques. Composers began to call them under the name of extended techniques and it started to be utilized by the prominent modern composers such as Helmut Lachenmann, Henry Cowell, Arnold Schoenberg and the rest.

An extended technique called 'tapping the body' is a technique literally tap the body of viola with hands or bow. One technique called scordatura tuning is a technique that tunes the pitch of each string different from the original tuning. 'Behind the bridge' is a technique that player bows not on the bridge but the part in the middle of the bridge and tailpiece. The technique called 'bowing on the bridge' looks similar to the 'sul ponticello.' However,  it means just what it sounds like: bowing on the bridge. The sound that can get from this technique is very quiet and has no pitch. It only produces little noise. 'Bowing tailpiece' is a similar technique to the 'bowing on the bridge. Striking strings is a technique that hits the fingerboard with hand, and a scratch note(or scratch tone) signify a technique which applies excessive force on the right hand to get the very strong sound.

In addition, many techniques such as playing violas using guitar peaks instead of bows, moving bows vertically on the fingerboard are existing and are utilized now.

Famous artist

Behind bridge is a technique that player bows not on the bridge but the part in the middle of bridge and tailpiece.

sheng

Music for viola<yiyang>

make an introduction sentences about the music for viola, yiyang.

Orchestral piece

One of the famous orchestral piece of viola is the piece of Hector Berlioz called 'Harold in Italy.' It is a viola concerto piece the Berlioz composed for Paganini who was the legendary violinist from Italy. Paganini asked Berlioz to write a viola melody for him (i.e., Harold in Italy), however, because the viola solo part has too much rest, Paganini dissatisfied and refused to perform. The other famous orchestral pieces are called 'Enigma Variations' and 'Ysobel' of Edward elgar.

Ensemble piece

Mozart "string quintet" series is one of the famous piece for viola in Ensemble. The characteristics of this piece is that viola played the melody incisively and vividly. The other factors we can figure it out from this piece is that the two violas has different role; one as solos the other as a accompaniment which enriched the harmony.

Solo piece

In the early 20th century, with the emergence of viola players such as Lionel teith, many composers began to compose the piece for viola. British composers Arthur Bliss, York Bowen and others have created works for him. William Walton and Bella bartok also composed the famous viola concerto. Paul hindermitt and elliot carter produced a large number of works on viola. At the end of the 20th century, composers created a large number of viola pieces, such as the Russian composer Alfred schnittke and the polish composer christophe pandelitski composed the viola concerto.

Contemporary pop music

Contemporary pop music, especially avant-garde music, sometimes uses the viola as the soundtrack. Velvet Underground, 10,000 Maniacs and many others used the viola heavily. Jazz music sometimes has viola players.

Folk music

Although the viola is not as widely used as the violin in folk music, there are many folk musicians around the world who play it, including cass James, Helen bell, Jim o 'neill, eliza cassie and so on. The viola is also an important instrument in Hungarian and romanian folk orchestras, especially in Transylvania. The local viola has only three strings, g - d 'a, and a strong triad rhythm.especially avant-garde music, sometimes uses the viola as the soundtrack. Velvet Underground, 10,000 Maniacs and many others used the viola heavily. Jazz music sometimes has viola players.

Others

Viola Alta

Yiyang.

Bibliography

We should write with Chicago style.