Orthodox Archdiocese of Italy: Difference between revisions
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After the fall of the Western [[Roman Empire]], the southern areas of [[Italy]], such as [[Sicily]], Apulia, and Calabria, remained under the control of the Eastern Roman Empire ([[Byzantine Empire]]) until the [[Normans|Norman]] conquest in the 11th century. In 1054, the [[East–West Schism|Great Schism]] divided the [[Roman Catholic]] and the [[Orthodox Church]]es. The Orthodox bishops were replaced by Roman Catholic bishops, and many Orthodox churches, monasteries, convents, and priories were suppressed or destroyed.{{citation needed|date=October 2015}} By 1200, this division had essentially been realized in Sicily and southern mainland Italy by the gradual appointment by the Norman kings of Roman Catholic bishops. |
After the fall of the Western [[Roman Empire]], the southern areas of [[Italy]], such as [[Sicily]], Apulia, and Calabria, remained under the control of the Eastern Roman Empire ([[Byzantine Empire]]) until the [[Normans|Norman]] conquest in the 11th century. In 1054, the [[East–West Schism|Great Schism]] divided the [[Roman Catholic]] and the [[Orthodox Church]]es. The Orthodox bishops were replaced by Roman Catholic bishops, and many Orthodox churches, monasteries, convents, and priories were suppressed or destroyed.{{citation needed|date=October 2015}} By 1200, this division had essentially been realized in Sicily and southern mainland Italy by the gradual appointment by the Norman kings of Roman Catholic bishops. |
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The Italo-Byzantine Monastery of St Mary of [[Grottaferrata]], 20 kilometers south of [[Rome]], was founded by |
The Italo-Byzantine Monastery of St Mary of [[Grottaferrata]], 20 kilometers south of [[Rome]], was founded by Saint Nilus the Younger in 1004, fifty years before the division between the Roman Catholic and the Orthodox Church, and remains to this day an [[enclave]] of Byzantine tradition under the Roman jurisdiction. The coming of [[Arbëreshë people|Albanian]] and Greek Orthodox refugees to Southern Italy due to Ottoman conquests in the latter portion of the 1500s contributed to a brief revival of Orthodoxy and Greek culture, but soon the new arrivals were assimilated into the Catholic Church, preserving the [[Byzantine Rite]] and some of their autonomy within the Eastern-rite [[Italo-Albanian Catholic Church]]. |
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The Italian Orthodox Church went underground,{{citation needed|date=October 2015}} and its Bishops had to move around to avoid persecution.{{citation needed|date=October 2015}} Consequently, they were referred to as bishops residing in a given place, rather than as diocesan territorial overseers. However, due to its small numbers and persistent persecution by their Roman Catholic brothers,{{citation needed|date=October 2015}} the Italian Orthodox Church became almost extinct, and there were times when gaps existed in its hierarchy. Due to persecution,{{citation needed|date=October 2015}} the belief came into being that many married bishops were ordained secretly, although this practice was not endorsed by the [[Patriarchate of Constantinople]]. Nevertheless, the Church has survived to this day and is experiencing a period of revitalization.{{citation needed|date=October 2015}} |
The Italian Orthodox Church went underground,{{citation needed|date=October 2015}} and its Bishops had to move around to avoid persecution.{{citation needed|date=October 2015}} Consequently, they were referred to as bishops residing in a given place, rather than as diocesan territorial overseers. However, due to its small numbers and persistent persecution by their Roman Catholic brothers,{{citation needed|date=October 2015}} the Italian Orthodox Church became almost extinct, and there were times when gaps existed in its hierarchy. Due to persecution,{{citation needed|date=October 2015}} the belief came into being that many married bishops were ordained secretly, although this practice was not endorsed by the [[Patriarchate of Constantinople]]. Nevertheless, the Church has survived to this day and is experiencing a period of revitalization.{{citation needed|date=October 2015}} |
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The Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Italy and Malta and Exarchate of Southern Europe is a diocese of the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople with see in Venice. The diocese was created in 1991. The current Archbishop and Metropolitan is Gennadios Zervos.
History
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After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the southern areas of Italy, such as Sicily, Apulia, and Calabria, remained under the control of the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire) until the Norman conquest in the 11th century. In 1054, the Great Schism divided the Roman Catholic and the Orthodox Churches. The Orthodox bishops were replaced by Roman Catholic bishops, and many Orthodox churches, monasteries, convents, and priories were suppressed or destroyed.[citation needed] By 1200, this division had essentially been realized in Sicily and southern mainland Italy by the gradual appointment by the Norman kings of Roman Catholic bishops.
The Italo-Byzantine Monastery of St Mary of Grottaferrata, 20 kilometers south of Rome, was founded by Saint Nilus the Younger in 1004, fifty years before the division between the Roman Catholic and the Orthodox Church, and remains to this day an enclave of Byzantine tradition under the Roman jurisdiction. The coming of Albanian and Greek Orthodox refugees to Southern Italy due to Ottoman conquests in the latter portion of the 1500s contributed to a brief revival of Orthodoxy and Greek culture, but soon the new arrivals were assimilated into the Catholic Church, preserving the Byzantine Rite and some of their autonomy within the Eastern-rite Italo-Albanian Catholic Church.
The Italian Orthodox Church went underground,[citation needed] and its Bishops had to move around to avoid persecution.[citation needed] Consequently, they were referred to as bishops residing in a given place, rather than as diocesan territorial overseers. However, due to its small numbers and persistent persecution by their Roman Catholic brothers,[citation needed] the Italian Orthodox Church became almost extinct, and there were times when gaps existed in its hierarchy. Due to persecution,[citation needed] the belief came into being that many married bishops were ordained secretly, although this practice was not endorsed by the Patriarchate of Constantinople. Nevertheless, the Church has survived to this day and is experiencing a period of revitalization.[citation needed]
After the fall of Constantinople, many Greeks sought refuge in Italy and the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople appointed a series of Metropolitans, who resided in Venice from 1537 to 1797. But it was not until 1539 that the Greek Orthodox community was authorised to begin building the church of San Giorgio dei Greci which still stands in the centre of the city on the canal known as the Rio dei Greci. The church was completed in 1573 and is the oldest of the churches of the Greek diaspora in western Europe[1].
In 1557, Venice's Greek community had nominated Pachomios, bishop of Zante and Cephalonia, to act in their church as bishop, which he apparently did for one year only[2]. In 1577 it was allowed a Greek-Orthodox archbishop to reside in Venice and recognized him as the religious head of the Greek Orthodox community in Venice, though under the non-Venetian title of Archbishop of Philadelphia[3].
From the Napoleonic era until 1922, the Orthodox communities in Italy remained disorganized and dependent upon visiting priests and bishops. The continuation of that presence is represented by the Orthodox Archdiocese of Italy, which was established in 1991 by an act of the Holy Synod of the Church of Constantinople (Ecumenical Patriarchate). The Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople re-organized the Orthodox churches in Italy: initially under the Exarchate of the Archdiocese of Thyateira and Great Britain (1922–1963), then under the Exarchate of the Archdiocese of Austria-Hungary (1963–1991), and finally under the newly created Archdiocese of Italy and Exarchate of Southern Europe in 1991, with its Metropolitan See in Venice. Today the archdiocese has 49 churches.
Archbishops of Italy
- Spyridon Papageorgiou (1991-1996)
- Gennadios Zervos (1996-present)
See also
References
- ^ MacGillivray Nicol, Donald (October 30, 1992). Byzantium and Venice: A Study in Diplomatic and Cultural Relations (first ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521428941. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
{{cite book}}:|website=ignored (help) - ^ A Companion to Venetian History, 1400-1797 (first ed.). Eric R. Dursteler. July 11, 2013. p. 992. ISBN 978-90-04-25251-6. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
{{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter:|1=(help) - ^ Nili, Cohen; Heldrich, Andreas (October 10, 2002). The Three Religions: Interdisciplinary Conference of Tel Aviv University and Munich University. Venice. p. 200. ISBN 9783896759764. Retrieved April 24, 2018.
{{cite book}}:|website=ignored (help)CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Bibliography
- Kiminas, Demetrius (2009). The Ecumenical Patriarchate: A History of Its Metropolitanates with Annotated Hierarch Catalogs. Wildside Press LLC. ISBN 9781434458766.
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External links
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