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* James "Cookie" Long, [[9 Sqn]] RAF pilot, later escaped from Stalag Luft III in "[[Stalag Luft III#The "Great Escape"|The Great Escape]]", but was recaptured and shot by the Gestapo.
* James "Cookie" Long, [[9 Sqn]] RAF pilot, later escaped from Stalag Luft III in "[[Stalag Luft III#The "Great Escape"|The Great Escape]]", but was recaptured and shot by the Gestapo.
*[[Bob Hoover|RA "Bob" Hoover]], American fighter and test pilot, who escaped the camp and then stole a [[Focke-Wulf Fw 190]] and flew it to Allied territory.
*[[Bob Hoover|RA "Bob" Hoover]], American fighter and test pilot, who escaped the camp and then stole a [[Focke-Wulf Fw 190]] and flew it to Allied territory.
*[[Einar Axel Malmstrom|Einar A. Malmstrom]], [[356th Fighter Group]] Commander and namesake of [[Malmstrom Air Force Base]].
*[[Loren G. McCollom]], [[353rd Fighter Group]] Commander.
*[[Loren G. McCollom]], [[353rd Fighter Group]] Commander.
*[[John C. Morgan]], ex-RAF bomber pilot and USAAF B-17 pilot, the only [[Medal of Honor]] winner to become a POW in World War II.
*[[John C. Morgan]], ex-RAF bomber pilot and USAAF B-17 pilot, the only [[Medal of Honor]] winner to become a POW in World War II.

Revision as of 23:02, 8 March 2019

Stalag Luft I
Barth, Western Pomerania
Stalag Luft I is located in Germany
Stalag Luft I
Stalag Luft I
Coordinates54°22′25″N 12°42′31″E / 54.3736°N 12.7086°E / 54.3736; 12.7086
TypePrisoner-of-war camp
Site information
Controlled by Nazi Germany
Site history
In use1940–1945
Garrison information
Garrison900 officers and men
OccupantsRAF, SAAF, and USAAF POWs

Stalag Luft I was a German World War II prisoner-of-war (POW) camp near Barth, Western Pomerania, Germany, for captured Allied airmen. The presence of the prison camp is said to have shielded the town of Barth from Allied bombing.[1] About 9,000 airmen – 7,588 American and 1,351 British and Canadian – were imprisoned there[2] when it was liberated on the night of 30 April 1945 by Russian troops.[3]

Camp history

The camp was opened in 1941 to hold British officers, but was closed in April 1942, when they were transferred to other camps. It was reopened in October 1942, when 200 RAF NCOs from Stalag Luft III were moved there. From 1943, American POWs were sent to the camp.[4]

Commanders

Evacuation

On 30 April 1945, the prisoners were ordered to evacuate the camp in the face of the advancing Soviet Red Army, but the Senior American Officer, Colonel Hubert Zemke, refused to give the order. After negotiations between Zemke and the commandant, it was agreed that to avoid useless bloodshed the guards would go, leaving the POWs behind. The next day, the first Soviet troops arrived.[4]

The Soviet troops treated German civilians in the area badly, but American and Commonwealth personnel were treated with respect (the liberated POWs were careful to wear armbands on which their nationality was written in Russian). After initial concern they would be repatriated by sea via Odessa in the Soviet Union, the Russians eventually gave permission for the POWs to be evacuated by air.[5]

Between 13–15 May, the camp was evacuated by American aircraft in "Operation Revival". The British POWs were returned directly to Great Britain, while the Americans were sent to Camp Lucky Strike[6] north-east of Le Havre, France, before being shipped back to the United States.[7]

The camp is the setting of the 2017 film Instrument of War, featuring Jack Ashton as Clair Cline, a U.S. bomber pilot imprisoned at the camp from February 1944 to April 1945. The film depicts the prisoners' refusal to evacuate and the negotiations between the Senior U.S. Officer and the Kommandant.[8]

Notable prisoners

  • Nicholas Alkemade, RAF rear-gunner who survived a fall of 18,000 feet (5,500 m) without a parachute when his aircraft was shot down in March 1944.
  • John L Armstrong Sr, on 28 August 1944, was shot down while attacking a railway locomotive in his P-51 Mustang. On 3 September 1954, he flew a North American F-86 Sabre to take the world speed record over a 500-kilometre (310 mi) course, flying at 1,045.206 kilometres per hour (649.461 mph). He died two days later when his aircraft broke up during an attempt to increase his record.[9]
  • Bernard Barker, United States Air Force bombardier, later famous as a Watergate burglar.
  • Jimmy Buckley, British Fleet Air Arm pilot and escape organiser (known as "Big X" — note that a character in the film The Great Escape is also so named, but has a different fate).
  • Josef Bryks, Czechoslovak RAFVR fighter pilot and serial escaper (September – November 1944).[10]
  • John J Carroll, P38 Pilot 55th Fighter Group, shot down over the Netherlands, 1943, Later Vice president of Knorr Broadcasting WKNR (KEENER13) Detroit. Later, Owner Operator of Carroll Broadcasting Inc.
  • John M. Conroy, originator of the Pregnant Guppy, transport aircraft and founder of Aero Spacelines
  • Roberta Cowell, RAF fighter pilot, and later the first British person to undergo Sex reassignment surgery
  • Harry Day, British Royal Air Force Wing Commander and Senior British Officer at this and numerous other camps, survivor of the "Great Escape".
  • James 'Dixie' Deans, RAF sergeant and World War II bomber pilot, guided 2,000 Allied POWs across Germany in what was known as the "Long March".
  • Sonny Eliot,[11] USAAF B-24 bomber pilot, later weatherman on WWJ (AM) 950 in Detroit, Michigan. Eliot did weather reports on both TV and/or radio since just after returning home from World War II.[12]
  • John Fancy, British, RAF air observer/navigator whose tunneling escapes from various German prisoner of war camps during the war earned him the nickname "The Mole", and inspired the book and film The Great Escape.
  • Augustine Fernandez, career officer in the USAAF, bombardier in the B-17, author of the book POWerful memories.
  • Bill Fowler, RAF pilot who later escaped from Oflag IV-C (Colditz Castle).
  • Frank E. Funk, American navigator, 772nd Squadron, 463rd Bomb Group, 15th Air Force. Parachuted out of sabotaged[citation needed] B-17 on his seventh mission. Later dean of University College at Syracuse University, 1970-1988.[13]
  • Gabby Gabreski, top American fighter ace in Europe in World War II, a jet fighter ace in Korea, and career officer in the USAAF with more than 26 years service.
  • Charles Ross Greening, an American bomber pilot who participated in the Doolittle Raid.
  • Jimmy James, 9 Sqn RAF pilot and survivor of the "Great Escape".
  • Nicolas Koskinas, Greek, Hellenic Air Force fighter pilot; became chief of the Hellenic Tactical Air Force Command in 1967.
  • Mark Linenthal, Jr, American navigator; later poet and professor San Francisco State University.[14]
  • James "Cookie" Long, 9 Sqn RAF pilot, later escaped from Stalag Luft III in "The Great Escape", but was recaptured and shot by the Gestapo.
  • RA "Bob" Hoover, American fighter and test pilot, who escaped the camp and then stole a Focke-Wulf Fw 190 and flew it to Allied territory.
  • Einar A. Malmstrom, 356th Fighter Group Commander and namesake of Malmstrom Air Force Base.
  • Loren G. McCollom, 353rd Fighter Group Commander.
  • John C. Morgan, ex-RAF bomber pilot and USAAF B-17 pilot, the only Medal of Honor winner to become a POW in World War II.
  • Brian Paddon, RAF pilot who later escaped from Oflag IV-C (Colditz Castle).
  • Ray Parker, American pilot who from April 1944 to May 1945 edited POW WOW, an underground newspaper within the camp that distributed information of the outside world to the prisoners.
  • Donald Pleasence, later known as an actor in such films as You Only Live Twice and Halloween. He also had roles in both The Great Escape and The Great Escape II: The Untold Story.
  • Lt Col Luther H Richmond, Commanding Officer of the 486th Fighter Squadron, 352nd Fighter Group, was downed by flak while attacking an anti-aircraft position in his P-51. He was a prisoner from April 15, 1944, until May 1945. He retired from the USAF as a Major General in 1970.
  • John TL Shore, 9 Squadron RAF pilot, successfully escaped from Stalag Luft I, via 'blitzkrieg' tunnel under incinerator, on 19 Oct 1941 and made a home run to England via Sweden.
  • Joseph E. Smith, RAF pilot, survivor of several escape attempts and later a director of NHS Scotland.
  • Hubert Zemke, career officer in the USAAF, fighter pilot in World War II, and a leading USAAF ace. He was the Senior American Officer in the camp at the time of liberation, and arranged for the POWs to remain in the camp instead of evacuating.
  • Roy Wendell, PR director for Fairchild Republic Co., developed public relations strategies for A-10 Warthog, B-1 Lancer
  • Brad "Buster" Slaven, Child actor with numerous credits prior to the war and additional credits as an adult actor after the war. Retired from Western Airlines as a pilot.
  • Hugh Lake Jameson, B-17 pilot who had played center for Clemson on the first Cotton Bowl (American football) game. His footlocker left behind in England was recovered by family members in 2012
  • Robert J Duffy, USAAF 2nd Lt. B-24 Co-Pilot from Iowa City, Iowa. Became prominent attorney in Savannah, GA and author of the autobiography, "Every Step of the Way."
  • John Cordner, RAF Lancaster Navigator, Later Headmaster of the Naval School, Singapore
  • Lawrence N Kalgreen, USAAF 2nd Lt. B-24 Pilot from Akron, Ohio. Later became president of the Akron Bearing Company.
  • Cornelius P Gould Jr., 2nd Lt. P-51 Pilot and Tuskegee Airman from Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Later became the Founding President of the Ohio Chapter of Tuskegee Airmen, Inc.
  • Don Widmark, USAAF, Brother of Hollywood actor and western star Richard Widmark

See also

References

  1. ^ Nichol, John; Rennell, Tony (4 September 2003). The Last Escape : The Untold Story of Allied Prisoners of War in Germany 1944–1945. London: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-100388-7. Archived from the original on 20 February 2014. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ Smith, Mary; Freer, Barbara (2008). "World War II - Prisoners of War - Stalag Luft I". merkki.com. Retrieved 30 November 2011.
  3. ^ Wilson, Bradford P. (2010). Everyday P.O.W. California: Storyteller Press. ISBN 1-880053-03-9.
  4. ^ a b "Stalag Luft 1 Barth at the Baltic Sea". gps-practice-and-fun.com. 2011. Archived from the original on 9 December 2011. Retrieved 30 November 2011. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  5. ^ Nichol, John (2002). The Last Escape: The Untold Story of Allied Prisoners of War in Germany 1944–45. Viking. p. 226. ISBN 0670910945.
  6. ^ "Cigarette Camps: Camp Lucky Strike". Retrieved 26 September 2012.
  7. ^ "Camp Lucky Strike". wwii.memorieshop.com. 2008. Retrieved 30 November 2011.
  8. ^ Harris, Sarah (2017-11-15). "BYUtv shows healing power of music in new WWII drama". DeseretNews.com. Retrieved 2017-11-24.
  9. ^ Swopes, Bryan (2015). "3 September 1954". This Day in Aviation. Retrieved 13 March 2016.
  10. ^ "Josef Bryks". Free Czechoslovak Air Force. 20 February 2011. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
  11. ^ "bio of Eliot".
  12. ^ "Beloved Detroit Weatherman Sonny Eliot Dies". CBS Local. 2012-11-16. Retrieved 2 December 2012.
  13. ^ "Frank E. Funk Collection". Veterans History Project. The Library of Congress. 21 May 2010. Retrieved 10 August 2013.
  14. ^ "Mark Linenthal".

Literature

  • Martin Albrecht, Helga Radau: Stalag Luft I in Barth. Britische und amerikanische Kriegsgefangene in Pommern 1940 bis 1945. (English summary) Thomas Helms Verlag Schwerin 2012. ISBN 978-3-940207-70-8


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