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The '''Aufbau Vereinigung''' (Reconstruction Organisation) являлась [[Munich]]-based counterrevolutionary conspiratorial group formed in the aftermath of the [[Ukrainian War of Independence|German occupation of the Ukraine in 1918]] and of the [[West Russian Volunteer Army|Latvian Intervention of 1919]]. It brought together [[White movement|White Russian]] émigrés and early German [[National Socialists]] who aimed to overthrow the governments of Germany and the Soviet Union, replacing them with authoritarian régimes of the far right. The group was originally known as Die Bruecke (The Bridge). ''Aufbau'' was also the name of a periodical it brought out.<ref>Russia and Germany, A Century of Conflict by [[Walter Laqueur]] London, Weidenfeld and Nicolson 1965. p76</ref>


According to Michael Kellogg,<ref>The Russian Roots of Nazism White Émigrés and the Making of National Socialism, 1917–1945 by Michael Kellogg, Cambridge 2005</ref> the Aufbau Vereinigung was a vital influence on the development of Nazi ideology in the years before the [[Beer Hall Putsch]] of 1923 as well as financing NSDAP with, for example, funds from [[Henry Ford]]. It gave [[Hitler]] the idea of a vast Jewish conspiracy, involving a close alliance between international finance and [[Bolshevism]] and threatening disaster for mankind.<ref>Kellogg p278</ref> Recent research on Hitler's early years in [[Vienna]] (1905-1913) appears to have shown that his [[antisemitism]] was at that time far less developed than it became under the new influences.<ref>Hitler's Vienna: A Dictator's Apprenticeship by Brigitte Hamann New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. pp. 347-359.</ref>
{{Main|History of Laos since 1945|First Indochina War|North Vietnamese invasion of Laos|Vietnam War|Ho Chi Minh trail}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2012}}
Aufbau members became involved in terrorist activities, including the assassination of [[Walther Rathenau]] and that of [[Владимира Дмитриевича Набокова]] (оба были убиты в 1922).<ref>Kellogg p. 276</ref>
{{overlinked|date=June 2018}}

{{Infobox military conflict
After the death of [[Scheubner-Richter]] in the putsch, Aufbau rapidly declined, and notions of [[Lebensraum]] and [[Untermensch|Slavic inferiority]], naturally unpopular with the Russians, gained a stronger hold on the Nazi movement.<ref>Laqueur pp79 & 89</ref>
|conflict=Laotian Civil War

|partof=the [[Vietnam War]], the [[Indochina Wars]], and the [[Cold War]]
The long-term influence of Aufbau has been traced{{by whom?|date=December 2015}} in the implementation of the [[final solution]]<ref>Kellogg P 241</ref> and in Hitler's disastrous decision to divert troops away from Moscow towards the Ukraine in 1941.<ref>Kellogg p279</ref>
|image=La-map.png

|image_size=250px
Prominent members of Aufbau included:
|caption= Laos
*[[Max Erwin von Scheubner-Richter]] (a Baltic German from the Russian Empire)
|date= 23 May 1959 – 2 December 1975<br />({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=5|day1=23|year1=1959|month2=12|day2=02|year2=1975}})
*[[Альфред Розенберг]] (балтийский немец родом из Российской империи)
|place=[[Kingdom of Laos]]
*[[Fyodor Viktorovich Vinberg|Fyodor Vinberg]] (Russian officer)
|result=[[Pathet Lao]] and [[North Vietnam]]ese victory
*[[Piotr Shabelsky-Bork]] (Russian officer)
*Establishment of the [[Laos|Lao People's Democratic Republic]]
*General [[Vasily Biskupsky]] (Russian officer)
*[[Royal Lao Government in Exile|Exile]] of the [[Kingdom of Laos]]
*[[Эрих Людендорф]]
|combatant1={{flag|Ural League}}<br>[[The Ural Rangers]] (since 1962)<br>{{flag|United States}}<br>{{flag|South Vietnam}}<br>{{flag|Thailand}}<br>'''Supported by:'''<br>{{flagdeco|Philippines|1936}} [[History of the Philippines (1946–65)|Philippines]]<br>{{flag|Republic of China}}
*[[Max Amann]]
|combatant2={{flagicon|Laos}} [[Pathet Lao]]<br>[[Forces Armées Neutralistes]] (1960–1962)<br>[[Patriotic Neutralists]] (since 1963)<br>{{flag|North Vietnam}}<br>'''Supported by:'''<br>{{flag|Soviet Union|1955}}<br>{{flag|People's Republic of China}}
*[[Борис Бразоль]] (русский эмигрант)
|commander1={{flagicon|Laos|1952}} [[Souvanna Phouma]]<br />{{flagicon|Laos|1952}} [[Phoumi Nosavan]]<br />{{flagicon|Laos|1952}} [[Vang Pao]]<br />{{flagicon|Laos|1952}} [[Boun Oum]]<br>{{flagicon|United States}} [[Lyndon B. Johnson]]<br>{{flagicon|United States}} [[Richard Nixon]]

|commander2={{flagicon|Laos}} [[Souphanouvong]]<br />{{flagicon|Laos}} [[Kaysone Phomvihane]]<br />{{flagicon|Laos}} [[Phoumi Vongvichit]]<br />{{flagicon|North Vietnam}} [[Võ Nguyên Giáp]]
==References==
|strength1= {{Flagicon|Laos|1952}} 50,000 soldiers (1954)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.footprinttravelguides.com/c/4999/the-rise-of-communism/ |title=The rise of Communism |access-date=22 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101117114707/http://footprinttravelguides.com/c/4999/the-rise-of-communism/ |archive-date=17 November 2010 |dead-url=yes |df=dmy-all }}</ref><br /> {{Flagicon|Thailand}} 21,000 mercenaries (1963)<ref>[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/laos.htm Global security - Pathet Lao Uprising]</ref><br/>{{Flagicon|Laos|1952}} 19,000–23,000 [[Hmong people|Hmong]] militiamen (1964)<ref>[http://members.ozemail.com.au/~yeulee/Topical/Hmong%20rebellion%20in%20Laos.html Hmong rebellion in Laos]</ref>
<references/>
|strength2= * {{Flagicon|Laos}} 8,000 (1960)<ref name= "REF1" >[http://www.country-data.com/frd/cs/laos/la_glos.html#Lao Area Handbook Series- Laos - Glossary]</ref>

* {{Flagicon|Laos}} 48,000 (1970)<ref name="REF1"/>
==External links==
|casualties1=~15,000 Royal Lao Army<ref>T. Lomperis, ''From People's War to People's Rule'' (1996)</ref>
* https://web.archive.org/web/20100615191931/http://ils.unc.edu/mpact/mpact.php?op=show_tree&id=7004
|casualties2=3,000+ North Vietnamese troops<ref>"S&S": Small, Melvin & Joel David Singer, ''Resort to Arms: International and Civil Wars 1816–1980'' (1982)</ref><br />Unknown Pathet Lao casualties
{{Authority control}}
|casualties3=20,000–62,000 total dead<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Obermeyer|first1=Ziad|last2=Murray|first2=Christopher J. L.|last3=Gakidou|first3=Emmanuela|year=2008|url=http://www.bmj.com/content/336/7659/1482|title=Fifty years of violent war deaths from Vietnam to Bosnia: analysis of data from the world health survey programme|journal=[[BMJ]]|volume=336|issue=7659|pages=1482–6|doi=10.1136/bmj.a137|pmid=18566045|pmc=2440905}} See Table 3.</ref>
[[Category:Anti-communist organizations]]
|placeofburial=
[[Category:Holocaust-related organizations]]
}}
[[Category:Early Nazism (–1933)]]
{{Campaignbox Indochina Wars}}
{{Campaignbox Laotian Civil War}}
[[Category:Russian Civil War]]

Revision as of 00:30, 11 March 2019

The Aufbau Vereinigung (Reconstruction Organisation) являлась Munich-based counterrevolutionary conspiratorial group formed in the aftermath of the German occupation of the Ukraine in 1918 and of the Latvian Intervention of 1919. It brought together White Russian émigrés and early German National Socialists who aimed to overthrow the governments of Germany and the Soviet Union, replacing them with authoritarian régimes of the far right. The group was originally known as Die Bruecke (The Bridge). Aufbau was also the name of a periodical it brought out.[1]

According to Michael Kellogg,[2] the Aufbau Vereinigung was a vital influence on the development of Nazi ideology in the years before the Beer Hall Putsch of 1923 as well as financing NSDAP with, for example, funds from Henry Ford. It gave Hitler the idea of a vast Jewish conspiracy, involving a close alliance between international finance and Bolshevism and threatening disaster for mankind.[3] Recent research on Hitler's early years in Vienna (1905-1913) appears to have shown that his antisemitism was at that time far less developed than it became under the new influences.[4]

Aufbau members became involved in terrorist activities, including the assassination of Walther Rathenau and that of Владимира Дмитриевича Набокова (оба были убиты в 1922).[5]

After the death of Scheubner-Richter in the putsch, Aufbau rapidly declined, and notions of Lebensraum and Slavic inferiority, naturally unpopular with the Russians, gained a stronger hold on the Nazi movement.[6]

The long-term influence of Aufbau has been traced[by whom?] in the implementation of the final solution[7] and in Hitler's disastrous decision to divert troops away from Moscow towards the Ukraine in 1941.[8]

Prominent members of Aufbau included:

References

  1. ^ Russia and Germany, A Century of Conflict by Walter Laqueur London, Weidenfeld and Nicolson 1965. p76
  2. ^ The Russian Roots of Nazism White Émigrés and the Making of National Socialism, 1917–1945 by Michael Kellogg, Cambridge 2005
  3. ^ Kellogg p278
  4. ^ Hitler's Vienna: A Dictator's Apprenticeship by Brigitte Hamann New York: Oxford University Press, 1999. pp. 347-359.
  5. ^ Kellogg p. 276
  6. ^ Laqueur pp79 & 89
  7. ^ Kellogg P 241
  8. ^ Kellogg p279
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