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'''Parkrun''' (stylised as '''parkrun''') is a collection of [[5K run|{{convert|5|km|mi|adj=on}} running]] events that take place every Saturday morning at over 1,400 locations in twenty-three countries across five continents. Junior parkrun is a spin-off event that provides a {{convert|2|km|mile|frac=4}} run for children aged 4–14 weekly on a Sunday morning. Parkrun events are free to enter and are run by volunteers, supported by a small group of staff at its headquarters. The runs are inclusive, anyone can take part, from pensioners to parents with their children, people with their dogs, wheelchair users, people pushing prams, club runners or casual runners. Beginner runners, older adults and overweight people are common.
'''Parkrun''' (stylised as '''parkrun''') is a collection of [[5K run|{{convert|5|km|mi|adj=on}} running]] events that take place every Saturday morning at over 1,400 locations in twenty-three countries across five continents. Junior parkrun is a spin-off event that provides a {{convert|2|km|mile|frac=4}} run for children aged 4–14 weekly on a Sunday morning. Parkrun events are free to enter and are run by volunteers, supported by a small group of staff at its headquarters. The runs are inclusive, anyone can take part, although competitors must register with a binary gender, excluding non-binary people. Beginner runners, older adults and overweight people are common.


Parkrun was founded by [[Paul Sinton-Hewitt]] on 2 October 2004 at [[Bushy Park]] in London, England. The event was originally called the Bushy Park Time Trial. It grew into a network of similar events called the UK Time Trials, before adopting the name parkrun in 2008 and expanding into other countries. The first event is now called [[Bushy parkrun]] and holds the UK record for the highest number of participants. The first event outside of the United Kingdom was launched in Zimbabwe in 2007, followed by Denmark in 2009, South Africa and Australia in 2011 and the USA in 2012. Sinton-Hewitt received a [[CBE]] in 2014 for his services to grassroots sport. By October 2018 over 5 million runners were registered worldwide.
Parkrun was founded by [[Paul Sinton-Hewitt]] on 2 October 2004 at [[Bushy Park]] in London, England. The event was originally called the Bushy Park Time Trial. It grew into a network of similar events called the UK Time Trials, before adopting the name parkrun in 2008 and expanding into other countries. The first event is now called [[Bushy parkrun]] and holds the UK record for the highest number of participants. The first event outside of the United Kingdom was launched in Zimbabwe in 2007, followed by Denmark in 2009, South Africa and Australia in 2011 and the USA in 2012. Sinton-Hewitt received a [[CBE]] in 2014 for his services to grassroots sport. By October 2018 over 5 million runners were registered worldwide.

Revision as of 00:01, 12 March 2019

parkrun
PredecessorBushy Park Time Trial
UK Time Trial
FormationOctober 2, 2004; 20 years ago (2004-10-02)
HeadquartersPhoenix Wharf, Twickenham, Middlesex, UK
ServicesGlobal provision of weekly, timed 5km running events
MembershipTotal individual runners (April 2018): 2,912,609
Key people
Paul Sinton-Hewitt
VolunteersTotal individual volunteers (April 2018): 352,633

Parkrun (stylised as parkrun) is a collection of 5-kilometre (3.1 mi) running events that take place every Saturday morning at over 1,400 locations in twenty-three countries across five continents. Junior parkrun is a spin-off event that provides a 2 kilometres (1+1⁄4 miles) run for children aged 4–14 weekly on a Sunday morning. Parkrun events are free to enter and are run by volunteers, supported by a small group of staff at its headquarters. The runs are inclusive, anyone can take part, although competitors must register with a binary gender, excluding non-binary people. Beginner runners, older adults and overweight people are common.

Parkrun was founded by Paul Sinton-Hewitt on 2 October 2004 at Bushy Park in London, England. The event was originally called the Bushy Park Time Trial. It grew into a network of similar events called the UK Time Trials, before adopting the name parkrun in 2008 and expanding into other countries. The first event is now called Bushy parkrun and holds the UK record for the highest number of participants. The first event outside of the United Kingdom was launched in Zimbabwe in 2007, followed by Denmark in 2009, South Africa and Australia in 2011 and the USA in 2012. Sinton-Hewitt received a CBE in 2014 for his services to grassroots sport. By October 2018 over 5 million runners were registered worldwide.

Events take place at a range of general locations including city parks, country parks, national parks, stately homes, castles, forests, rivers, lakes, reservoirs, beaches, promenades, prisons, racecourses and nature reserves. Runners who have completed the "Milestone" of 50, 100, 250 or 500 separate runs are rewarded with a free T-Shirt, juniors also receive the T-Shirt for completing 10 runs. Runners can travel to and complete any parkrun, those that travel are termed "tourists" and can complete unofficial challenges such as "Londone" which involves running every event in London. The male world record holder is Andrew Baddeley who set a time of 13 minutes and 48 seconds at Bushy parkrun on 11 August 2012. The female world record holder is Charlotte Arter who set a time of 15 minutes and 50 seconds at Cardiff parkrun on 5 January 2019.

parkrun has been positively reviewed by the UK national press. An editorial in The Independent said parkrun offers community, opportunity, the outdoors, the simple pleasure of sport and people, and has resurrected a vision of sport that has been in recession for a generation. An editorial in The Guardian said the 2012 London Olympics failed to persuade the nation to partake in sport and the lower-key success of parkrun shows a smarter way to boost participation in sport. The Daily Telegraph reported that the success of parkrun is down to the events being free and weekly.

History

Participants at Bushy parkrun in 2014

parkrun was founded by Paul Sinton-Hewitt on 2 October 2004 at Bushy Park in London, England.[1] Sinton-Hewitt was born in Zimbabwe and went to Potchefstroom High School for Boys as a boarder in South Africa.[2] He became a club runner with a personal best time in the marathon of 2 hours and 36 minutes.[3] In 2004, Sinton-Hewitt was suffering from depression and unable to run due to an injury. He founded parkrun because he wanted to continue to spend time with his running friends.[2] In a BBC Radio 4 interview he said that the idea for parkrun came from his time in South Africa 20 years earlier where he had experienced competitive races that took place on the same course at the same time each week.[4] The first event had 13 runners, 3 volunteers and was managed by Sinton-Hewitt.

The Bushy parkrun was originally known as the Bushy Park Time Trial, and its results were timed with a stop watch, recorded on paper while washers stamped with a finish number were used as finishing tokens.[5][6] Over the next two years the event took place every week with the number of participants and volunteers growing, and new technology introduced to streamline the processing of results. The second Time Trial was launched at Wimbledon Common in 2007; it was here that the model of having an identical structure at different locations began.[5] That year saw a further six events established.[7] They were initially known as the UK Time Trials before the parkrun name was adopted. There were 5 more locations added in 2008 including the first in Scotland and the first in Wales.

The first event outside the UK was launched in Zimbabwe in 2007, though this event no longer operates. The longest-running parkrun outside the UK was launched in Denmark in 2009. In 2010, there were 30 new events added including the first in Northern Ireland.[5] In 2011 parkun began in South Africa and Australia both of which have seen significant growth in event numbers, and in 2012 parkrun USA launched. Junior parkrun started at Bushy Park in 2013.[5] Sinton-Hewitt received a CBE in 2014 for his "services to grassroots sport".[8]

In 2015 more than 80,000 people were gathering in parks across the world each week to run, jog and walk a parkrun – more than twice the number who take part in the annual London Marathon.[9] 2016 saw 1.1 million different people completing a parkrun and 142,000 gave their time to volunteer.[10] In 2018 on an average Saturday around a quarter of a million runners take part in 1,500 events spread over 20 countries.[11]

Event outline

The first event at Serpukhov Parkrun in Russia

All parkruns are 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) in length and are free to enter.[12] The runs are inclusive,[13] anyone can take part, from pensioners to parents with their children, people with their dogs, wheelchair users, people pushing prams, club runners or casual runners.[14] Beginner runners, older adults and overweight people are common.[15] They usually take place at the same time, at the same place, on the same course, once per week. There is no formal procedure before the run with participants asked to arrive shortly before the start time and wait near the starting line.[16] A run director will make announcements giving safety instructions and community news before beginning the run.[17] Participants run or walk the course and are directed by marshalls along the correct route to the finish line.[18] As each runner crosses the finishing line a volunteer records the finishing place number and time. The information recorded by the timers is later uploaded onto a computer, which allows runners to be matched with their times.[19] The results are uploaded to the parkrun website which also generates a number of statistics. The results available are finishing position for both male and female runners, the time taken to complete the run, whether or not a personal best time has been run, the total number of runs completed by an individual, their age grade result and their position in relation to other veteran or junior runners.[20]

To have a time recorded runners are asked to register on the parkrun website, print out a personal barcode and bring it to the run, this needs to be done just once with the barcode valid for any subsequent parkrun in the world.[21][22][23] Runners can still participate without registering or if they forget to bring their personal barcode, but they will not have their time recorded. If the runner does not have a barcode, their position on the finishers table will be recorded with the name "unknown" and no time.

Participation

Participants lining up to start at parkrun Łódź

A 2013 article in The Guardian noted the rapid growth of parkrun and suggested this was mainly due to its simplicity and accessibility: runners register online once, turn up at any event, and run.[7] Inclusivity is also a factor,[13] as participants have a wide range of running abilities, from fast club runners to those walking, a wide range of ages from children running with their parents to the elderly, also allowed are wheelchair users, those pushing buggies and people running with their dog.

A 2015 qualitative study by the University of Loughborough found that runners attending a parkrun for the first time were typically motivated for weight loss or an improvement in their physical fitness.[24] On the other hand, there were a range of different motivations for runners to continue regularly taking part, with runners wanting to beat their personal record time, to reach a certain number of runs and join a milestone club, to enjoy being outdoors at the park, to make new friends through volunteering or to meet existing friends or family for the run.[24]

The Daily Telegraph reported that "what's clever is that it’s not a race against everyone else but a timed run", and that trying to improve your personal best time is a great incentive even for slower runners. They commented that it does not matter how good or bad a runner one is: anyone can take part, from pensioners to parents with their children and dogs,[14] and further explained that the success of the events is down to them being free and weekly because it allows people to get into a routine.[25]

An article in The Telegraph said that a drop in gym usage can be attributed to a backlash against gym membership fees combined with the popularity of events such as parkrun and fitness tracking devices.[26] Professor Kathleen Armour, head of the School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Services at Birmingham University said: "You could speculate that people have shifted from the gym to running" and that "the cost of using a gym is likely still to be a major factor behind the slump".[26]

The Journal of Public Health reported in a 2013 study upon 7308 parkrunners that the events were attractive to people who described themselves as non-runners; with women, older adults and overweight people well represented. It added that participation problems have been minimized, with no upper age limit, no special equipment and no cost. And that while some participants ran before parkrun, some are new to exercise, and parkrun offered the opportunity and support to become active on a continuous weekly basis.[15]

One of the attractions is the chance to run in a pleasant park or location, some of the runs take place on National Trust land, for example Sheringham Park, which is noted for its rhododendrons, azaleas and stunning coastal views. The National Trust and other similar organisations are encouraged to host their parkruns despite not formally charging a fee because of the extra revenue generated by people visiting their cafés and gardens.[25]

An article in The Guardian by Adharanand Finn said "for beginners, joining a race or running with others can be intimidating, but parkrun is set up to cater for British awkwardness. While it’s all very welcoming, if you don’t want to talk to anyone, you don’t have to".[16] The Guardian newspaper Editorial column of 5 Jul 2015 said "The glitz of London 2012 failed to persuade the nation to get off the sofa. The lower-key success of parkrun shows a smarter way to boost participation in sport", it discussed how parkrun is succeeding where London's Olympic "legacy" is failing.[27]

Writing in The Independent on 4 September 2018, Jonathan Liew, their Chief Sports Writer, said "parkrun is not simply one of the biggest sporting events in the world, but one of the most important, largely because it entirely upends what we have long been told sport is about."[11] He discusses how sport has become ever more something the public pay to watch, packaged ever more expensively, with the sports people lives tipping over into light entertainment, concluding with the comment "parkrun offers something entirely different: community, opportunity, the outdoors, the simple pleasure of sport and people. In so doing, it has resurrected a vision of sport that has been in recession for a generation."[11]

Volunteers

Each parkrun event is run entirely by volunteers. To assist the volunteers, parkrun HQ provides the necessary equipment and there are several different volunteer roles at each parkrun event.[28] Every event has a 'volunteer' page, with the same basic information about how to get involved as a volunteer, as well as crediting those who have made the effort in the most recent week.[29] The parkrun website credits those who volunteer each week as "the heart" of Parkrun, and integral to its not-for-profit status.[30] It also provides a useful range of responses to commonly asked questions about volunteering, with information on each of the different roles, in its FAQ section.[31] At the outset of parkrun the central organisation endeavored to simplify the volunteering process to allow new events to be set up with a low number of volunteers, this simplification now allows new volunteers to assist with minimal training.[32]

Each event has a core team who has received permission from parkrun HQ and the location owner to stage the event. The individual roles are typically filled by different volunteers each week and include the following; a run director who manages the event making announcements and starting the run; a timer who records the time taken, marshals who direct runners to the correct route, barcode scanners who scan finishing tokens, event setup and close down volunteers, tail runners, pacers and result processors.[33]

According to Steve Flowers at the University of Kent’s business school Wikipedia and parkrun are both examples of "people’s innovation", they’re driven by volunteers rather than professionals, they’re horizontal rather than hierarchical, and they’re not about making money. What drives the volunteers is a sense of purpose – to have fun, gain experience or just help.[34]

Events around the world

Parkrun is held in the 22 different countries listed below as of August 2018.[35]

Parkrun in Australia

The first Australian Parkrun event was held at Main Beach, on the Gold Coast, on 2 April 2011.[36] ABC News remarking on Parkrun Australia said "there are competitive runners aiming to win but there are just as many people running for the fun of it. If people want to race each other, that's fine, they can, but if you want to walk that is fine too. Everyone is welcome, from kids to grandparents, it's one of the few sporting events that a family can do together."[37]

Parkrun in South Africa

Parkrun South Africa was started and promoted by ultramarathoner Bruce Fordyce.[38] The first Parkrun took place at Delta Park in Johannesburg on 12 November 2011 and had 26 participants. It is now one of the larger Parkruns regularly drawing up to 1200 runners and attracting tourists as the first one in the nation.[39] The record attendance was at North Beach, Durban, which saw 2527 runners on 20 Jan 2018.[40]

Parkrun in Ireland

The first run in Ireland was at Malahide Castle on 10 November 2012. The rollout of Parkruns in Ireland was assisted by funding from the government's Department of Health with the aim of empowering local communities and encouraging individuals and families to lead active lives.[41]

Parkrun in Poland

The first Polish Parkrun took place in Gdynia on 15 Oct 2011. Poland has the first Parkrun to cross the border of another country. Cieszyn Parkrun starts in Poland but crosses into the Czech Republic before returning to Poland.[42] The record attendance was at Gdansk Parkrun on 27 Dec 2015 when there were 1111 runners.[43]

Main events (5km)

Updated as of 19 January 2019

Country Locations Cite First event name First event location First event date
United Kingdom United Kingdom 577 [44] [a] Bushy Parkrun London 2 October 2004
Australia Australia 343 [45] Main Beach Parkrun Gold Coast 2 April 2011
South Africa South Africa 173 [46] [b] Delta Parkrun Johannesburg 12 November 2011
Republic of Ireland Ireland 82 [47] Malahide Parkrun Dublin 10 November 2012
Poland Poland 59 [48] Gdynia Parkrun Gdynia 15 October 2011
Russia Russia 56 [49] Kolomenskoe Parkrun & Severnoe Tushino Parkrun[c] Moscow 1 March 2014
United States United States 29 [50] Livonia Parkrun Livonia 2 June 2012
New Zealand New Zealand 27 [51] Lower Hutt Parkrun Lower Hutt 5 May 2012
Canada Canada 21 [52] Okanagan Parkrun Kelowna 20 August 2016
Italy Italy 15 [53] Uditore Parkrun Palermo 23 May 2015
Germany Germany 15 [54] Georgengarten, Küchenholz & Neckarau[d] Hannover, Leipzig & Mannheim 2 December 2017
France France 8 [55] Les Dougnes Parkrun Cubnezais 6 May 2015
Denmark Denmark 8 [56] Amager Fælled Parkrun Copenhagen 16 May 2009
Sweden Sweden 7 [57] Haga Parkrun Stockholm 27 August 2016
Norway Norway 4 [58] Tøyen Parkrun Oslo 26 August 2017
Singapore Singapore 3 [59] East Coast Park Parkrun Singapore 21 June 2014
Finland Finland 3 [60] Tampere Parkrun Tampere 14 October 2017
Namibia Namibia 2 [46] Swakopmund Parkrun Swakopmund 8 April 2017
Malaysia Malaysia 2 [61] Taman Pudu Ulu Parkrun Kuala Lumpur 14 April 2018
Eswatini Swaziland 1 [46] Mbabane Parkrun Mbabane 6 May 2017
Jersey Jersey 1 [44][62] Jersey Parkrun Saint Brelade 26 September 2015
Guernsey Guernsey 1 [44][63] Guernsey Parkrun L'Ancresse 9 April 2016
Isle of Man Isle of Man 1 [44][64] Nobles Parkrun Douglas 21 October 2017
Japan Japan 0 [65] TBC Tokyo First half of 2019

Former event countries

Country Eventname
Afghanistan Afghanistan Camp Bastion
Zimbabwe Zimbabwe Zimbabwe Rolf Valley
Iceland Iceland Elliðaárdalur

Junior events (2 km)

These events are weekly, free, 2 km running events for runners aged 4 to 14. Parents are allowed to run with their children but aren't eligible for a placed finish. Juniors who have completed 11, 21 or 50 junior runs are awarded a coloured wristband.

Country Locations Cite First event name First event location First event date
United Kingdom United Kingdom 233 [66] Bushy Juniors Parkrun London 1 April 2010
Republic of Ireland Ireland 15 [66] Rush Junior Parkrun Dublin 13 December 2015
Australia Australia 3 [66] Southport Junior Parkrun Southport 22 April 2018

Festive events

Parkrunners are normally permitted to record only one run per day, even if they attend more than one. Over the festive season extra Parkruns are scheduled at different times of day and Parkrunners are allowed to record two runs. On New Year's Day 2017, a Sunday, globally there were 15,589 runners who completed a 'double'.[67]

General locations

Events take place in a range of general locations (that need not actually be a park), including city parks, country parks, national parks, stately homes, castles, forests, rivers, lakes, reservoirs, beaches, promenades, prisons, racecourses and nature reserves. The runs have different degrees of difficulty, with hilly runs harder to complete than those that are flat. The running surface varies with many city park Parkruns being run on tarmac footpaths, closed roads, grass or a mixture of all three, while forest and country park Parkruns are more likely to be on trails. The weather affects the difficulty of the course with trail runs more liable to be affected by mud or leaves than runs on tarmac paths. Runs that take place in hotter countries often start early in the morning to avoid excess heat and runs in snowier climates have a course chosen to minimise the effect of the snow.

Restricted and closed events

Permanent event closures are rare. Zimbabwe was the first country to host a Parkrun outside the UK. The event started in 2007; however, it subsequently closed. Camp Bastion Parkrun was hosted at a now closed military base in Afghanistan. Hatfield Forest Parkrun, Heartwood Forest Parkrun and a number of others have formally closed but in actuality relocated to a more suitable venue nearby and adopted a new name.[68] Several Parkruns take place within prisons. The first of these was Black Combe Parkrun at HMP Haverigg in November 2017.[69][70] Prison Parkruns are only open to inmates and staff, not the general public. Results from prison Parkruns are published on the main website, but the names of runners are anonymised.

Milestone clubs

The number of runs by each participant at all events is recorded and available online. When a runner reaches a certain number of runs they join one of the "milestone clubs". There are five different clubs to which a runner can belong: the '10 Club' for runners aged 17 or below who have completed 10 or more runs, and the '50 Club', '100 Club', '250 Club' and '500 Club' for anyone who has completed that number of runs. Anyone in the world entering a 'club' is awarded a free colour-coded T-shirt with a number on the back to represent the club they are in. The T-shirts are coded as follows; ten runs for white; fifty runs for red; one hundred runs for black; 250 runs for green, and 500 runs for a blue T-shirt. There is also a purple T-shirt for those that have been a volunteer 25 times or more.

Parkrun tourism and unofficial challenges

Parkrun tourists travel especially to seek out new runs.[71][72] Runners, when they sign up on the Parkrun website, are asked to pick a "Home Parkrun", usually the one they live closest to and are likely to frequent most. Parkrun tourism is broadly defined as anyone travelling to a run that isn't their home Parkrun. Tourism can involve running in a neighbouring park, town, region or even country with some runners travelling to a different run every week.

Parkrun challenges involve completing a number of different runs in a particular way which are personally meaningful but not officially sanctioned. These include "Londone" which is completing all of the Parkruns in London.[73] The "alphabeteer" is running a Parkrun beginning with each letter of the alphabet[74] and challenges such as "Stayin' Alive" which is completing 3 runs beginning with B and 3 beginning with G.[75] There is also running the first event of each new Parkun.[76] A Google Chrome and Firefox extension details further challenges such as "Groundhog Day" which is running the same time at the same parkrun location in two consecutive weeks and "Regionnaire" which is to complete all of the Parkruns in any region.[77]

Individual running records

  • Female world record holder (running unassisted): Charlotte Arter set a time of 15:50 at Cardiff Parkrun on 5 January 2019[78]
  • Male world record holder (running unassisted): Andrew Baddeley set a time of 13:48 at Bushy Parkrun on 11 August 2012[79][80]
  • Female world record holder (running assisted): Elaine Sherwin set at time of 15:12 at Kingsbury Water Parkrun on 11 February 2017 with a canicross dog[81]
  • Male world record holder (running assisted): Ben Robinson set a time of 12:24 at Kingsbury Water Parkrun on 18 November 2017 with a canicross dog[81]
  • Female record holder (wheelchair): Lizzie Williams (15:27, set at Dulwich Parkrun)[citation needed]
  • Male record holder (wheelchair): Danny Sidbury (11:29, set at Dulwich Parkrun on 29 September 2018)[82][better source needed]
  • Age-graded record holder: Fauja Singh with 179.04%, set at Valentines Parkrun with a time of 38:34 on 31 March 2012 (the day before his 101st birthday)
  • Global record holder for highest number of runs: Darren Wood with 700 runs (as of 31 December 2018)[83]
  • Global record holder for the highest number of different events: Paul Freyne with 445 different Parkrun locations (as of 31 December 2018)[83]

Community

Parkrun endeavours to promote health and well being through a number of initiatives. Its mission statement is "a healthier and happier planet".[84][85] In the UK Parkrun has partnered with the Royal College of General Practioners in order to promote healthy living through increased physical activity, socialisation and mutual support.[86][87]

Relations with local authorities

Most events are run with the support and sometimes the sponsorship of local authorities. A notable conflict occurred at Little Stoke Parkrun. Parkrun does not set up events where charges would apply to the organisers or runners.[88] Little Stoke Parkrun had begun with the council's permission in November 2012.[89] In April 2016 the responsible parish council in Stoke Gifford, Bristol, England, voted to charge runners a fee to participate.[90] Despite an online petition and support from the Minister for Sport, the council would not change its decision, so the Parkrun was permanently cancelled.[91] In April 2017 the British Government announced that in future local councils in England would not be allowed to charge for Parkruns in a public park.[92]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ UK events currently also includes those for Jersey, Guernsey & Isle of Man (which are Crown Dependencies and so not technically in the UK ); the total for the UK has been reduced accordingly.
  2. ^ South Africa events currently also include those for Namibia and Swaziland, the total for South Africa has been reduced accordingly.
  3. ^ Both events started on the same day.
  4. ^ Three events started on the same day.

References

  1. ^ "Our story". www.parkrun.com.
  2. ^ a b Marianke Saayman (16 November 2017). "Founder of parkrun in Potchefstroom after 40 years". Potchefstroom Herald. Retrieved 9 November 2018.
  3. ^ "Q&A: parkrun Founder Paul Sinton-Hewitt – Men's Running UK". 27 February 2017.
  4. ^ "Saturday Live - Viv Groskop and Paul Sinton-Hewitt - BBC Sounds". BBC.
  5. ^ a b c d "Our story". www.parkrun.com.
  6. ^ "Paul Sinton-Hewitt Interview".
  7. ^ a b Brilliant, James (11 March 2013). "Parkrun, the running revolution coming soon to a park near you". the Guardian.
  8. ^ "SPOTLIGHT: PAUL SINTON-HEWITT, FOUNDER OF PARKRUN".
  9. ^ "How parkrun became a global phenomenon".
  10. ^ McCausland, Malcolm. "Inside Track: parkrun phenomenon continues to spread worldwide". The Irish News.
  11. ^ a b c "How parkrun resurrected a vision of sport that has been lost for years".
  12. ^ Bachman, Rachel (10 July 2017). "Parkrun Lovers Ask: Why Pay to Run a 5K?" – via www.wsj.com.
  13. ^ a b Grant, Sheena. "parkrun's success in East Anglia keeps growing".
  14. ^ a b Harrison, Linda (31 August 2012). "Parkrun: we're all record holders now" – via www.telegraph.co.uk.
  15. ^ a b Stevinson, C.; Hickson, M. (15 August 2013). "Exploring the public health potential of a mass community participation event". Journal of Public Health. 36 (2): 268–274. doi:10.1093/pubmed/fdt082.
  16. ^ a b Finn, Adharanand; Ramaswamy, Chitra; Jonze, Tim; Benedictus, Leo; Khaleeli, Homa (30 August 2016). "'We still come if the rain's sideways' – how Britain fell in love with outdoor fitness". the Guardian.
  17. ^ "What does a Run Director Actually Do?". www.parkrun.org.uk.
  18. ^ "Walking the Talk - parkrun UK". www.parkrun.org.uk.
  19. ^ "How the magic works". www.parkrun.org.uk.
  20. ^ "Where can I find my results?". parkrun Support.
  21. ^ "TimeOut – Bushy Park Time Trial". Archived from the original on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 21 April 2008. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  22. ^ Phillips, Mitch. "parkrun clubs mix world class and weekend warriors".
  23. ^ Phillips, Mitch. "Grass-roots support pushes parkrun to new heights".
  24. ^ a b Clare Stevinson. "Understanding people's motivations for taking part in parkrun". National Centre for Sport and Exercise Medicine.
  25. ^ a b Wallop, Harry (25 March 2013). "parkrun: the running phenomenon sweeping the nation" – via www.telegraph.co.uk.
  26. ^ a b Bingham, John (11 June 2015). "Peak physique? Britain's 'gym bubble' bursts" – via www.telegraph.co.uk.
  27. ^ Editorial (5 July 2015). "The Guardian view on the Olympic legacy: running out of steam – Editorial". the Guardian.
  28. ^ Example from Durham parkun http://www.parkrun.org.uk/durham/news/2013/03/12/volunteer-roles/
  29. ^ Bushy parkrun volunteer information http://www.parkrun.org.uk/bushy/volunteer/
  30. ^ parkrun volunteer information Archived 13 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  31. ^ "Volunteering: All you need to know about volunteering at parkrun events". Parkrun. Retrieved 27 September 2015.
  32. ^ https://issuu.com/parkrun/docs/parkrun_2017_issuu_v4.1 p.7
  33. ^ "Volunteer Roles - Durham parkrun". www.parkrun.org.uk.
  34. ^ Chakrabortty, Aditya (29 August 2018). "Forget profit. It's love and fun that drive innovation like parkrun – Aditya Chakrabortty". the Guardian.
  35. ^ "Countries". www.parkrun.com.
  36. ^ "about us – parkrun Australia". www.parkrun.com.au.
  37. ^ "Parkrun brings communities together, makes running fun". 29 December 2015.
  38. ^ Mafika (31 July 2013). "Parkrun takes off in South Africa".
  39. ^ "1 700 runners turn up for Parkrun SA anniversary – Randburg Sun". 14 November 2017.
  40. ^ "results – parkrun South Africa". www.parkrun.co.za.
  41. ^ "Cork City gets its first 'parkrun' – HSE.ie".
  42. ^ "Trasa – Cieszyn parkrun". www.parkrun.pl.
  43. ^ "rezultaty – parkrun Polska". www.parkrun.pl.
  44. ^ a b c d "parkrun UK". Parkrun.
  45. ^ "parkrun Australia". Parkrun.
  46. ^ a b c "parkrun South Africa". Parkrun.
  47. ^ "parkrun Ireland". Parkrun.
  48. ^ "parkrun Poland". Parkrun.
  49. ^ "parkrun Russia". Parkrun.
  50. ^ "parkrun USA". Parkrun.
  51. ^ "parkrun New Zealand". Parkrun.
  52. ^ "parkrun Canada". Parkrun.
  53. ^ "parkrun Italy". Parkrun.
  54. ^ "parkrun Germany". Parkrun.
  55. ^ "parkrun France". Parkrun.
  56. ^ "parkrun Denmark". Parkrun.
  57. ^ "parkrun Sweden". Parkrun.
  58. ^ "parkrun Norway". Parkrun.
  59. ^ "parkrun Singapore". Parkrun.
  60. ^ "parkrun Finland". Parkrun.
  61. ^ "parkrun Malaysia".
  62. ^ "Jersey parkrun – Weekly Free 5km Timed Run".
  63. ^ "Guernsey parkrun – Weekly Free 5km Timed Run".
  64. ^ "Nobles parkrun – Weekly Free 5km Timed Run".
  65. ^ "Parkrun Japan".
  66. ^ a b c "Junior parkrun". Parkrun.
  67. ^ "parkrun UK 2017 Run Report". Issuu. 2017. Retrieved 3 March 2019.
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  92. ^ "Ban on council park fun run fees proposed in England". BBC News. 15 April 2017.

Further reading

  • Bourne, Debra (2014). Parkrun: much more than just a run in the park. Chequered Flag Publishing. ISBN 9780956946072.
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