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The '''2019 college admissions bribery scandal''' is about an ongoing scheme to allegedly influence [[university and college admission|admissions decisions]] at universities. On March 12, 2019, U.S. federal prosecutors in the [[United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts|District of Massachusetts]] unsealed [[indictment]]s and complaints against 50 people as part of an ongoing investigation into alleged schemes to use [[bribery]] and [[fraud]] to secure [[college admissions in the United States|admission to at least eight universities]]. Those indicted include prominent businesspeople, coaches, and actors.<ref name=":10">{{Cite news |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/12/us/college-admissions-cheating-scandal.html|title=Actresses, Business Leaders and Other Wealthy Parents Charged in U.S. College Entry Fraud|last=Medina|first=Jennifer|date=2019-03-12|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=2019-03-12|last2=Benner|first2=Katie|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331 |last3=Taylor|first3=Kate |df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/federal-prosecutors-charge-dozens-in-broad-college-admissions-fraud-scheme-11552403149|title=Federal Prosecutors Charge Dozens in College Admissions Cheating Scheme|last=Korn|first=Melissa|date=2019-03-13|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|access-date=2019-03-12 |last2= Levitz |first2=Jennifer|language=en-US|issn=0099-9660|last3=Ailworth|first3=Erin|df=mdy-all}}</ref> The case is the largest of its kind by the [[United States Department of Justice|Justice Department]].<ref name=":9">{{cite news |title= Felicity Huffman, Lori Loughlin among 50 indicted in largest-ever case alleging bribery to get kids into colleges |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/2019/03/12/felicity-huffman-lori-loughlin-indicted-admissions-bribery-case-reports/3139204002/ |accessdate=March 12, 2019 |work=[[USA Today]] |date=March 12, 2019 |first1=Joey |last1=Garrison |first2=Maria |last2=Puente|df=mdy-all}}</ref>
The '''2019 college admissions bribery scandal''' is about an ongoing scheme to allegedly influence [[university and college admission|admissions decisions]] at universities. On March 12, 2019, U.S. federal prosecutors in the [[United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts|District of Massachusetts]] unsealed [[indictment]]s and complaints against 50 people as part of an ongoing investigation into alleged schemes to use [[bribery]] and [[fraud]] to secure [[college admissions in the United States|admission to at least eight universities]]. Those indicted include prominent businesspeople, coaches, and actors.<ref name=":10">{{Cite news |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/12/us/college-admissions-cheating-scandal.html|title=Actresses, Business Leaders and Other Wealthy Parents Charged in U.S. College Entry Fraud|last=Medina|first=Jennifer|date=2019-03-12|work=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=2019-03-12|last2=Benner|first2=Katie|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331 |last3=Taylor|first3=Kate |df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/federal-prosecutors-charge-dozens-in-broad-college-admissions-fraud-scheme-11552403149|title=Federal Prosecutors Charge Dozens in College Admissions Cheating Scheme|last=Korn|first=Melissa|date=2019-03-13|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|access-date=2019-03-12 |last2= Levitz |first2=Jennifer|language=en-US|issn=0099-9660|last3=Ailworth|first3=Erin|df=mdy-all}}</ref> The case is the largest of its kind by the [[United States Department of Justice|Justice Department]].<ref name=":9">{{cite news |title= Felicity Huffman, Lori Loughlin among 50 indicted in largest-ever case alleging bribery to get kids into colleges |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/life/2019/03/12/felicity-huffman-lori-loughlin-indicted-admissions-bribery-case-reports/3139204002/ |accessdate=March 12, 2019 |work=[[USA Today]] |date=March 12, 2019 |first1=Joey |last1=Garrison |first2=Maria |last2=Puente|df=mdy-all}}</ref>


The prosecutors allege that the parents of college applicants paid more than $25&nbsp;million in bribes to college officials between 2011 and 2018.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://nypost.com/2019/03/12/lori-loughlin-felicity-huffman-busted-in-college-admissions-cheating-scandal/|title=Felicity Huffman, Lori Loughlin busted in college admissions cheating scandal|last=Eustachewich|first=Lia|date=March 12, 2019|website=[[New York Post]] |language=en |archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=March 12, 2019|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url= http://www.dailytexanonline.com/2019/03/12/michael-center-university-of-texas-mens-tennis-coach-implicated-in-admissions-scheme|title=Michael Center, University of Texas men’s tennis coach implicated in admissions scheme, placed on administrative leave|last=Trevino|first=Robert|date=March 12, 2019|website=[[The Daily Texan]]|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=March 12, 2019|df=mdy-all}}</ref> The [[FBI]] investigation was nicknamed '''Operation Varsity Blues'''<!-- Bold per MOS:BOLDSYN --> in a nod to the [[Varsity Blues (film)|1999 film of the same name]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/college-bribery-scheme-lori-loughlin-felicity-huffman-dozens-others-charged-today-2019-03-12/|title=Lori Loughlin and Felicity Huffman among dozens charged in college bribery scheme |last=Kates |first=Graham|date=March 12, 2019|website=[[CBS News]]|language=en-US|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=March 12, 2019|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite news |title=TV stars and coaches charged in college bribery scheme |url=https://apnews.com/2450688f9e67435c8590e59a1b0e5b47|accessdate=March 12, 2019 |work=[[AP News]] |date=March 12, 2019 |first1=Alanna |last1=Richer |first2=Collin |last2=Binkley|df=mdy-all}}</ref> The leader of the scheme, '''William Rick Singer'''<!-- Bold per MOS:BOLDTITLE; [[William Rick Singer]] redirects to this page.-->, pleaded guilty and helped the FBI gather incriminating evidence against co-conspirators.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/alleged-mastermind-cheating-scandal-involving-lori-laughlin-wore-wire-expose-n982421|title=College admissions scheme mastermind William Rick Singer wore wire to expose scam|last1=Siemaszko|first1=Corky|date=March 12, 2019|work=[[NBC News]]|access-date=March 13, 2019 |last2=Kaplan|first2=Ezra|location=|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref name=Vandemoer_guilty_plea>{{cite web |url= https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-education-cheating-stanford/ex-stanford-sailing-coach-pleads-guilty-to-college-admission-bribe-scheme-idUSKBN1QT2V1 |title=Ex-Stanford sailing coach pleads guilty to college admission bribe scheme |first=Nate |last=Raymond |publisher=[[Reuters]] |date=March 13, 2019 |accessdate=March 13, 2019 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> In total, Singer testified that he had unethically facilitated college admission for 761 families.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/college-cheating-mastermind-says-he-helped-nearly-800-families-admissions-n982666|title=College cheating ringleader says he helped more than 750 families with admissions scheme|last=Winter|first=Tom|date=March 13, 2019|website=[[NBC]] |language=en |archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=March 13, 2019|df=mdy-all}}
The prosecutors allege that the parents of college applicants paid more than $25&nbsp;million in bribes to college officials between 2011 and 2018.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web|url=https://nypost.com/2019/03/12/lori-loughlin-felicity-huffman-busted-in-college-admissions-cheating-scandal/|title=Felicity Huffman, Lori Loughlin busted in college admissions cheating scandal|last=Eustachewich|first=Lia|date=March 12, 2019|website=[[New York Post]] |language=en |archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=March 12, 2019|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url= http://www.dailytexanonline.com/2019/03/12/michael-center-university-of-texas-mens-tennis-coach-implicated-in-admissions-scheme|title=Michael Center, University of Texas men’s tennis coach implicated in admissions scheme, placed on administrative leave|last=Trevino|first=Robert|date=March 12, 2019|website=[[The Daily Texan]]|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=March 12, 2019|df=mdy-all}}</ref> The [[FBI]] investigation was nicknamed '''Operation Varsity Blues'''<!-- Bold per MOS:BOLDSYN --> in a nod to the [[Varsity Blues (film)|1999 film of the same name]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/college-bribery-scheme-lori-loughlin-felicity-huffman-dozens-others-charged-today-2019-03-12/|title=Lori Loughlin and Felicity Huffman among dozens charged in college bribery scheme |last=Kates |first=Graham|date=March 12, 2019|website=[[CBS News]]|language=en-US|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=March 12, 2019|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite news |title=TV stars and coaches charged in college bribery scheme |url=https://apnews.com/2450688f9e67435c8590e59a1b0e5b47|accessdate=March 12, 2019 |work=[[AP News]] |date=March 12, 2019 |first1=Alanna |last1=Richer |first2=Collin |last2=Binkley|df=mdy-all}}</ref> The leader of the scheme, '''William Rick Singer'''<!-- Bold per MOS:BOLDTITLE; [[William Rick Singer]] redirects to this page.-->, pleaded guilty and helped the FBI gather incriminating evidence against co-conspirators.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/alleged-mastermind-cheating-scandal-involving-lori-laughlin-wore-wire-expose-n982421|title=College admissions scheme mastermind William Rick Singer wore wire to expose scam|last1=Siemaszko|first1=Corky|date=March 12, 2019|work=[[NBC News]]|access-date=March 13, 2019 |last2=Kaplan|first2=Ezra|location=|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref name=Vandemoer_guilty_plea>{{cite web |url= https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-education-cheating-stanford/ex-stanford-sailing-coach-pleads-guilty-to-college-admission-bribe-scheme-idUSKBN1QT2V1 |title=Ex-Stanford sailing coach pleads guilty to college admission bribe scheme |first=Nate |last=Raymond |publisher=[[Reuters]] |date=March 13, 2019 |accessdate=March 13, 2019 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> In total, Singer testified that he had unethically facilitated college admission for 761 families.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/college-cheating-mastermind-says-he-helped-nearly-800-families-admissions-n982666|title=College cheating ringleader says he helped more than 750 families with admissions scheme|last=Winter|first=Tom|date=March 13, 2019|website=[[NBC]] |language=en |archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=March 13, 2019|df=mdy-all}}</ref>


In 2019, [[United States Attorney]] for the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts [[Andrew Lelling]] emerged as leading the investigation and announced criminal charges.<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://www.cnbc.com/2019/03/12/a-slew-of-ceos-are-charged-in-alleged-college-entrance-cheating-scam.html|title=A slew of CEOs charged in alleged college entrance cheating scam|last=Frank|first=Robert|first2=Emma |last2=Newburger |date= 2019-03-12 |website=[[CNBC]]|access-date=2019-03-12|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.cnn.com/2019/03/12/us/college-admission-cheating-scheme/index.html |title= Wealthy parents, actresses, coaches, among those charged in massive college cheating admission scandal, federal prosecutors say |first=Eric |last= Levenson |first2=Mark |last2=Morales |work=[[CNN]] |date= March 13, 2019 |access-date= March 13, 2019 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> Lelling heads the securities and financial fraud unit, which is prosecuting the case and includes the following [[Assistant U.S. Attorney]]s Eric S. Rosen, Justin D. O’Connell, Leslie Wright, and Kristen A. Kearney.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.justice.gov/usao-ma/pr/arrests-made-nationwide-college-admissions-scam-alleged-exam-cheating-athletic |title= Arrests Made in Nationwide College Admissions Scam: Alleged Exam Cheating & Athletic Recruitment Scheme |author=[[United States Attorney]]’s Office, [[United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts|District of Massachusetts]] |publisher=[[Department of Justice]] |date= March 12, 2019 |access-date= March 12, 2019 |df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref name=USAtt/>
In 2019, [[United States Attorney]] for the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts [[Andrew Lelling]] emerged as leading the investigation and announced criminal charges.<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://www.cnbc.com/2019/03/12/a-slew-of-ceos-are-charged-in-alleged-college-entrance-cheating-scam.html|title=A slew of CEOs charged in alleged college entrance cheating scam|last=Frank|first=Robert|first2=Emma |last2=Newburger |date= 2019-03-12 |website=[[CNBC]]|access-date=2019-03-12|df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.cnn.com/2019/03/12/us/college-admission-cheating-scheme/index.html |title= Wealthy parents, actresses, coaches, among those charged in massive college cheating admission scandal, federal prosecutors say |first=Eric |last= Levenson |first2=Mark |last2=Morales |work=[[CNN]] |date= March 13, 2019 |access-date= March 13, 2019 |df=mdy-all}}</ref> Lelling heads the securities and financial fraud unit, which is prosecuting the case and includes the following [[Assistant U.S. Attorney]]s Eric S. Rosen, Justin D. O’Connell, Leslie Wright, and Kristen A. Kearney.<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.justice.gov/usao-ma/pr/arrests-made-nationwide-college-admissions-scam-alleged-exam-cheating-athletic |title= Arrests Made in Nationwide College Admissions Scam: Alleged Exam Cheating & Athletic Recruitment Scheme |author=[[United States Attorney]]’s Office, [[United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts|District of Massachusetts]] |publisher=[[Department of Justice]] |date= March 12, 2019 |access-date= March 12, 2019 |df=mdy-all}}</ref><ref name=USAtt/>

Revision as of 16:38, 14 March 2019

2019 college admissions bribery scandal
Duration2011–2018
VenueDistrict of Massachusetts
LocationUnited States
Organized byWilliam Rick Singer
Suspects50 people indicted

The 2019 college admissions bribery scandal is about an ongoing scheme to allegedly influence admissions decisions at universities. On March 12, 2019, U.S. federal prosecutors in the District of Massachusetts unsealed indictments and complaints against 50 people as part of an ongoing investigation into alleged schemes to use bribery and fraud to secure admission to at least eight universities. Those indicted include prominent businesspeople, coaches, and actors.[1][2] The case is the largest of its kind by the Justice Department.[3]

The prosecutors allege that the parents of college applicants paid more than $25 million in bribes to college officials between 2011 and 2018.[4][5] The FBI investigation was nicknamed Operation Varsity Blues in a nod to the 1999 film of the same name.[6][7] The leader of the scheme, William Rick Singer, pleaded guilty and helped the FBI gather incriminating evidence against co-conspirators.[8][9] In total, Singer testified that he had unethically facilitated college admission for 761 families.[10]

In 2019, United States Attorney for the United States District Court for the District of Massachusetts Andrew Lelling emerged as leading the investigation and announced criminal charges.[11][12] Lelling heads the securities and financial fraud unit, which is prosecuting the case and includes the following Assistant U.S. Attorneys Eric S. Rosen, Justin D. O’Connell, Leslie Wright, and Kristen A. Kearney.[13][14]

Discovery and scandal

The FBI alleged that beginning in 2011, parents of certain high school-aged children conspired with other individuals to use bribery and other forms of fraud to get their children admitted to top colleges and universities.[15] Federal prosecutors in Boston on March 12, 2019, made a criminal complaint, charging 50 people with conspiracy to commit mail fraud and honest services mail fraud in violation of Title 18 United States Code, Section 1349.[15]

Allegations

Federal prosecutors alleged a bribery and college admission cheating scheme that involved:

  • Bribing college entrance exam administrators in order to facilitate cheating on college and university entrance exams.[15]
  • Bribing varsity coaches and administrators of elite universities and colleges in order to nominate unqualified applicants as recruited athletes or favored candidates, hence, facilitating those applicants' admission into those schools.[15]
  • Using a charitable organization to conceal the source and nature of laundered bribery payments.[15]

Court documents unsealed in March 2019 detail a scheme wherein wealthy parents bribed admissions testing officials, athletics staff, and coaches at universities in order to gain admission for their children to them. The enterprise was led by William Rick Singer, a then-58-year-old resident of Newport Beach, California, who ran Key Worldwide Foundation, a nonprofit organization previously granted 501(c)(3) status, which allowed it to avoid federal income taxes and allowed Key clients to deduct their "donations" from personal federal income taxes. The Key Enterprise also included The Edge College & Career Network, a limited liability company registered in 2012.[14]

Methods of fraudulent admission

Singer– who had, in 2010, submitted a video for a potential reality show based on his college-admissions activities[16] –primarily used two separate fraudulent techniques to help clients' children gain admission to elite universities. The first involved cheating on the SAT or ACT.[2] Singer worked with psychologists to complete the detailed paperwork required to certify clients' children as having a learning disability, giving them access to accommodations for taking the tests. Singer stated that he could get a falsified disability report from a personal psychologist of his for between $4,000 to $5,000.[17] Singer noted that this could be re-used to fraudulently obtain similar benefits at university. Once the paperwork was complete, Singer coached clients to make up false travel plans to get their children's tests relocated to one of two centers under his control: in West Hollywood or Houston. Depending on the client's preferences, the child was either involved directly in the fraud, or, in many cases, the fraud was kept secret and corrupt proctors altered tests after the fact.[18] In some cases, the tests were taken by another person posing as the student. Mark Riddell, a Harvard University alum and director at IMG Academy, was allegedly one of the stand-in test takers, who agreed to plead guilty and cooperate with investigators.[19][20] Prosecutors claim he was paid $10,000 per test, and he currently faces two criminal charges for conspiracy to commit mail fraud and money laundering.[21]

According to recorded phone calls included in court filings, Singer claimed that the practice of fraudulently obtaining accommodations such as extra testing time, intended for those with bona fide learning disabilities, was widespread outside of his particular scheme:

Yeah, everywhere around the country. What happened is, all the wealthy families that figured out that if I get my kid tested and they get extended time, they can do better on the test. So most of these kids don’t even have issues, but they’re getting time. The playing field is not fair.[22]

The second method used by Singer involved directly bribing college athletics staff and coaches. At target institutions, coaches and athletic staff had the ability to submit a certain number of recruit names to admissions, which would then view the applications in light of that status. Singer used the Key money-laundering operation to pay coaches a bribe for labeling applicants as athletes for purposes of gaining admission; he fabricated profiles highlighting each applicant's purported athletic prowess. Among those charged in the March 12 release were coaches and staff at Georgetown, San Diego, Stanford, Texas, UCLA, USC, Wake Forest, and Yale.[2] In one such incident, Michael Center, the men's tennis coach at Texas, accepted approximately $100,000 in exchange for designating an applicant as a recruit for the Texas Longhorns tennis team, thus facilitating their admittance into the university.[5] A similar fraud occurred at Yale, where the head coach of the women's soccer team, Rudolph "Rudy" Meredith, allegedly accepted a $400,000 bribe to falsely identify an applicant as a recruit.[23][24] Senior associate athletic director Donna Heinel and water polo coach Jovan Vavic, both of USC, allegedly received $1.3 million and $250,000, respectively, for similar frauds.[25] They were indicted alongside former USC women's soccer coaches Ali Khosroshahin and Laura Janke.[26] In addition, UCLA and Stanford, two other Pac-12 programs, had coaches indicted, including UCLA men's soccer coach Jorge Salcedo and Stanford sailing coach John Vandemoer, who both allegedly accepted bribes.[27] Vandemoer admitted to accepting $270,000 to classify two applicants as prospective sailors.[28] At Wake Forest, head volleyball coach William "Bill" Ferguson was placed on administrative leave following charges of racketeering.[29] Former Georgetown tennis coach Gordon "Gordie" Ernst is alleged to have facilitated as many as 12 students through fraudulent means, while accepting bribes of up to $950,000.[30] At the University of San Diego, an unnamed athletics coach allegedly accepted bribes from two families accused of paying $875,000 as part of the scheme.[31]

In response to the scandal, the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), the chief governing body for college sports in the United States, announced it would be reviewing the allegations "to determine the extent to which NCAA rules may have been violated".[27][32]

Besides bribery, parents would allegedly hire third parties to take classes posing under the identity of their children, and then submit their results to colleges and universities. The scam allegedly also involved submitting fraudulent exam scores and grades including fake awards and athletic achievements.[15] In one such case, noted private equity investor Bill McGlashan discussed using Photoshop to create a fake profile for his son as a football kicker to help him get into USC.[33][34] Similarly, Marci Palatella, wife of former San Franciso 49ers player Lou Palatella, worked with Singer to pass her son off as a long snapper recruit for USC.[34][35] In one of the most notable cases, actress Lori Loughlin, famous for her role on the American sitcom Full House, and her husband, fashion designer Mossimo Giannulli, allegedly paid $500,000 in bribes to get their two daughters accepted into USC as members of the rowing team, despite neither child having participated in the sport.[17]

Singer was charged with racketeering conspiracy for his role as the organizer of the scheme. Money was passed through a 501(c)(3) organization formed by Singer, the Key Worldwide Foundation, as charitable donations.[2] Singer pleaded guilty on March 12, 2019, in the U.S. District Court in Boston to four felony counts of conspiracy to commit money laundering, conspiracy to defraud the United States, and obstruction of justice.[36] He faces a maximum of 65 years in prison and a fine of $1.25 million.[37]

Universities

Universities involved in the case include:[4][5][2]

Administrators at the involved universities have claimed a lack of awareness regarding the scandal within their athletic departments. All accused coaches have since been fired or placed on academic leave.[38]

Participants

A total of 50 people have been charged in the investigations. This number includes 33 parents of college applicants, and nine collegiate coaches.[39]

Indicted individuals

  • William Rick Singer, purported college counselor, and author of self-help book for college admission. Singer is alleged to have organized and sold fraudulent college admission services.[1][2]

Parents accused of paying for admission

Athletics coaches and staff members accused of involvement

  • Michael Center, former Texas men's tennis coach[51]
  • Gordon "Gordie" Ernst, former Georgetown tennis coach and former Obama family tennis coach[52]
  • William "Bill" Ferguson, Wake Forest volleyball coach, placed on academic leave[29]
  • Donna Heinel, former USC senior associate athletic director[53]
  • Laura Janke, former USC women's soccer coach[54]
  • Ali Khosroshahin, former USC women's soccer coach[54]
  • Rudolph "Rudy" Meredith, former Yale women's soccer coach[23]
  • Jorge Salcedo, former UCLA men's soccer coach and former Major League Soccer player[55]
  • John Vandemoer, former Stanford sailing coach[27]
  • Jovan Vavic, former USC water polo coach[27]

Other participants

  • Olivia Jade Giannulli, Loughlin's daughter, an Instagram influencer, was admitted to USC after her parents paid Singer. Giannulli had previously commented through Twitter that she didn't "care about anything" she was learning in college.[56][57]
  • William H. Macy, Huffman's husband and an actor known for roles in the film Fargo and the TV series Shameless, took part in discussions with Singer, but has not been indicted.[58]
  • Mark Riddell, a Harvard University alum and former director at IMG Academy. Riddell was employed by Singer to fraudulently take admission tests, impersonating the clients' children; he also paid Educational Testing Service and ACT contractors to deliberately misadminister the tests.[20]

References

  1. ^ a b Medina, Jennifer; Benner, Katie; Taylor, Kate (March 12, 2019). "Actresses, Business Leaders and Other Wealthy Parents Charged in U.S. College Entry Fraud". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 12, 2019.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Korn, Melissa; Levitz, Jennifer; Ailworth, Erin (March 13, 2019). "Federal Prosecutors Charge Dozens in College Admissions Cheating Scheme". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved March 12, 2019.
  3. ^ a b Garrison, Joey; Puente, Maria (March 12, 2019). "Felicity Huffman, Lori Loughlin among 50 indicted in largest-ever case alleging bribery to get kids into colleges". USA Today. Retrieved March 12, 2019.
  4. ^ a b Eustachewich, Lia (March 12, 2019). "Felicity Huffman, Lori Loughlin busted in college admissions cheating scandal". New York Post. Retrieved March 12, 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  5. ^ a b c Trevino, Robert (March 12, 2019). "Michael Center, University of Texas men's tennis coach implicated in admissions scheme, placed on administrative leave". The Daily Texan. Retrieved March 12, 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  6. ^ Kates, Graham (March 12, 2019). "Lori Loughlin and Felicity Huffman among dozens charged in college bribery scheme". CBS News. Retrieved March 12, 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  7. ^ Richer, Alanna; Binkley, Collin (March 12, 2019). "TV stars and coaches charged in college bribery scheme". AP News. Retrieved March 12, 2019.
  8. ^ Siemaszko, Corky; Kaplan, Ezra (March 12, 2019). "College admissions scheme mastermind William Rick Singer wore wire to expose scam". NBC News. Retrieved March 13, 2019.
  9. ^ Raymond, Nate (March 13, 2019). "Ex-Stanford sailing coach pleads guilty to college admission bribe scheme". Reuters. Retrieved March 13, 2019.
  10. ^ Winter, Tom (March 13, 2019). "College cheating ringleader says he helped more than 750 families with admissions scheme". NBC. Retrieved March 13, 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  11. ^ Frank, Robert; Newburger, Emma (March 12, 2019). "A slew of CEOs charged in alleged college entrance cheating scam". CNBC. Retrieved March 12, 2019.
  12. ^ Levenson, Eric; Morales, Mark (March 13, 2019). "Wealthy parents, actresses, coaches, among those charged in massive college cheating admission scandal, federal prosecutors say". CNN. Retrieved March 13, 2019.
  13. ^ United States Attorney’s Office, District of Massachusetts (March 12, 2019). "Arrests Made in Nationwide College Admissions Scam: Alleged Exam Cheating & Athletic Recruitment Scheme". Department of Justice. Retrieved March 12, 2019.
  14. ^ a b Lelling, Andrew E. United States Attorney, District of Massachusetts (March 5, 2019). "Criminal Information 1:19-CR-10078-RWZ, United States of America vs. William Rick Singer". U.S. Department of Justice. Retrieved March 12, 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  15. ^ a b c d e f Smith, Laura, Special Agent FBI (March 12, 2019). "College admissions bribery scheme affidavit" (PDF). The Washington Post. Retrieved March 12, 2019.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  16. ^ [ "Mastermind Of College Bribery Scheme Once Pitched Reality Show On The Idea", KCAL9 (with TMZ video, CBS Los Angeles, March 13, 2019. Retrieved March 14, 2019.]
  17. ^ a b Taylor, Kate (March 13, 2019). "Fallout From College Admissions Scandal: Arrests, Damage Control and a Scramble for Answers". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved March 13, 2019.
  18. ^ Breaux, Aimee (March 12, 2019). "The ACT says 'few bad actors' undermined fair testing in college admissions scandal". Iowa City Press-Citizen. Retrieved March 13, 2019.
  19. ^ Baker, Matt (March 13, 2019). "IMG Academy suspends Mark Riddell after college admissions bribery scandal". Tampa Bay Times. Retrieved March 13, 2019.
  20. ^ a b Barrett, Devlin; Zapotosky, Matt (March 12, 2019). "FBI accuses wealthy parents, including celebrities, in college-entrance bribery scheme". Washington Post. Retrieved March 13, 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
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  30. ^ Brennan, George (March 13, 2019). "Martha's Vineyard tie to college admissions scandal". The Martha's Vineyard Times. Retrieved March 13, 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
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  36. ^ Anderson, Travis; Ellement, John R.; Fernandes, Deirdre; Finucane, Martin (March 12, 2019). "'A catalog of wealth and privilege': Feds allege college bribery scam". The Boston Globe. Retrieved March 12, 2019.
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  40. ^ Ng, David; Faughnder, Ryan (March 13, 2019). "Marketing guru Jane Buckingham caught up in college admissions scandal". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved March 14, 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  41. ^ Zafar, Maryam; Cronin, Amanda H. (March 13, 2019). "Gordon Caplan '88 Paid $75,000 to Rig His Daughter's ACT Score, the FBI Says. He and Nearly 50 Others Were Charged With Fraud". The Cornell Daily Sun. Retrieved March 14, 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  42. ^ Cain, Áine (March 13, 2019). "Fashion designer Mossimo Giannulli — whose self-titled brand once ran at Target — is accused of shelling out $500,000 to get his daughters into USC". Business Insider. Retrieved March 13, 2019. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
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  45. ^ 40th Annual Conference of IOSCO - London, June 18, 2015, Panel 3. Douglas M. Hodge, Chief Executive, PIMCO, International Organization of Securities Commissions (2015). Retrieved March 13, 2019.
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  52. ^ Beaujon, Andrew (March 12, 2019). 5 Facts About the DC Life of Gordon Ernst, the Tennis Coach Named in the Admissions-Scandal Indictment, He coached Michelle Obama and left Georgetown University under a cloud, Washingtonian, March 12, 2019.
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