Apparatchik: Difference between revisions
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what does this mean? it's been borrowed FROM Russian into many other languages, or Russian (and many other languages) borrowed it? at any rate, it's placed incorrectly in the lede. |
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An '''apparatchik''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|ɑ:|p|ə|ˈ|r|ɑ:|t|tʃ|ɪ|k}}; {{lang-ru|[[wikt:аппаратчик|аппара́тчик]]}} {{IPA-ru|ɐpɐˈratɕɪk|}}) |
An '''apparatchik''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|ɑ:|p|ə|ˈ|r|ɑ:|t|tʃ|ɪ|k}}; {{lang-ru|[[wikt:аппаратчик|аппара́тчик]]}} {{IPA-ru|ɐpɐˈratɕɪk|}}), was a full-time, professional [[functionary]] of the [[Communist Party of the Soviet Union]] or the [[government of the Soviet Union|Soviet government]] ''apparat'' ([[Wiktionary:аппарат#Russian|аппарат]], apparatus), someone who held any position of [[bureaucracy|bureaucratic]] or [[politics|political]] responsibility, with the exception of the higher ranks of management called [[nomenklatura]]. [[James H. Billington|James Billington]] describes an apparatchik as "a man not of grand plans, but of a hundred carefully executed details."<ref>James H. Billington, ''Fire in the minds of men'', Transaction Publishers, 1999, |
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[https://books.google.com/books?id=a4PRx21WVqMC&pg=PA455&dq=apparatchik&ei=Unp5Sve5G6PCM4j-vYUN&client=firefox-a#v=onepage&q=apparatchik&f=false p. 455], {{ISBN|0-7658-0471-9}}, {{ISBN|978-0-7658-0471-6}}</ref> The term is often considered derogatory, with negative [[connotation]]s in terms of the quality, competence, and attitude of a person thus described.<ref>Raymond Pearson, ''The rise and fall of the Soviet Empire'', Palgrave Macmillan, [https://books.google.com/books?id=9EehH16HO48C&pg=PR20&dq=derogatory++Apparatchik&ei=LgSoSsWKOZzKzATSy9CpCg#v=onepage&q=derogatory%20%20Apparatchik&f=false p. xx], 1998, {{ISBN|0-312-17407-1}}</ref> |
[https://books.google.com/books?id=a4PRx21WVqMC&pg=PA455&dq=apparatchik&ei=Unp5Sve5G6PCM4j-vYUN&client=firefox-a#v=onepage&q=apparatchik&f=false p. 455], {{ISBN|0-7658-0471-9}}, {{ISBN|978-0-7658-0471-6}}</ref> The term is often considered derogatory, with negative [[connotation]]s in terms of the quality, competence, and attitude of a person thus described.<ref>Raymond Pearson, ''The rise and fall of the Soviet Empire'', Palgrave Macmillan, [https://books.google.com/books?id=9EehH16HO48C&pg=PR20&dq=derogatory++Apparatchik&ei=LgSoSsWKOZzKzATSy9CpCg#v=onepage&q=derogatory%20%20Apparatchik&f=false p. xx], 1998, {{ISBN|0-312-17407-1}}</ref> |
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Members of the apparat ('''apparatchiks''' or '''apparatchiki''') were frequently transferred between different areas of responsibility, usually with little or no actual training for their new areas of responsibility. Thus, the term apparatchik, or "agent of the apparatus" was usually the best possible description of the person's profession and occupation.<ref>Roland Huntford, ''The new totalitarians'', Chapter 7 "The Rule of the Apparatchiks," Stein and Day, 1972, p. 135, {{ISBN|0-8128-1408-8}}, {{ISBN|978-0-8128-1408-8}}.</ref> Not all apparatchiks held lifelong positions. Many only entered such positions in middle age.<ref>David Stuart Lane, Cameron Ross, ''The transition from communism to capitalism: ruling elites from Gorbachev to Yeltsin'', Palgrave Macmillan, 1999, [https://books.google.com/books?id=08wU08p7QHAC&pg=PA25&dq=apparatchik&ei=Unp5Sve5G6PCM4j-vYUN&client=firefox-a#v=onepage&q=apparatchik&f=false p. 25-26], {{ISBN|0-312-21612-2}}, {{ISBN|978-0-312-21612-2}}</ref> Today ''apparatchik'' is also used in contexts other than that of the [[Soviet Union]] or communist countries. According to [[Collins English Dictionary]] the word can mean "an official or bureaucrat in any organization".<ref>apparatchik. Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 11th Edition. Retrieved 2 August 2012 from CollinsDictionary.com website: |
Members of the apparat ('''apparatchiks''' or '''apparatchiki''') were frequently transferred between different areas of responsibility, usually with little or no actual training for their new areas of responsibility. Thus, the term apparatchik, or "agent of the apparatus" was usually the best possible description of the person's profession and occupation.<ref>Roland Huntford, ''The new totalitarians'', Chapter 7 "The Rule of the Apparatchiks," Stein and Day, 1972, p. 135, {{ISBN|0-8128-1408-8}}, {{ISBN|978-0-8128-1408-8}}.</ref> Not all apparatchiks held lifelong positions. Many only entered such positions in middle age.<ref>David Stuart Lane, Cameron Ross, ''The transition from communism to capitalism: ruling elites from Gorbachev to Yeltsin'', Palgrave Macmillan, 1999, [https://books.google.com/books?id=08wU08p7QHAC&pg=PA25&dq=apparatchik&ei=Unp5Sve5G6PCM4j-vYUN&client=firefox-a#v=onepage&q=apparatchik&f=false p. 25-26], {{ISBN|0-312-21612-2}}, {{ISBN|978-0-312-21612-2}}</ref> Today ''apparatchik'' is also used in contexts other than that of the [[Soviet Union]] or communist countries. According to [[Collins English Dictionary]] the word can mean "an official or bureaucrat in any organization".<ref>apparatchik. Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 11th Edition. Retrieved 2 August 2012 from CollinsDictionary.com website: |
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Revision as of 15:24, 22 March 2019
| Apparatchik | |
| Russian | аппаратчик |
|---|---|
| Romanization | apparatchik |
| Literal meaning | functionary |
An apparatchik (/ˌɑːpəˈrɑːttʃɪk/; Template:Lang-ru [ɐpɐˈratɕɪk]), was a full-time, professional functionary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union or the Soviet government apparat (аппарат, apparatus), someone who held any position of bureaucratic or political responsibility, with the exception of the higher ranks of management called nomenklatura. James Billington describes an apparatchik as "a man not of grand plans, but of a hundred carefully executed details."[1] The term is often considered derogatory, with negative connotations in terms of the quality, competence, and attitude of a person thus described.[2]
Members of the apparat (apparatchiks or apparatchiki) were frequently transferred between different areas of responsibility, usually with little or no actual training for their new areas of responsibility. Thus, the term apparatchik, or "agent of the apparatus" was usually the best possible description of the person's profession and occupation.[3] Not all apparatchiks held lifelong positions. Many only entered such positions in middle age.[4] Today apparatchik is also used in contexts other than that of the Soviet Union or communist countries. According to Collins English Dictionary the word can mean "an official or bureaucrat in any organization".[5] According to Douglas Harper's Online Etymology Dictionary, the term was also used in the meaning "Communist agent or spy", originating in the writings of Arthur Koestler, c. 1941.[6]
See also
References
- ^ James H. Billington, Fire in the minds of men, Transaction Publishers, 1999, p. 455, ISBN 0-7658-0471-9, ISBN 978-0-7658-0471-6
- ^ Raymond Pearson, The rise and fall of the Soviet Empire, Palgrave Macmillan, p. xx, 1998, ISBN 0-312-17407-1
- ^ Roland Huntford, The new totalitarians, Chapter 7 "The Rule of the Apparatchiks," Stein and Day, 1972, p. 135, ISBN 0-8128-1408-8, ISBN 978-0-8128-1408-8.
- ^ David Stuart Lane, Cameron Ross, The transition from communism to capitalism: ruling elites from Gorbachev to Yeltsin, Palgrave Macmillan, 1999, p. 25-26, ISBN 0-312-21612-2, ISBN 978-0-312-21612-2
- ^ apparatchik. Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 11th Edition. Retrieved 2 August 2012 from CollinsDictionary.com website: http://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/apparatchik
- ^ Apparatchik Dictionary.com
Further reading
- Zbigniew Brzezinski, Samuel P. Huntington, Political power: USA/USSR, Viking Press, 1964, p. 142, 150, 172.
External links
Look up apparatchik in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
- Robert Shea, Empire of the Rising Scum, essay on apparatchiks by author/journalist on BobShea.net personal web site.