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Coordinates: 53°14′N 4°1′W / 53.233°N 4.017°W / 53.233; -4.017
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m (Added note on Gower. The regnal dating of the first Morgan the Generous is exceptionally uncertain; four sources (the two cited being extremes) cover a range of over a century).
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|government_type = Monarchy
|government_type = Monarchy
|
|
|life_span = 5th century–942<br>974–1063
|life_span = 5th century–7th/8th century<br>c. 745-942<br>974–1055
|event_start = After Roman withdrawal from Britain
|event_start = After Roman withdrawal from Britain
|year_start = 5th century
|year_start = Late 5th century
|event1 = First union with Gwent
|event1 = Various unions with Gwent
|date_event1 = 942–974
|date_event1 = 6th century–c. 745
|event_end = Second union with Gwent
|event2 = Union with Gwent <br />(under [[Morgan Hen ab Owain]])
⚫
|date_event2 = 942–974
⚫
|year_end = 1063
|event3 = Union as part of Wales <br />(under [[Gruffydd ap Llywelyn]], [[King of Wales]])
|date_event3 = 1055-1063
|event_end = Becomes Morgannwg <br />(under [[Caradog ap Gruffydd]])
⚫
|year_end = 1075
|p1 = Roman Britain
|p1 = Roman Britain
|flag_p1 = Roman SPQR banner.svg
|flag_p1 = Roman SPQR banner.svg
|p2 =
|p2 = Morgannwg
|s1 = Morgannwg
|s1 = Morgannwg
|flag_s1 =
|flag_s1 =
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|government_type = Monarchy
|government_type = Monarchy
|
|
|life_span = 942–974<br>1063–1091
|life_span = c. 7th/8th century-c. 745<br>942–974<br>1063–1091
|event_start = First union of Gwent and Glywysing
|event_start = Morgannwyg formed from Gwent and Glywysing <br />(under [[Morgan the Generous]])
|year_start = 942
|year_start = c. 7th/8th century
|event1 = Union disestablished
|event1 = Union disestablished
|date_event1 = 974
|date_event1 = c. 745
|event2 = Kingdoms reunited
|event2 = Reunited as Morgannwg <br />(under [[Morgan Hen ab Owain]])
|date_event2 = 1063
|date_event2 = 942-974
|event3 = Reunited in Wales <br />(under [[Gruffydd ap Llywelyn]], [[King of Wales]])
|date_event3 = 1055-63
|event_end = Conquered <br />(by the Norman lord, Robert Fitzhamon)
|event_end = Conquered <br />(by the Norman lord, Robert Fitzhamon)
|year_end = 1091
|year_end = 1091
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|
|
|common_languages = Welsh
|common_languages = Welsh
|leader1 = [[Morgan Hen ab Owain]]
|leader1 = [[Morgan the Generous]]
⚫
|leader2 = [[Morgan Hen ab Owain]]
⚫
|year_leader1 = 942–974
⚫
|year_leader2 = 942–974
⚫
|leader2 = [[Cadwgan ap Meurig]]
⚫
|leader3 = [[Cadwgan ap Meurig]]
⚫
|year_leader2 = 1063–1074
⚫
|year_leader3 = 1063–1074
⚫
|leader3 = [[Iestyn ap Gwrgan]]
|leader4 = [[Caradog ap Gruffyd]]
⚫
|year_leader3 = 1081–1091
|year_leader4 = 1075–1081
|leader5 = [[Iestyn ap Gwrgan]]
|year_leader5 = 1081–1091
| footnotes = {{Note|1}}
| footnotes = {{Note|1}}
}}
}}
'''Glywysing''' was, from the [[Sub-Roman Britain|sub-Roman]] period to the [[Early Middle Ages]], a [[petty kingdom]] in south-east [[Wales in the Early Middle Ages|Wales]]. Its people were descended from the [[Iron Age tribes in Britain|Iron Age tribe]] of the [[Silures]].
'''Glywysing''' was, from the [[Sub-Roman Britain|sub-Roman]] period to the [[Early Middle Ages]], a [[petty kingdom]] in south-east [[Wales in the Early Middle Ages|Wales]]. Its people were descended from the [[Iron Age tribes in Britain|Iron Age tribe]] of the [[Silures]], and frequently in union with [[Gwent]], merging to form Morgannwg.


==Name==
==Name==
Line 82: Line 91:


==Location==
==Location==
The borders changed over time, but it is generally thought that its lands originally lay between the [[Afon Llwyd]] and the [[River Towy]]. At times they expanded eastwards to encompass both [[Kingdom of Gwent|Gwent]] and [[Ergyng]], but some time before the early 8th century, [[Cydweli]] and [[Gower (Lordship)|Gwyr (Gower)]] were lost to [[Kingdom of Dyfed|Dyfed]], although the Gower had returned to Glywysing by 928 prior to the formation of Morgannwg.<ref name="caerwent">Ashley, Mike (1998) ''The Mammoth Book of British Kings and Queens '' (Carol & Graf)</ref>
The borders changed over time, but it is generally thought that its lands originally lay between the [[Afon Llwyd]] and the [[River Towy]]. At times they expanded eastwards in union with both [[Kingdom of Gwent|Gwent]] and [[Ergyng]]. Some time before the early 8th century, [[Cydweli]] and [[Gower (Lordship)|Gwyr (Gower)]] were lost to [[Kingdom of Dyfed|Dyfed]], although the Gower had returned to Glywysing by 928 prior to the reign of King [[Morgan the Old]].<ref name="caerwent">Ashley, Mike (1998) ''The Mammoth Book of British Kings and Queens '' (Carol & Graf)</ref>
Today the area of Glywysing is known as [[Glamorgan]].
Today the area of Glywysing is known as [[Glamorgan]].


==Morgannwg==
==Morgannwg==
In the mid 10th century, the kingdom merged with [[Kingdom of Gwent|Gwent]] and changed its name to Morgannwg or Gwlad Morgan in honour of King [[Morgan the Old]] (r. 942{{ndash}}74){{citation needed|date=February 2013}} or his ancestor King [[Morgan the Generous]] (fl. {{circa|lk=no|730}}).<ref>Lloyd, John E. ''A History of Wales from the Earliest Times to the Edwardian Conquest'', Vol. 1, [https://archive.org/stream/historyofwalesfr01lloyuoft#page/274/mode/2up p. 274]. Longmans, Green, & Co. (London), 1911. Accessed 22 Feb 2013.</ref> Glywysing seems to have been a sub-kingdom or principality of the Kingdom of Morgannwg, along with Gwent. After the death of Morgan the Old, Gwent and Glywysing were separated again from 974 to 1055, but Glywysing alone was often referred to as Morgannwg. Both areas were conquered by [[Gruffydd ap Llywelyn]] in about 1055, but on his death in 1063, Morgannwg, the union between Gwent and Glywysing, was reconstituted. How this occurred is unclear; possibly the Kings of Glywysing were also Kings of Morgannwg and the Kings of Gwent were semi-independent under-Kings. The last native ruler of these areas was [[Iestyn ap Gwrgan]], King of Morgannwg (1081-1090), who was deposed by [[Robert Fitzhamon]].
First under King [[Morgan the Generous]] (fl. {{circa|lk=no|630-730}}) until the end of the reign of his descendant [[Ithel]] (d. c. 745), and later again under King [[Morgan the Old]] (r. 942-74), the kingdom merged with [[Kingdom of Gwent|Gwent]] and changed its name to Morgannwg or Gwlad Morgan in honour of the Morgan Kings.<ref name="caerwent"/><ref>Lloyd, John E. ''A History of Wales from the Earliest Times to the Edwardian Conquest'', Vol. 1, [https://archive.org/stream/historyofwalesfr01lloyuoft#page/274/mode/2up p. 274]. Longmans, Green, & Co. (London), 1911. Accessed 22 Feb 2013.</ref> During such unions Glywysing and Gwent seem to have been together or occasional sub-kingdoms or principalities of the Kingdom of Morgannwg<ref name="caerwent"/>.


After the death of Morgan the Old, Gwent and Glywysing were separated again from 974 to 1055, but Glywysing alone was often referred to as Morgannwg. Both areas were conquered by [[Gruffydd ap Llywelyn]] in about 1055, subsequently [[King of Wales]], but on Gruffydd's death in 1063, Glywysing was regained by the native lineage under [[Caradog ap Gruffudd]]<ref name="caerwent"/>. Morgannwg, the union between Gwent and Glywysing, was reconstituted. How this occurred is unclear; possibly the Kings of Glywysing were also Kings of Morgannwg and the Kings of Gwent were semi-independent under-Kings, or vice versa<ref name="caerwent"/>.
⚫
The name ''Morgannwg'' is still used in Wales for the former county of [[Glamorgan]] (itself a corruption of the term ''Gwlad Morgan'') and its successor counties.

===Norman conquest===
{{Main|Glamorgan}}
With Gwent increasingly overrun by the [[Norman conquest of Wales]], the last native King of Morgannwyg & Glywysing was [[Iestyn ap Gwrgan]] (1081-1090), who was subsequently deposed by [[Robert Fitzhamon]]. Iestyn's sons became Lords of [[River Afan|Afan]], while Owain ap Caradog ap Gruffudd contented himself with [[Gwynllwg]] and founded the line of the Lords of [[Caerleon]].<ref name="caerwent"/>

⚫
The name ''Morgannwg'' is still used in Wales for the former [[Marcher Lord]]ship and county of [[Glamorgan]] (itself a corruption of the term ''Gwlad Morgan'') and its successor counties.


==See also==
==See also==

Revision as of 22:32, 23 March 2019

Kingdom of Glywysing
Teyrnas Glywysing
5th century–7th/8th century
c. 745-942
974–1055
Medieval kingdoms of Wales, showing Glywysing in the south
Medieval kingdoms of Wales, showing Glywysing in the south
CapitalCardiff
Common languagesOld Welsh
Religion
Celtic Christianity
GovernmentMonarchy
Historical eraMiddle Ages
• After Roman withdrawal from Britain
Late 5th century
• Various unions with Gwent
6th century–c. 745
• Union with Gwent
(under Morgan Hen ab Owain)
942–974
• Union as part of Wales
(under Gruffydd ap Llywelyn, King of Wales)
1055-1063
• Becomes Morgannwg
(under Caradog ap Gruffydd)
1075
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Roman Britain
Morgannwg
Morgannwg
Kingdom of Morgannwg
Teyrnas Morgannwg
c. 7th/8th century-c. 745
942–974
1063–1091
CapitalVarious[1]
Common languagesWelsh
GovernmentMonarchy
Historical eraMiddle Ages
• Morgannwyg formed from Gwent and Glywysing
(under Morgan the Generous)
c. 7th/8th century
• Union disestablished
c. 745
• Reunited as Morgannwg
(under Morgan Hen ab Owain)
942-974
• Reunited in Wales
(under Gruffydd ap Llywelyn, King of Wales)
1055-63
• Conquered
(by the Norman lord, Robert Fitzhamon)
1091
Preceded by		 Succeeded by
Kingdom of Gwent
Kingdom of Glywysing
Kingdom of Gwent
Kingdom of Glywysing
Lord of Glamorgan
^

Glywysing was, from the sub-Roman period to the Early Middle Ages, a petty kingdom in south-east Wales. Its people were descended from the Iron Age tribe of the Silures, and frequently in union with Gwent, merging to form Morgannwg.

Name

Glywysing is said to be named after Glywys, a real or legendary early monarch, whose name may continue that of the Romano-British *Glevenses, the territory and citizens of Glevum (modern Gloucester).[2] According to 12th-century sources, after the death of Glywys, the kingdom was divided into seven cantrefs named for his sons:[3] Cydweli, Gwyr, Margam, Penychen, Gwynllwg, Gorfynydd, and another. These were typically ruled together by the head of the family and sometimes treated as appenage subkingdoms.

Location

The borders changed over time, but it is generally thought that its lands originally lay between the Afon Llwyd and the River Towy. At times they expanded eastwards in union with both Gwent and Ergyng. Some time before the early 8th century, Cydweli and Gwyr (Gower) were lost to Dyfed, although the Gower had returned to Glywysing by 928 prior to the reign of King Morgan the Old.[4] Today the area of Glywysing is known as Glamorgan.

Morgannwg

First under King Morgan the Generous (fl. c. 630-730) until the end of the reign of his descendant Ithel (d. c. 745), and later again under King Morgan the Old (r. 942-74), the kingdom merged with Gwent and changed its name to Morgannwg or Gwlad Morgan in honour of the Morgan Kings.[4][5] During such unions Glywysing and Gwent seem to have been together or occasional sub-kingdoms or principalities of the Kingdom of Morgannwg[4].

After the death of Morgan the Old, Gwent and Glywysing were separated again from 974 to 1055, but Glywysing alone was often referred to as Morgannwg. Both areas were conquered by Gruffydd ap Llywelyn in about 1055, subsequently King of Wales, but on Gruffydd's death in 1063, Glywysing was regained by the native lineage under Caradog ap Gruffudd[4]. Morgannwg, the union between Gwent and Glywysing, was reconstituted. How this occurred is unclear; possibly the Kings of Glywysing were also Kings of Morgannwg and the Kings of Gwent were semi-independent under-Kings, or vice versa[4].

Norman conquest

Main article: Glamorgan

With Gwent increasingly overrun by the Norman conquest of Wales, the last native King of Morgannwyg & Glywysing was Iestyn ap Gwrgan (1081-1090), who was subsequently deposed by Robert Fitzhamon. Iestyn's sons became Lords of Afan, while Owain ap Caradog ap Gruffudd contented himself with Gwynllwg and founded the line of the Lords of Caerleon.[4]

The name Morgannwg is still used in Wales for the former Marcher Lordship and county of Glamorgan (itself a corruption of the term Gwlad Morgan) and its successor counties.

See also

References

  1. ^ The three cantrefs composing Glywysing were based at Allt Wynllyw on Stow Hill (modern Newport); Nant Pawl; and Llaniltud Fawr. These were sometimes independent and sometimes controlled one another. Cf. The History Files: "Celtic Kingdoms of the British Isles: Cernyw / Glywyssing" (Accessed 14 Feb 2013).
  2. ^ Koch, John T. Celtic culture: a historical encyclopedia ABC-CLIO Ltd (15 Mar 2006) ISBN 978-1-85109-440-0 p.1312
  3. ^ Carver, Martin The cross goes north: processes of conversion in northern Europe, AD 300-1300 Boydell Press; New edition (26 Jan 2006) ISBN 978-1-84383-125-9 p.125
  4. ^ a b c d e f Ashley, Mike (1998) The Mammoth Book of British Kings and Queens (Carol & Graf)
  5. ^ Lloyd, John E. A History of Wales from the Earliest Times to the Edwardian Conquest, Vol. 1, p. 274. Longmans, Green, & Co. (London), 1911. Accessed 22 Feb 2013.

53°14′N 4°1′W / 53.233°N 4.017°W / 53.233; -4.017

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