Speak (Unix): Difference between revisions
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{{lowercase|title=speak}} |
{{lowercase|title=speak}} |
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{{Infobox Software |
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| name = speak |
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| logo = |
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| screenshot = |
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| caption = |
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| author = [[Douglas McIlroy]] |
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| developer = [[AT&T Bell Laboratories]] |
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| released = {{Start date and age|1973|2}} |
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| latest release version = |
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| latest release date = |
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| operating system = [[Unix]] and [[Unix-like]] |
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| genre = [[Command (computing)|Command]] |
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| license = |
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}} |
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'''<tt>speak</tt>''' was a [[Unix]] utility that used a predefined set of rules to turn a file of English text into phoneme data compatible with a [[Federal Screw Works]] (later [[Votrax]]) model VS4 "Votrax" Speech Synthesizer.<ref name="mcilroy_paper">{{cite journal|author=M. Douglas McIlroy|title=Synthetic English speech by rule|volume=14|journal=Computing Science Technical Report, Bell Laboratories|date=March 1974|pages=|url=http://www.cs.dartmouth.edu/~doug/pubs.html}}</ref> It was first included in [[Unix]] v3<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kernelthread.com/publications/gbaunix/|title=UNIX® on the Game Boy Advance|website=www.kernelthread.com}}</ref> and possibly later ones, with the OS-end support files and help files persisting until v6. As of late 2011, the original source code<ref>http://minnie.tuhs.org/pipermail/tuhs/2011-December/002538.html</ref><ref>http://minnie.tuhs.org/pipermail/tuhs/2011-December/002550.html</ref> for '''<tt>speak</tt>''', and portions of speak.m (which is generated from speak.v)<ref>http://minnie.tuhs.org/pipermail/tuhs/2011-December/002546.html</ref> were discovered. At least three<ref>http://minnie.tuhs.org/UnixTree/V3/usr/man/man1/speak.1</ref><ref>http://minnie.tuhs.org/UnixTree/V4/usr/man/man1/speak.1</ref><ref>http://minnie.tuhs.org/UnixTree/V6/usr/man/man6/speak.6</ref> versions of the [[man page]] are known to still exist. |
'''<tt>speak</tt>''' was a [[Unix]] utility that used a predefined set of rules to turn a file of English text into phoneme data compatible with a [[Federal Screw Works]] (later [[Votrax]]) model VS4 "Votrax" Speech Synthesizer.<ref name="mcilroy_paper">{{cite journal|author=M. Douglas McIlroy|title=Synthetic English speech by rule|volume=14|journal=Computing Science Technical Report, Bell Laboratories|date=March 1974|pages=|url=http://www.cs.dartmouth.edu/~doug/pubs.html}}</ref> It was first included in [[Unix]] v3<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kernelthread.com/publications/gbaunix/|title=UNIX® on the Game Boy Advance|website=www.kernelthread.com}}</ref> and possibly later ones, with the OS-end support files and help files persisting until v6. As of late 2011, the original source code<ref>http://minnie.tuhs.org/pipermail/tuhs/2011-December/002538.html</ref><ref>http://minnie.tuhs.org/pipermail/tuhs/2011-December/002550.html</ref> for '''<tt>speak</tt>''', and portions of speak.m (which is generated from speak.v)<ref>http://minnie.tuhs.org/pipermail/tuhs/2011-December/002546.html</ref> were discovered. At least three<ref>http://minnie.tuhs.org/UnixTree/V3/usr/man/man1/speak.1</ref><ref>http://minnie.tuhs.org/UnixTree/V4/usr/man/man1/speak.1</ref><ref>http://minnie.tuhs.org/UnixTree/V6/usr/man/man6/speak.6</ref> versions of the [[man page]] are known to still exist. |
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The main program (speak) was around 4500 bytes,<ref name="mcilroy_paper"/> the rule tables (/etc/speak.m) were around 11,000 bytes,<ref name="mcilroy_paper"/> and the table viewer (speakm)<ref>http://minnie.tuhs.org/UnixTree/V3/usr/man/manx/speakm.5.html</ref> was around 1900 bytes.<ref name="mcilroy_paper"/> |
The main program (speak) was around 4500 bytes,<ref name="mcilroy_paper"/> the rule tables (/etc/speak.m) were around 11,000 bytes,<ref name="mcilroy_paper"/> and the table viewer (speakm)<ref>http://minnie.tuhs.org/UnixTree/V3/usr/man/manx/speakm.5.html</ref> was around 1900 bytes.<ref name="mcilroy_paper"/> |
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==History== |
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According to the McIlroy paper,<ref name="mcilroy_paper"/> "[[Ken Thompson|K. Thompson]] and [[Dennis Ritchie|D. M. Ritchie]] integrated the device smoothly into the operating system", which is evident from /usr/sys/dev/vs.c "Screw Works Interface via [[DEC DC-11|DC-11]]". |
According to the McIlroy paper,<ref name="mcilroy_paper"/> "[[Ken Thompson|K. Thompson]] and [[Dennis Ritchie|D. M. Ritchie]] integrated the device smoothly into the operating system", which is evident from /usr/sys/dev/vs.c "Screw Works Interface via [[DEC DC-11|DC-11]]". |
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== |
==McIlroy Algorithm== |
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The McIlroy Algorithm is a large set of rules, sub-rules, and sub-sub-rules, applied to a word to isolate long vowels, silent 'e's, and slowly convert each letter into its "Screw Works" equivalent phoneme code.<ref>http://minnie.tuhs.org/UnixTree/V3/usr/man/man7/vsp.7.html</ref> |
The McIlroy Algorithm is a large set of rules, sub-rules, and sub-sub-rules, applied to a word to isolate long vowels, silent 'e's, and slowly convert each letter into its "Screw Works" equivalent phoneme code.<ref>http://minnie.tuhs.org/UnixTree/V3/usr/man/man7/vsp.7.html</ref> |
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The intention of the algorithm is to convert any English text into Votrax Phoneme codes, which could be played back/recited by a Federal Screw Works "Votrax" speech synthesizer. |
The intention of the algorithm is to convert any English text into Votrax Phoneme codes, which could be played back/recited by a Federal Screw Works "Votrax" speech synthesizer. |
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==References== |
==References== |
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{{Reflist}} |
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<references/> |
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[[Category:Unix software]] |
[[Category:Unix software]] |
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Revision as of 18:30, 25 March 2019
| Original author(s) | Douglas McIlroy |
|---|---|
| Developer(s) | AT&T Bell Laboratories |
| Initial release | February 1973 |
| Operating system | Unix and Unix-like |
| Type | Command |
speak was a Unix utility that used a predefined set of rules to turn a file of English text into phoneme data compatible with a Federal Screw Works (later Votrax) model VS4 "Votrax" Speech Synthesizer.[1] It was first included in Unix v3[2] and possibly later ones, with the OS-end support files and help files persisting until v6. As of late 2011, the original source code[3][4] for speak, and portions of speak.m (which is generated from speak.v)[5] were discovered. At least three[6][7][8] versions of the man page are known to still exist.
The main program (speak) was around 4500 bytes,[1] the rule tables (/etc/speak.m) were around 11,000 bytes,[1] and the table viewer (speakm)[9] was around 1900 bytes.[1]
History
The speak utility was developed by Douglas McIlroy in the early 1970s at AT&T Bell Labs in Murray Hill, New Jersey. It was included with the 1st Edition of Unix in 1973. In 1974, McIlroy published a paper describing the workings of this algorithm.[1]
According to the McIlroy paper,[1] "K. Thompson and D. M. Ritchie integrated the device smoothly into the operating system", which is evident from /usr/sys/dev/vs.c "Screw Works Interface via DC-11".
McIlroy Algorithm
The McIlroy Algorithm is a large set of rules, sub-rules, and sub-sub-rules, applied to a word to isolate long vowels, silent 'e's, and slowly convert each letter into its "Screw Works" equivalent phoneme code.[10] The intention of the algorithm is to convert any English text into Votrax Phoneme codes, which could be played back/recited by a Federal Screw Works "Votrax" speech synthesizer.
A later (1976), simpler text-to-speech algorithm developed jointly by Votrax and the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, known as the "NRL Algorithm", serves a similar purpose.[citation needed]
References
- ^ a b c d e f M. Douglas McIlroy (March 1974). "Synthetic English speech by rule". Computing Science Technical Report, Bell Laboratories. 14.
- ^ "UNIX® on the Game Boy Advance". www.kernelthread.com.
- ^ http://minnie.tuhs.org/pipermail/tuhs/2011-December/002538.html
- ^ http://minnie.tuhs.org/pipermail/tuhs/2011-December/002550.html
- ^ http://minnie.tuhs.org/pipermail/tuhs/2011-December/002546.html
- ^ http://minnie.tuhs.org/UnixTree/V3/usr/man/man1/speak.1
- ^ http://minnie.tuhs.org/UnixTree/V4/usr/man/man1/speak.1
- ^ http://minnie.tuhs.org/UnixTree/V6/usr/man/man6/speak.6
- ^ http://minnie.tuhs.org/UnixTree/V3/usr/man/manx/speakm.5.html
- ^ http://minnie.tuhs.org/UnixTree/V3/usr/man/man7/vsp.7.html