Jump to content

Beresheet: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
Tag: New redirect
notable, split from SpaceIL
Tag: Removed redirect
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Infobox spaceflight
#REDIRECT [[SpaceIL#Beresheet lander]]
| name = ''Beresheet'' lander
{{Redirect category shell|
| names_list = ''Sparrow'' (2011-2018)<!--list of previous names if the spacecraft has been renamed. Include the dates applicable if possible, and separate each name with a linebreak.-->
{{R to section}}
<!--image of the spacecraft/mission-->
{{R with possibilities}}
| image = Beresheet model on Habima Square 20190222 01.jpg
{{Wikidata redirect}}
| image_caption = Full size model of the ''Beresheet'' Moon lander
| image_alt = <!--image alt text-->
| image_size = <!--include px/em; defaults to 220px-->

<!--Basic details-->
| mission_type = Technology demonstrator
| operator = [[Israel Aerospace Industries]]<ref>[https://www.businessinsider.com/israel-moon-probe-lunar-landing-2018-8 This 'Sparrow' lunar lander may soon make Israel the 4th country to land the Moon]. Dave Mosher, Business Insider. 14 August 2018.</ref> and SpaceIL
| COSPAR_ID = 2019-09B
| SATCAT = 44049
| website = {{url|http://www.spaceil.com/}}
| mission_duration = planned: 2 days

<!--Spacecraft properties-->
| spacecraft = ''Beresheet''<ref name='Houser 2018'>[https://www.futurism.com/lunar-lander-spaceil-spacex-delay SpaceX Delays Launch of First Private Lunar Lander Without Explanation]. Kristin Houser, ''Futurism''. 18 December 2018.</ref>
| spacecraft_type = Lunar lander
| spacecraft_bus =
| manufacturer = SpaceIL and [[Israel Aerospace Industries]]<ref name='Sparrow manufacture Sep 2018'/>
| launch_mass = {{cvt|585|kg|abbr=on}}
| BOL_mass = <!--spacecraft mass in orbit at beginning of operational life, after LEOP phase-->
| landing_mass =
| dry_mass = {{cvt|150|kg|abbr=on}}
| payload_mass =
| dimensions = diameter: 2 m (6.6 ft); height: 1.5 m<ref name='July2018'>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-44777305 |title=Israeli unmanned spacecraft to land on Moon in 2019 |work=BBC News |date=10 July 2018}}</ref>
| power = <!--end-of-life power, in watts-->

<!--Launch details-->
| launch_date = 22 February 2019 1:45 UTC<ref name=nsf20190221/><!-- date is the UTC timezone date, as per Wikiproject Spaceflight standard; the news article was apparently published late in the US day on 21 Feb -->
<ref name=pietrobon/>
| launch_rocket = [[Falcon 9 Full Thrust Block 5|Falcon 9 B5]]
| launch_site = [[CCAFS]] [[SLC-40]]
| launch_contractor = [[SpaceX]]

|interplanetary = <!--Infobox spaceflight/IP can be called multiple times for missions with multiple targets or combined orbiter/lander missions, etc-->
{{Infobox spaceflight/IP
|type = lander
|object = [[Moon]]
|location = [[Mare Serenitatis]]<ref name='PS Davis 2018'>[http://www.planetary.org/blogs/jason-davis/spaceil-lander-feature.html Here's (almost) everything you need to know about Israel's Moon lander.] Jason Davis, ''The Planetary Society''. 8 November 2018.</ref>
|arrival_date = Lunar capture: 4 April 2019 <br/> Landing: 11 April 2019 (planned)<ref>[https://www.israel21c.org/israeli-spirits-soar-as-moon-launch-countdown-begins/ Israeli spirits soar as Moon launch countdown begins], 18 February 2019</ref>
}}
<!--transponder parameters-->
| trans_band = <!--Transponder frequency bands-->
| trans_frequency = <!--specific frequencies-->
| trans_bandwidth = <!--bandwidth-->
| trans_capacity = <!--capacity of the transponders-->
| trans_coverage = <!--area covered-->
| trans_TWTA = <!--TWTA output power-->
| trans_EIRP = <!--equivalent isotropic power-->
| trans_HPBW = <!--half-power beam width-->

<!--mission insignia or patch-->
| insignia = <!--omit the "file" prefix-->
| insignia_caption = <!--image caption-->
| insignia_alt = <!--image alt text-->
| insignia_size = <!--include px/em; defaults to 180px-->
| instruments_list = <!-- start collapsible list of instruments -->
{{Infobox spaceflight/Instruments
|acronym1 = | name1 = [[magnetometer]]
|acronym2 = | name2 = laser [[retroreflector]] array
}}
}}
}}
[[File:Beresheet Landing site.png|thumb|''Beresheet'' planned landing site in Mare Serenitatis.]]
''Beresheet'' is a demonstrator of a small robotic [[lunar lander]]. Its aims include promoting careers in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics ([[Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics|STEM]]); and landing its [[magnetometer]] and [[List of retroreflectors on the Moon|laser retroreflector]] on the Moon.

The lander was previously known as ''Sparrow'', and was officially named ''Beresheet'' ({{lang-he-n|בְּרֵאשִׁית}}, "[[Book of Genesis|Genesis]]") in December 2018.<ref>[http://www.spaceil.com/general/spaceil-iai-to-send-time-capsule-on-israels-historic-moon-mission/ SpaceIL, IAI to send time capsule on Israel's historic Moon mission]. SpaceIL website. Accessed on 17 December 2018.</ref> Its net mass is {{cvt|150|kg|abbr=on}}; when fueled at launch its mass is {{cvt|585|kg|abbr=on}}. Size-wise, it has been compared to a washing machine. It uses seven ground stations, globally, for Earth-lander communication.<ref>[http://www.technology.spaceil.com/ SpaceIL - Technology]. Accessed on 6 March 2019.</ref> Its Mission Control room is at [[Israel Aerospace Industries]] in [[Yehud|Yehud, Israel]].

===Payload===
The spacecraft carries a digital "[[time capsule]]" containing over 30 million pages of data, including a full copy of the English-language [[Wikipedia]], the [[Hebrew Bible|Torah]], children's drawings, a children's book inspired by the space launch, memoirs of a [[Holocaust survivor]], Israel's national anthem ([[Hatikvah]]), the [[Israeli flag]], and a copy of the [[Israeli Declaration of Independence]].<ref name=nyt20190221>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/21/science/spacex-launch-israel.html|title=After SpaceX Launch, Israeli Spacecraft Begins Journey to the Moon|last=Chang|first=Kenneth|date=21 February 2019 |work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-02-23|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2019/feb/20/israel-to-launch-first-privately-funded-moon-mission |title=Israel to launch first privately funded moon mission |last=Holmes |first=Oliver|date=2019-02-20|work=The Guardian |access-date=2019-02-22 |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Israel to take 'digital bible' to space as it becomes fourth country to land on the Moon |author=Shafi Musaddique |date=21 February 2019 |url=https://www.euronews.com/2019/02/21/israel-to-take-digital-bible-to-space-as-it-becomes-fourth-country-to-land-on-the-moon |website=www.euronews.com |access-date=2019-02-22}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2019/02/spacex-indonesian-launch-israeli-moon-mission/|title=SpaceX launches Indonesian satellite launch and Israeli moon mission – NASASpaceFlight.com|publisher=}}</ref>

Its scientific payload includes a [[magnetometer]] supplied by the Israeli [[Weizmann Institute of Science]] to measure the local magnetic field, and a [[List of retroreflectors on the Moon|laser retroreflector]] array supplied by [[Goddard Space Flight Center|NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center]] to enable precise measurements of the [[lunar distance (astronomy)|Earth–Moon distance]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-israel-space-agency-sign-agreement-for-commercial-lunar-cooperation|title=NASA, Israel Space Agency Sign Agreement for Commercial Lunar Cooperat|last=Potter|first=Sean|date=2018-10-03|work=NASA|access-date=2018-12-03|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=NASA Video|title=NASA Announces New Moon Partnerships with U.S. Companies|date=2018-11-29|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t2TfS_ckxjA|access-date=2018-12-03}}</ref>

===Propulsion===
The spacecraft features one [[LEROS]] 2b [[liquid-propellant rocket|liquid-propellant]], restartable [[rocket engine]], using [[monomethylhydrazine]] (MMH) fuel and [[mixed oxides of nitrogen]] (MON) as oxidizer. This single engine is used to reach lunar orbit, as well as for deceleration and propulsive landing.<ref name='BBC 21-02-2019'>{{Cite news
|title=Israel's Beresheet robot sets its sights on the Moon
|work=[[BBC News Online]]
|date=21 February 2019
|author=Jonathan Amos
|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-47313486
}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mynewsdesk.com/no/nammo/pressreleases/nammos-british-rocket-engine-powers-israels-mission-to-the-moon-2838630|title=Nammo’s British Rocket Engine Powers Israel's Mission to the Moon|first1=Press|last1=Contact|first2=Communications|last2=Senior Vice President|first3=|last3=Enlidraxe.jalupnndibe@bynahimmdfo.ozcoqjmjt|first4=|last4=+4790853270|website=Mynewsdesk}}</ref>

=== Launch ===
In October 2015, SpaceIL signed a contract for a launch from Cape Canaveral in Florida on a [[SpaceX]] [[Falcon 9 Full Thrust|Falcon 9]] booster, via [[Spaceflight Industries]].<ref name=Shoshanna>{{cite news |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/in-first-israeli-spacecraft-set-for-trip-to-the-moon/ |title=Israeli spacecraft aims for historic moon landing… within months |first1=Stewart |last1=Winner |first2=Shoshanna |last2=Solomon |newspaper=[[The Times of Israel]] |date=10 July 2018 |access-date=11 July 2018}}</ref><ref>[http://lunar.xprize.org/press-release/israeli-google-lunar-xprize-team-first-sign-launch-agreement-private-mission Google Lunar XPrize], 7 Oct 2015</ref> It was launched on 22 February 2019 at 0145 [[UTC]] (20:45 local time on 21 February) as a secondary payload,<ref name=nsf20190221>{{cite news |last=Graham|first=William |url= https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2019/02/spacex-indonesian-launch-israeli-moon-mission/ |title=SpaceX launches Indonesian satellite launch and Israeli moon mission |work=NasaSpaceFlight.com |date=21 February 2019 |accessdate=23 February 2019 }}</ref><ref name='Ralf 2018'/><ref name="auto"/> along with the telecom satellite [[PSN-6]].<ref>[http://spacenews.com/spaceil-making-final-fundraising-push-for-lunar-lander-mission/ SpaceIL making final fundraising push for lunar lander mission.] Jeff Foust, ''SpaceNews''. 14 December 2017.</ref> Beresheet is being controlled by a command center in [[Yehud]], Israel.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/israeli-lunar-craft-successfully-completes-first-maneuver/|title=Israeli lunar craft successfully completes first maneuver|last=staff|first=T. O. I.|website=www.timesofisrael.com|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-02}}</ref>

From 24 February to 19 March, the main engine was used four times for orbit raising, putting its apogee close to the Moon's orbital distance.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2019/03/19/beresheet-lander-on-course-for-the-moon/ |title=Beresheet lander on course for the moon |date=19 March 2019 |access-date=3 April 2019}}</ref> The spacecraft performed maneuvers so as to be succussfully captured into an elliptical lunar orbit on 4 April 2019, and has adjusted its flight pattern in a [[circular orbit]] around the Moon. Once in the correct circular orbit, it will decelerate for a soft landing on the lunar surface, planned for 11 April 2019.<ref name=trajectory>{{cite web |url=http://www.spaceil.com/general/%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%A9%D7%91%D7%AA-%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9C-%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%93%D7%A9-%D7%94%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%94-%D7%AA%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA-%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%AA-%D7%94%D7%9E/ |title=Recalculating Route: The plan of spacecraft’s trajectory has been completed |publisher=SpaceIL |date=July 2018}}</ref>

=== Planned landing site ===

The planned landing site is in the north part of the [[Mare Serenitatis]],<ref name='PS Davis 2018'/> and the landing zone is about {{cvt|15|km|abbr=on}} in diameter.<ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Alexander_Novoselsky/publication/313314811_Landing_site_selection_for_the_SpaceIL_mission_to_the_Moon/links/58a34e9fa6fdcc05f164607f/Landing-site-selection-for-the-SpaceIL-mission-to-the-Moon.pdf?origin=publication_detail Landing site selection for the SpaceIL mission to the Moon]. Yuval Grossman. Lunar And Planetary Science. Conference XLVIII. March 2017.</ref>

''Beresheet'' will operate for an estimated two days on the lunar surface,<ref name=Shoshanna/> as it has no thermal control and is expected to quickly overheat.<ref>[https://www.heritagefl.com/story/2019/01/11/news/with-spaceil-launch-its-to-the-moon-and-beyond-for-israel/10930.html With SpaceIL launch, its to the moon and beyond for Israel]. Yaakov Lappin, ''Heritage''. 11 January 2019.</ref> However, its laser retroreflector is a passive device requiring no electrical power and is expected to be functional for several decades. (See: [[List of retroreflectors on the Moon]])

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Moon spacecraft}}
{{Orbital launches in 2019}}


[[Category:Missions to the Moon]]
[[Category:Hopping spacecraft]]
[[Category:Landers (spacecraft)]]
[[Category:Landers (spacecraft)]]
[[Category:Future SpaceX commercial payloads]]
[[Category:Space program of Israel]]
[[Category:Spacecraft launched in 2019]]
[[Category:Spacecraft launched by Falcon rockets]]
[[Category:SpaceX commercial payloads]]
<!--[[Category:Soft landings on the Moon]]-->

Revision as of 23:59, 9 April 2019

Beresheet lander
Full size model of the Beresheet Moon lander
NamesSparrow (2011-2018)
Mission typeTechnology demonstrator
OperatorIsrael Aerospace Industries[1] and SpaceIL
COSPAR ID2019-09B
SATCAT no.44049
Websitewww.spaceil.com
Mission durationplanned: 2 days
Spacecraft properties
SpacecraftBeresheet[2]
Spacecraft typeLunar lander
ManufacturerSpaceIL and Israel Aerospace Industries[3]
Launch mass585 kg (1,290 lb)
Dry mass150 kg (330 lb)
Dimensionsdiameter: 2 m (6.6 ft); height: 1.5 m[4]
Start of mission
Launch date22 February 2019 1:45 UTC[5] [6]
RocketFalcon 9 B5
Launch siteCCAFS SLC-40
ContractorSpaceX
Moon lander
Landing dateLunar capture: 4 April 2019
Landing: 11 April 2019 (planned)[7]
Landing siteMare Serenitatis[8]
File:Beresheet Landing site.png
Beresheet planned landing site in Mare Serenitatis.

Beresheet is a demonstrator of a small robotic lunar lander. Its aims include promoting careers in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM); and landing its magnetometer and laser retroreflector on the Moon.

The lander was previously known as Sparrow, and was officially named Beresheet (Template:Lang-he-n, "Genesis") in December 2018.[9] Its net mass is 150 kg (330 lb); when fueled at launch its mass is 585 kg (1,290 lb). Size-wise, it has been compared to a washing machine. It uses seven ground stations, globally, for Earth-lander communication.[10] Its Mission Control room is at Israel Aerospace Industries in Yehud, Israel.

Payload

The spacecraft carries a digital "time capsule" containing over 30 million pages of data, including a full copy of the English-language Wikipedia, the Torah, children's drawings, a children's book inspired by the space launch, memoirs of a Holocaust survivor, Israel's national anthem (Hatikvah), the Israeli flag, and a copy of the Israeli Declaration of Independence.[11][12][13][14]

Its scientific payload includes a magnetometer supplied by the Israeli Weizmann Institute of Science to measure the local magnetic field, and a laser retroreflector array supplied by NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center to enable precise measurements of the Earth–Moon distance.[15][16]

Propulsion

The spacecraft features one LEROS 2b liquid-propellant, restartable rocket engine, using monomethylhydrazine (MMH) fuel and mixed oxides of nitrogen (MON) as oxidizer. This single engine is used to reach lunar orbit, as well as for deceleration and propulsive landing.[17][18]

Launch

In October 2015, SpaceIL signed a contract for a launch from Cape Canaveral in Florida on a SpaceX Falcon 9 booster, via Spaceflight Industries.[19][20] It was launched on 22 February 2019 at 0145 UTC (20:45 local time on 21 February) as a secondary payload,[5][21][22] along with the telecom satellite PSN-6.[23] Beresheet is being controlled by a command center in Yehud, Israel.[24]

From 24 February to 19 March, the main engine was used four times for orbit raising, putting its apogee close to the Moon's orbital distance.[25] The spacecraft performed maneuvers so as to be succussfully captured into an elliptical lunar orbit on 4 April 2019, and has adjusted its flight pattern in a circular orbit around the Moon. Once in the correct circular orbit, it will decelerate for a soft landing on the lunar surface, planned for 11 April 2019.[26]

Planned landing site

The planned landing site is in the north part of the Mare Serenitatis,[8] and the landing zone is about 15 km (9.3 mi) in diameter.[27]

Beresheet will operate for an estimated two days on the lunar surface,[19] as it has no thermal control and is expected to quickly overheat.[28] However, its laser retroreflector is a passive device requiring no electrical power and is expected to be functional for several decades. (See: List of retroreflectors on the Moon)

References

  1. ^ This 'Sparrow' lunar lander may soon make Israel the 4th country to land the Moon. Dave Mosher, Business Insider. 14 August 2018.
  2. ^ SpaceX Delays Launch of First Private Lunar Lander Without Explanation. Kristin Houser, Futurism. 18 December 2018.
  3. ^ Cite error: The named reference Sparrow manufacture Sep 2018 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  4. ^ "Israeli unmanned spacecraft to land on Moon in 2019". BBC News. 10 July 2018.
  5. ^ a b Graham, William (21 February 2019). "SpaceX launches Indonesian satellite launch and Israeli moon mission". NasaSpaceFlight.com. Retrieved 23 February 2019.
  6. ^ Cite error: The named reference pietrobon was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  7. ^ Israeli spirits soar as Moon launch countdown begins, 18 February 2019
  8. ^ a b Here's (almost) everything you need to know about Israel's Moon lander. Jason Davis, The Planetary Society. 8 November 2018.
  9. ^ SpaceIL, IAI to send time capsule on Israel's historic Moon mission. SpaceIL website. Accessed on 17 December 2018.
  10. ^ SpaceIL - Technology. Accessed on 6 March 2019.
  11. ^ Chang, Kenneth (21 February 2019). "After SpaceX Launch, Israeli Spacecraft Begins Journey to the Moon". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-02-23.
  12. ^ Holmes, Oliver (2019-02-20). "Israel to launch first privately funded moon mission". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2019-02-22.
  13. ^ Shafi Musaddique (21 February 2019). "Israel to take 'digital bible' to space as it becomes fourth country to land on the Moon". www.euronews.com. Retrieved 2019-02-22.
  14. ^ "SpaceX launches Indonesian satellite launch and Israeli moon mission – NASASpaceFlight.com".
  15. ^ Potter, Sean (2018-10-03). "NASA, Israel Space Agency Sign Agreement for Commercial Lunar Cooperat". NASA. Retrieved 2018-12-03.
  16. ^ NASA Video (2018-11-29), NASA Announces New Moon Partnerships with U.S. Companies, retrieved 2018-12-03
  17. ^ Jonathan Amos (21 February 2019). "Israel's Beresheet robot sets its sights on the Moon". BBC News Online.
  18. ^ Contact, Press; Senior Vice President, Communications; Enlidraxe.jalupnndibe@bynahimmdfo.ozcoqjmjt; +4790853270. "Nammo's British Rocket Engine Powers Israel's Mission to the Moon". Mynewsdesk. {{cite web}}: |last4= has numeric name (help)
  19. ^ a b Winner, Stewart; Solomon, Shoshanna (10 July 2018). "Israeli spacecraft aims for historic moon landing… within months". The Times of Israel. Retrieved 11 July 2018.
  20. ^ Google Lunar XPrize, 7 Oct 2015
  21. ^ Cite error: The named reference Ralf 2018 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  22. ^ Cite error: The named reference auto was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  23. ^ SpaceIL making final fundraising push for lunar lander mission. Jeff Foust, SpaceNews. 14 December 2017.
  24. ^ staff, T. O. I. "Israeli lunar craft successfully completes first maneuver". www.timesofisrael.com. Retrieved 2019-04-02.
  25. ^ "Beresheet lander on course for the moon". 19 March 2019. Retrieved 3 April 2019.
  26. ^ "Recalculating Route: The plan of spacecraft's trajectory has been completed". SpaceIL. July 2018.
  27. ^ Landing site selection for the SpaceIL mission to the Moon. Yuval Grossman. Lunar And Planetary Science. Conference XLVIII. March 2017.
  28. ^ With SpaceIL launch, its to the moon and beyond for Israel. Yaakov Lappin, Heritage. 11 January 2019.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/enwiki/w/index.php?title=Beresheet&oldid=891754722"