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The fruit is dispersed in the same way as a [[coconut]] – by ocean current – and is extremely water-resistant and buoyant.<ref>Tsou, C-H., and Mori, S.A. "[http://ejournal.sinica.edu.tw/bbas/content/2002/1/bot431-05.pdf Seed coat anatomy and its relationship to seed dispersal in subfamily Lecythidoideae of the Lecythidaceae (The Brazil Nut Family)]." ''Botanical Bulletin of Academia Sinica.'' Vol. 43, 37-56. 2002. Accessed 2009-05-31.</ref> It can survive afloat for up to fifteen years;<ref name=thiel2004/> it was one of the first plants to colonise [[Krakatoa|Anak Krakatau]] when this island first appeared after the [[Krakatoa|Krakatau]] eruption.<ref name=sbwr/> When washed ashore, and soaked by rainwater, the seeds germinate.
The fruit is dispersed in the same way as a [[coconut]] – by ocean current – and is extremely water-resistant and buoyant.<ref>Tsou, C-H., and Mori, S.A. "[http://ejournal.sinica.edu.tw/bbas/content/2002/1/bot431-05.pdf Seed coat anatomy and its relationship to seed dispersal in subfamily Lecythidoideae of the Lecythidaceae (The Brazil Nut Family)]." ''Botanical Bulletin of Academia Sinica.'' Vol. 43, 37-56. 2002. Accessed 2009-05-31.</ref> It can survive afloat for up to fifteen years;<ref name=thiel2004/> it was one of the first plants to colonise [[Krakatoa|Anak Krakatau]] when this island first appeared after the [[Krakatoa|Krakatau]] eruption.<ref name=sbwr/> When washed ashore, and soaked by rainwater, the seeds germinate.


All parts of the tree are [[poison]]ous, the active poisons including [[saponin]]s. Box fruits are potent enough to be used as a fish poison. The seeds are ground to a powder and used to stun or kill fish for easy capture,<ref name=sbwr/> suffocating the fish where the flesh is unaffected.<ref>Thaman, R.R. "[http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/duffy/arb/355-364/361.pdf Receptors Batiri kei Baravi: The ethnobotany of the Pacific island coastal plants] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919224957/http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/duffy/arb/355-364/361.pdf |date=September 19, 2009 }}." ''Atoll Research Bulletin.'' Vol. 361, 1-62. May, 1992. Accessed 2009-05-31.</ref>
All parts of the tree are [[poison]]ous, the active poisons including [[saponin]]s. Box fruits are potent enough to be used as a fish poison. The seeds are ground to a powder and used to stun or kill fish for easy capture,<ref name=sbwr/> suffocating the fish while the flesh is unaffected.<ref>Thaman, R.R. "[http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/duffy/arb/355-364/361.pdf Receptors Batiri kei Baravi: The ethnobotany of the Pacific island coastal plants] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919224957/http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/duffy/arb/355-364/361.pdf |date=September 19, 2009 }}." ''Atoll Research Bulletin.'' Vol. 361, 1-62. May, 1992. Accessed 2009-05-31.</ref>


''Barringtonia asiatica'' is a common plant in the Malaysian Mangroves and wetlands such as the [[Kuching wetlands]] and [[Bako National Park]].
''Barringtonia asiatica'' is a common plant in the Malaysian Mangroves and wetlands such as the [[Kuching wetlands]] and [[Bako National Park]].

Revision as of 05:49, 13 April 2019

For the settlement in the Philippines, see Putat, Cebu.

Barringtonia asiatica
Leaves and opening flower
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
(unranked):
Angiosperms
(unranked):
Eudicots
(unranked):
Asterids
Order:
Ericales
Family:
Lecythidaceae
Genus:
Barringtonia
Species:
B. asiatica
Binomial name
Barringtonia asiatica
Synonyms[3]
  • Agasta asiatica (L.) Miers
  • Agasta indica Miers
  • Agasta splendida Miers
  • Barringtonia butonica J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.
  • Barringtonia levequii Jard. [Invalid]
  • Barringtonia littorea Oken [Illegitimate]
  • Barringtonia senequei Jard.
  • Barringtonia speciosa J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.
  • Barringtonia speciosa L. f.
  • Butonica speciosa (J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.) Lam.
  • Huttum speciosum (J.R.Forst. & G.Forst.) Britten
  • Mammea asiatica L. Sy
  • Michelia asiatica (L.) Kuntze
  • Mitraria commersonia J.F.Gmel.

Barringtonia asiatica (fish poison tree,[4][5] putat[4] or sea poison tree[4]) is a species of Barringtonia native to mangrove habitats on the tropical coasts and islands of the Indian Ocean and western Pacific Ocean extending from Zanzibar in the east to Taiwan and the Philippines (where it is locally known as botong or bitoón),[6][7] Japan's Yaeyama Islands and Ogasawara Islands (where it is locally known as gobannoashi),[8][9] Fiji, New Caledonia, Solomon Islands, Tuvalu, the Cook Islands, Wallis and Futuna and French Polynesiain the west.[4][5] It is grown along streets for decorative and shade purposes in some parts of India, for instance in some towns on the southeastern shore. It is also known as Box Fruit due to the distinct box-shaped fruit it produces.[10] The local name futu is the source of the name for the Polynesian island Futuna.[11] The type specimen was collected by botanist Pehr Osbeck on a sandy beach area on the island of Java, later to be described (and given the original name of Mammea asiatica) by Carl Linnaeus in his Species Plantarum in 1753.[12]

from Flora de Filipinas
Immature fruit (about fist size)
Flower

It is a small to medium-sized tree growing to 7–25 m tall. The leaves are narrow obovate, 20–40 cm in length and 10–20 cm in width. Fruit produced as mentioned earlier, is otherwise aptly known as the Box Fruit, due to distinct square like diagonals jutting out from the cross section of the fruit, given its semi spherical shape form from stem altering to a subpyramidal shape at its base. The fruit measures 9–11 cm in diameter, where a thick spongy fibrous layer covers the 4–5 cm diameter seed.[4][13]

The fruit is dispersed in the same way as a coconut – by ocean current – and is extremely water-resistant and buoyant.[14] It can survive afloat for up to fifteen years;[10] it was one of the first plants to colonise Anak Krakatau when this island first appeared after the Krakatau eruption.[4] When washed ashore, and soaked by rainwater, the seeds germinate.

All parts of the tree are poisonous, the active poisons including saponins. Box fruits are potent enough to be used as a fish poison. The seeds are ground to a powder and used to stun or kill fish for easy capture,[4] suffocating the fish while the flesh is unaffected.[15]

Barringtonia asiatica is a common plant in the Malaysian Mangroves and wetlands such as the Kuching wetlands and Bako National Park.

Its large pinkish-white, pompon flowers give off a sickly sweet smell to attract bats and moths which pollinate the flowers at night.

See Also

Places that may have been named after Barringtonia asiatica (putat)

References

  1. ^ World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1998). "Barringtonia Asiatica". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1998: e.T31339A9627718. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T31339A9627718.en.
  2. ^  Under its treatment as Barringtonia asiatica (from its basionym Mammea asiatica L.), this species was published in Preliminary Report on the Forest and other Vegetation of Pegu App. A: 65. 1875. "Name - Barringtonia asiatica (L.) Kurz". Tropicos. Saint Louis, Missouri: Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved November 1, 2011.
  3. ^ "Barringtonia asiatica (L.) Kurz". World Checklist of Selected Plant Families. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 23 Mar 2016 – via The Plant List. Note that this website has been superseded by World Flora Online
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Ria Tan (2001). "Sea Poison Tree". Mangrove and wetland wildlife at Sungei Buloh Nature Park. Singapore. Archived from the original on December 2, 2011. Retrieved August 23, 2016.
  5. ^ a b "Barringtonia asiatica". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved November 1, 2011.
  6. ^ Census of the Philippine Islands: Taken Under the Direction of the Philippine Commission in the Year 1903, in Four Volumes ... U.S. Government Printing Office. 1905-01-01.
  7. ^ "Botong, Barringtonia asiatica, FISH POISON TREE, Bin yu rui: Philippine Medicinal Herbs / Alternative Medicine". www.stuartxchange.org. Retrieved 2017-03-09.
  8. ^ Iwashina, Tsukasa; Kokubugata, Goro (2016-02-16). "Flavonoid Properties in the Leaves of Barringtonia asiatica (Lecythidaceae)" (PDF). National Museum of Nature and Science. Department of Botany, National Museum of Nature and Science. Retrieved 2019-01-15. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  9. ^ Yonekura, Koji; Kajita, Tadashi (2012-05-12). "Barringtonia asiatica (L.) Kurz". BG Plants 和名−学名インデックス（YList） (in Japanese). Retrieved 2018-01-15. {{cite web}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |dead-url= (help)
  10. ^ a b Thiel, M.; Gutow, L. (2004). The ecology of rafting in the marine environment. I. (PDF). Oceanography and Marine Biology - an Annual Review. Vol. 42. pp. 181–263. doi:10.1201/9780203507810.ch6. ISBN 978-0-8493-2727-8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-24. {{cite book}}: |journal= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |lastauthoramp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help) Accessed 2009-05-31.
  11. ^ Smith, S. Percy. "Futuna, or Horne Island, and Its People". The Journal of the Polynesian Society, Vol. 1, No. 1, pp. 33 – 52. 1892
  12. ^  Mammea asiatica L. (the basionym to Barringtonia asiatica) was originally described and published in Species Plantarum 1: 512–513. 1753. "Name - Mammea asiatica L." Tropicos. Saint Louis, Missouri: Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved November 1, 2011.
  13. ^ Flora of China: Barringtonia asiatica
  14. ^ Tsou, C-H., and Mori, S.A. "Seed coat anatomy and its relationship to seed dispersal in subfamily Lecythidoideae of the Lecythidaceae (The Brazil Nut Family)." Botanical Bulletin of Academia Sinica. Vol. 43, 37-56. 2002. Accessed 2009-05-31.
  15. ^ Thaman, R.R. "Receptors Batiri kei Baravi: The ethnobotany of the Pacific island coastal plants Archived September 19, 2009, at the Wayback Machine." Atoll Research Bulletin. Vol. 361, 1-62. May, 1992. Accessed 2009-05-31.
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