Homo luzonensis: Difference between revisions
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'''''Homo luzonensis''''' is an [[extinct]] [[species]] of primitive human in the genus ''[[Homo]]''. In 2007, fossilized hominid remains were discovered in [[Callao Cave]], [[Luzon]], [[Philippines]] by [[Armand Salvador Mijares]]. The initial find, named '''Callao Man''', consisted of a single 61-millimeter [[Metatarsal bones|metatarsal]] (foot bone) which, when dated using [[Radiometric dating#Modern dating methods|uranium series ablation]], was found to be about 67,000 years old, dating to the [[Late Pleistocene]].<ref name="Détroit2019">{{cite journal|last1= Détroit|first1= F.|last2= Mijares|first2=A. S.|last3= Corny|first3= J.|last4= Daver|first4= G.|last5= Zanolli|first5= C.|last6= Dizon|first6= E.|last7= Robles|first7= E.|last8= Grün|first8= R.|last9= Piper|first9=P. J.|title=A new species of ''Homo'' from the Late Pleistocene of the Philippines|journal= Nature|volume= 568|issue= 7751|year= 2019|pages= 181–186|doi= 10.1038/s41586-019-1067-9}}</ref><ref name="NYT-20190410" /> |
'''''Homo luzonensis''''' is an [[extinct]] [[species]] of primitive human in the genus ''[[Homo]]''. In 2007, fossilized hominid remains were discovered in [[Callao Cave]], [[Luzon]], [[Philippines]] by [[Armand Salvador Mijares]]. The initial find, named '''Callao Man''', consisted of a single 61-millimeter [[Metatarsal bones|metatarsal]] (foot bone) which, when dated using [[Radiometric dating#Modern dating methods|uranium series ablation]], was found to be about 67,000 years old, dating to the [[Late Pleistocene]].<ref name="Détroit2019">{{cite journal|last1= Détroit|first1= F.|last2= Mijares|first2=A. S.|last3= Corny|first3= J.|last4= Daver|first4= G.|last5= Zanolli|first5= C.|last6= Dizon|first6= E.|last7= Robles|first7= E.|last8= Grün|first8= R.|last9= Piper|first9=P. J.|title=A new species of ''Homo'' from the Late Pleistocene of the Philippines|journal= Nature|volume= 568|issue= 7751|year= 2019|pages= 181–186|doi= 10.1038/s41586-019-1067-9}}</ref><ref name="NYT-20190410" /> |
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In 2019, an article in the [[academic journal]] ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' described the subsequent "discovery of twelve additional hominin elements that represent at least three individuals that were found in the same [[Stratigraphy|stratigraphic]] layer of Callao Cave as the previously discovered metatarsal" and identified the fossils as belonging to a newly discovered [[species]], ''Homo luzonensis'', on the basis of differences from previously identified species in the genus ''[[Homo (genus)|Homo]]'' |
In 2019, an article in the [[academic journal]] ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' described the subsequent "discovery of twelve additional hominin elements that represent at least three individuals that were found in the same [[Stratigraphy|stratigraphic]] layer of Callao Cave as the previously discovered metatarsal" and identified the fossils as belonging to a newly discovered [[species]], ''Homo luzonensis'', on the basis of differences from previously identified species in the genus ''[[Homo (genus)|Homo]].'' This included ''[[Homo floresiensis|H. floresiensis]]'' and ''[[Human|H. sapiens]]''.<ref name="Détroit2019" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fleming|first=Nic|date=2019-04-10|title=Unknown human relative discovered in Philippine cave|url=http://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-01152-3|journal=Nature|language=EN|doi=10.1038/d41586-019-01152-3}}</ref><ref name="NYT-20190410">{{cite news |last=Zimmer |first=Carl |authorlink=Carl Zimmer |title=A New Human Species Once Lived in This Philippine Cave – Archaeologists in Luzon Island have turned up the bones of a distantly related species, Homo luzonensis, further expanding the human family tree. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/04/10/science/homo-luzonensis-philippines-evolution.html |date=April 10, 2019 |work=[[The New York Times]] |accessdate=April 10, 2019 }}</ref> Some scientists believe additional evidence is required to confirm the fossils as a new species, rather than a locally adapted population of other ''Homo'' populations, such as ''[[H. erectus]]''.<ref name = "Wade2019">{{cite journal |last1= Wade|first1= L.|title= New species of ancient human unearthed in the Philippines|journal= Science|volume= 364|issue= |pages= |date= April 10, 2019|url= https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2019/04/new-species-ancient-human-unearthed-philippines|doi= 10.1126/science.aax6501}}</ref> |
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==Description== |
==Description== |
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[[File:Callao Cave.jpg|thumb|left|Interior of [[Callao Cave]] on [[Luzon]] in the Philippines, where the fossil remains were found]] |
[[File:Callao Cave.jpg|thumb|left|Interior of [[Callao Cave]] on [[Luzon]] in the Philippines, where the fossil remains were found]] |
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Although the [[H. Otley Beyer|initial hypothesis]] of [[models of migration to the Philippines|human migration to the Philippines]] proposed the use of [[land bridge]]s during the [[last glacial period|last ice age]], modern [[bathymetry|bathymetric]] readings of the [[Mindoro Strait]] and [[Sibutu Passage]] suggest that neither would have been fully closed (which correlates with the Philippines being [[biogeography|biogeographically]] separated from [[Sundaland]] by the [[Wallace Line]]{{refn |Technically, they are separated by Huxley's revision of the Wallace Line, which originally was drawn to the east of the Philippines.| group = note}}). Therefore, the hypothesis at present is that Callao Man and his contemporaries in Luzon arrived from Sundaland by [[Oceanic dispersal| |
Although the [[H. Otley Beyer|initial hypothesis]] of [[models of migration to the Philippines|human migration to the Philippines]] proposed the use of [[land bridge]]s during the [[last glacial period|last ice age]], modern [[bathymetry|bathymetric]] readings of the [[Mindoro Strait]] and [[Sibutu Passage]] suggest that neither would have been fully closed (which correlates with the Philippines being [[biogeography|biogeographically]] separated from [[Sundaland]] by the [[Wallace Line]]{{refn |Technically, they are separated by Huxley's revision of the Wallace Line, which originally was drawn to the east of the Philippines.| group = note}}). Therefore, the hypothesis at present is that Callao Man and his contemporaries in Luzon arrived from Sundaland by [[Oceanic dispersal|raft]].<ref>"[http://opinion.inquirer.net/inquireropinion/columns/view/20100702-278657/Callao-Man Callao Man] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723154949/http://opinion.inquirer.net/inquireropinion/columns/view/20100702-278657/Callao-Man# |date=2011-07-23 }}" in the ''[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]]''.</ref> |
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The small size of the hominin's molars suggest that it may have undergone [[island dwarfing]], similar to ''H. floresiensis''; the curvature of its digits suggest it [[Arboreal locomotion|climbed trees]].<ref name = "Wade2019"/> |
The small size of the hominin's molars suggest that it may have undergone [[island dwarfing]], similar to ''H. floresiensis''; the curvature of its digits suggest it [[Arboreal locomotion|climbed trees]].<ref name = "Wade2019"/> |
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Butchered animal remains were also found in the same layer of sediment |
Butchered animal remains were also found in the same layer of sediment. This indicates that the Callao Man had a degree of knowledge in the use of tools, although no stone tools were found. The bones of the animals were from deer (''[[Cervus mariannus]]''), pigs, and an extinct type of cattle.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://loqal.ph/science-and-education/2010/08/05/callao-man-could-be-%e2%80%98oldest%e2%80%99-human-in-asia-pacific-says-filipino-archaelogist/ |title=Callao man could be 'oldest' human in Asia Pacific, says Filipino archaeologist |author=Anna Valmero |publisher=loqal Science & Education |date=August 5, 2010 |access-date=2012-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813094922/http://loqal.ph/science-and-education/2010/08/05/callao-man-could-be-%E2%80%98oldest%E2%80%99-human-in-asia-pacific-says-filipino-archaelogist/# |archive-date=2013-08-13 |dead-url=yes |df= }}</ref> Given that stone tools and butchered rhinos dating back to 700,000 years ago have been found in the area,<ref name="Détroit2019" /><ref name="Ingicco2018">{{cite journal|last1= Ingicco|first1= T.|last2=van den Bergh|first2=G. D.|last3= Jago-on|first3= C.|last4= Bahain|first4= J.-J.|last5= Chacón|first5=M. G.|last6= Amano|first6= N.|last7= Forestier|first7= H.|last8= King|first8= C.|last9= Manalo|first9= K.|last10= Nomade|first10= S.|last11= Pereira|first11= A.|last12= Reyes|first12=M. C.|last13= Sémah|first13= A.-M.|last14= Shao|first14= Q.|last15= Voinchet|first15= P.|last16= Falguères|first16= C.|last17= Albers|first17=P. C. H.|last18= Lising|first18= M.|last19= Lyras|first19= G.|last20= Yurnaldi|first20= D.|last21= Rochette|first21= P.|last22= Bautista|first22= A.|last23=de Vos|first23=J.|title=Earliest known hominin activity in the Philippines by 709 thousand years ago|journal= Nature|volume= 557|issue= 7704|year= 2018|pages= 233–237|doi= 10.1038/s41586-018-0072-8}}</ref> this lineage may have been isolated on the island for nearly a million years.<ref name = "Wade2019" /> |
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==Significance== |
==Significance== |
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Revision as of 15:18, 15 April 2019
| Homo luzonensis Temporal range: Late Pleistocene,
| |
|---|---|
Scientific classification 
| |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Order: | Primates |
| Suborder: | Haplorhini |
| Infraorder: | Simiiformes |
| Family: | Hominidae |
| Subfamily: | Homininae |
| Tribe: | Hominini |
| Genus: | Homo |
| Species: | H. luzonensis
|
| Binomial name | |
| Homo luzonensis Détroit et al., 2019
| |
Homo luzonensis is an extinct species of primitive human in the genus Homo. In 2007, fossilized hominid remains were discovered in Callao Cave, Luzon, Philippines by Armand Salvador Mijares. The initial find, named Callao Man, consisted of a single 61-millimeter metatarsal (foot bone) which, when dated using uranium series ablation, was found to be about 67,000 years old, dating to the Late Pleistocene.[1][2]
In 2019, an article in the academic journal Nature described the subsequent "discovery of twelve additional hominin elements that represent at least three individuals that were found in the same stratigraphic layer of Callao Cave as the previously discovered metatarsal" and identified the fossils as belonging to a newly discovered species, Homo luzonensis, on the basis of differences from previously identified species in the genus Homo. This included H. floresiensis and H. sapiens.[1][3][2] Some scientists believe additional evidence is required to confirm the fossils as a new species, rather than a locally adapted population of other Homo populations, such as H. erectus.[4]
Description
Although the initial hypothesis of human migration to the Philippines proposed the use of land bridges during the last ice age, modern bathymetric readings of the Mindoro Strait and Sibutu Passage suggest that neither would have been fully closed (which correlates with the Philippines being biogeographically separated from Sundaland by the Wallace Line[note 1]). Therefore, the hypothesis at present is that Callao Man and his contemporaries in Luzon arrived from Sundaland by raft.[5]
The small size of the hominin's molars suggest that it may have undergone island dwarfing, similar to H. floresiensis; the curvature of its digits suggest it climbed trees.[4]
Butchered animal remains were also found in the same layer of sediment. This indicates that the Callao Man had a degree of knowledge in the use of tools, although no stone tools were found. The bones of the animals were from deer (Cervus mariannus), pigs, and an extinct type of cattle.[6] Given that stone tools and butchered rhinos dating back to 700,000 years ago have been found in the area,[1][7] this lineage may have been isolated on the island for nearly a million years.[4]
Significance
The 2019 Nature article describing H. luzonensis noted that: "The presence of another and previously unknown hominin species east of the Wallace Line during the Late Pleistocene epoch underscores the importance of island Southeast Asia in the evolution of the genus Homo."[1]
See also
Notes
- ^ Technically, they are separated by Huxley's revision of the Wallace Line, which originally was drawn to the east of the Philippines.
References
- ^ a b c d Détroit, F.; Mijares, A. S.; Corny, J.; Daver, G.; Zanolli, C.; Dizon, E.; Robles, E.; Grün, R.; Piper, P. J. (2019). "A new species of Homo from the Late Pleistocene of the Philippines". Nature. 568 (7751): 181–186. doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1067-9.
- ^ a b Zimmer, Carl (April 10, 2019). "A New Human Species Once Lived in This Philippine Cave – Archaeologists in Luzon Island have turned up the bones of a distantly related species, Homo luzonensis, further expanding the human family tree". The New York Times. Retrieved April 10, 2019.
- ^ Fleming, Nic (2019-04-10). "Unknown human relative discovered in Philippine cave". Nature. doi:10.1038/d41586-019-01152-3.
- ^ a b c Wade, L. (April 10, 2019). "New species of ancient human unearthed in the Philippines". Science. 364. doi:10.1126/science.aax6501.
- ^ "Callao Man Archived 2011-07-23 at the Wayback Machine" in the Philippine Daily Inquirer.
- ^ Anna Valmero (August 5, 2010). "Callao man could be 'oldest' human in Asia Pacific, says Filipino archaeologist". loqal Science & Education. Archived from the original on 2013-08-13. Retrieved 2012-04-26.
{{cite news}}: Unknown parameter|dead-url=ignored (|url-status=suggested) (help) - ^ Ingicco, T.; van den Bergh, G. D.; Jago-on, C.; Bahain, J.-J.; Chacón, M. G.; Amano, N.; Forestier, H.; King, C.; Manalo, K.; Nomade, S.; Pereira, A.; Reyes, M. C.; Sémah, A.-M.; Shao, Q.; Voinchet, P.; Falguères, C.; Albers, P. C. H.; Lising, M.; Lyras, G.; Yurnaldi, D.; Rochette, P.; Bautista, A.; de Vos, J. (2018). "Earliest known hominin activity in the Philippines by 709 thousand years ago". Nature. 557 (7704): 233–237. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0072-8.
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