Nationalization: Difference between revisions
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Nationalization may occur with or without compensation to the former owners. Nationalization is distinguished from [[property redistribution]] in that the government retains control of nationalized [[property]]. Some nationalizations take place when a government seizes property acquired illegally. For example, in 1945 the French government seized the car-makers [[Renault]] because its owners had collaborated with the [[Nazi]] occupiers of France.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/dec/14/renault-descendants-demand-payout-confiscation | location=London | work=The Guardian | first=Angelique | last=Chrisafis | title=Renault descendants demand payout for state confiscation | date=December 14, 2011}}</ref> |
Nationalization may occur with or without compensation to the former owners. Nationalization is distinguished from [[property redistribution]] in that the government retains control of nationalized [[property]]. Some nationalizations take place when a government seizes property acquired illegally. For example, in 1945 the French government seized the car-makers [[Renault]] because its owners had collaborated with the [[Nazi]] occupiers of France.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/dec/14/renault-descendants-demand-payout-confiscation | location=London | work=The Guardian | first=Angelique | last=Chrisafis | title=Renault descendants demand payout for state confiscation | date=December 14, 2011}}</ref> |
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Nationalization is to be distinguished from "[[Socialization (economics)|socialization]]", which refers to the process of restructuring the economic framework, organizational structure, and institutions of an economy on a [[socialist]] basis. By contrast, nationalization does not necessarily imply social ownership and the restructuring of the [[economic system]]. By itself, nationalization has nothing to do with [[socialism]], having been historically carried out for various different purposes under a wide variety of different [[political system]]s and [[economic system]]s.<ref>{{cite book |last= Hastings, Mason and Pyper|first= Adrian, Alistair and Hugh |title= The Oxford Companion to Christian Thought |publisher= Oxford University Press|date= December 21, 2000|isbn= 978-0198600244|page = 677|quote=At the heart of its vision has been social or common ownership of the means of production. Common ownership and democratic control of these was far more central to the thought of the early socialists than state control or nationalization, which developed later...Nationalization in itself has nothing particularly to do with socialism and has existed under non-socialist and anti-socialist regimes. Kautsky in 1891 pointed out that a ‘co-operative commonwealth’ could not be the result of the ‘general nationalization of all industries’ unless there was a change in ‘the character of the state’.}}</ref> However, |
Nationalization is to be distinguished from "[[Socialization (economics)|socialization]]", which refers to the process of restructuring the economic framework, organizational structure, and institutions of an economy on a [[socialist]] basis. By contrast, nationalization does not necessarily imply social ownership and the restructuring of the [[economic system]]. By itself, nationalization has nothing to do with [[socialism]], having been historically carried out for various different purposes under a wide variety of different [[political system]]s and [[economic system]]s.<ref>{{cite book |last= Hastings, Mason and Pyper|first= Adrian, Alistair and Hugh |title= The Oxford Companion to Christian Thought |publisher= Oxford University Press|date= December 21, 2000|isbn= 978-0198600244|page = 677|quote=At the heart of its vision has been social or common ownership of the means of production. Common ownership and democratic control of these was far more central to the thought of the early socialists than state control or nationalization, which developed later...Nationalization in itself has nothing particularly to do with socialism and has existed under non-socialist and anti-socialist regimes. Kautsky in 1891 pointed out that a ‘co-operative commonwealth’ could not be the result of the ‘general nationalization of all industries’ unless there was a change in ‘the character of the state’.}}</ref> However, nationalisation is, in most cases, opposed by [[laissez faire capitalism|laissez faire capitalists]] as it is perceived as excessive government interference in, and control of, economic affairs of individual citizens. |
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Like when In Pakistan zulfiqar Ali Bhutto took office as the president he nationalised all the mills and industries in order to bring down inflation from 1972-77 |
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==Compensation== |
==Compensation== |
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Revision as of 22:32, 27 April 2019
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Major types
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Nationalization (or nationalisation) is the process of transforming private assets into public assets by bringing them under the public ownership of a national government or state.[1] Nationalization usually refers to private assets or assets owned by lower levels of government, such as municipalities, being transferred to the state. The opposites of nationalization are privatization and demutualization. When previously nationalized assets are privatized and subsequently returned to public ownership at a later stage, they are said to have undergone renationalization. Industries that are usually subject to nationalization include transport, communications, energy, banking, and natural resources.
Nationalization may occur with or without compensation to the former owners. Nationalization is distinguished from property redistribution in that the government retains control of nationalized property. Some nationalizations take place when a government seizes property acquired illegally. For example, in 1945 the French government seized the car-makers Renault because its owners had collaborated with the Nazi occupiers of France.[2]
Nationalization is to be distinguished from "socialization", which refers to the process of restructuring the economic framework, organizational structure, and institutions of an economy on a socialist basis. By contrast, nationalization does not necessarily imply social ownership and the restructuring of the economic system. By itself, nationalization has nothing to do with socialism, having been historically carried out for various different purposes under a wide variety of different political systems and economic systems.[3] However, nationalisation is, in most cases, opposed by laissez faire capitalists as it is perceived as excessive government interference in, and control of, economic affairs of individual citizens.
Like when In Pakistan zulfiqar Ali Bhutto took office as the president he nationalised all the mills and industries in order to bring down inflation from 1972-77
Compensation
Since nationalized industries are state owned, the government is responsible for meeting any debts. The nationalized industries do not normally borrow from the domestic market other than for short-term borrowing. If they are profitable, the profit is often used to finance other state services, such as social programs and government research, which can help lower the tax burden.
The traditional Western stance on compensation was expressed by United States Secretary of State Cordell Hull during the Mexican nationalization of the petroleum industry in 1938, saying that compensation should be "prompt, effective and adequate". According to this view, the nationalizing state is obligated under international law to pay the deprived party the full value of the property taken.
The opposing position has been taken mainly by developing countries, claiming that the question of compensation should be left entirely up to the sovereign state, in line with the Calvo Doctrine.
Socialist states have held that no compensation is due, based on the view that private ownership over socialized assets is illegitimate, exploitative, or a hindrance to further economic development.
In 1962, the United Nations General Assembly adopted Resolution 1803, "Permanent Sovereignty over National Resources", which states that in the event of nationalization, the owner "shall be paid appropriate compensation in accordance with international law". In doing so, the UN rejected the traditional Calvo-doctrinal view and the Communist view. The term "appropriate compensation" represents a compromise between the traditional views, taking into account the need of developing countries to pursue reform, even without the ability to pay full compensation, and the Western concern for the protection of private property.
In the United States, the Fifth Amendment requires just compensation if private property is taken for public use.
Political support
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Nationalization was one of the major mechanisms advocated by reformist socialists and social democrats for gradually transitioning to socialism. In this context, the goals of nationalization were to dispossess large capitalists, redirect the profits of industry to the public purse, and establish some form of workers' self-management as a precursor to the establishment of a socialist economic system.[4]
In the United Kingdom after the Second World War, nationalization gained support by the Labour party and some social democratic parties throughout Europe. Although sometimes undertaken as part of a strategy to build socialism, more commonly nationalization was also undertaken and used to protect and develop industries perceived as being vital to the nation's competitiveness (such as aerospace and shipbuilding), or to protect jobs in certain industries.
A re-nationalization occurs when state-owned assets are privatized and later nationalized again, often when a different political party or faction is in power. A re-nationalization process may also be called "reverse privatization". Nationalization has been used to refer to either direct state-ownership and management of an enterprise or to a government acquiring a large controlling share of a publicly listed corporation.[citation needed]
Examples
Chile
In 1972 the Chilean government acquired control of the major foreign-owned section of the Chilean copper mining industry. The process, commonly described as the Chilenización del cobre[5], started under the government of Carlos Ibáñez del Campo, and culminated during the government of President Salvador Allende, who completed the nationalization.
Colombia
Granahorrar Bank was a bank based in Colombia (1972- 1998). When it was open, it was part of a business conglomerate called Grupo Grancolombiano. The conglomerate also owned Banco de Colombia (Bancolombia), which is Colombia's largest bank. In 1982, the conglomerate underwent a period of crisis. Consequently, the Colombian government nationalized Granahorrar Bank; effectively, the government took over the bank by force from its private owners.[6]
Germany
The railways were nationalized after World War I. Deutsche Bahn, the German railway company is owned by the Federal Republic. In 2008, it was agreed to "float" a portion of the business, meaning an end to the 100% share the German Federal Republic had in it, with a plan that 25% of the overall share would be sold to the private sector[7] . However the onset of the financial crisis of 2007–08 saw this cancelled.[8]
Mexico
In 1982, President José López Portillo started the nationalization of the Mexican banking system, in response to the debt crisis. Under the Carlos Salinas de Gortari presidency (1988–1994) the nationalized banks were privatized very rapidly between 1991 and 1992 to Mexican family groups privatized.[9]
Venezuela
Since 2007, the government of Hugo Chávez started the nationalization of different companies. It started with the world’s biggest oil companies (May 1, 2007). On April 3, 2008, Chávez ordered the nationalization of cement industry and on April 9, the nationalization of Venezuelan steel mill, among other industries such as cement and rice processing and packaging plants. [10] [11] [12] [13]
See also
References
- ^ "Definition of NATIONALIZATION". www.merriam-webster.com.
- ^ Chrisafis, Angelique (December 14, 2011). "Renault descendants demand payout for state confiscation". The Guardian. London.
- ^ Hastings, Mason and Pyper, Adrian, Alistair and Hugh (December 21, 2000). The Oxford Companion to Christian Thought. Oxford University Press. p. 677. ISBN 978-0198600244.
At the heart of its vision has been social or common ownership of the means of production. Common ownership and democratic control of these was far more central to the thought of the early socialists than state control or nationalization, which developed later...Nationalization in itself has nothing particularly to do with socialism and has existed under non-socialist and anti-socialist regimes. Kautsky in 1891 pointed out that a 'co-operative commonwealth' could not be the result of the 'general nationalization of all industries' unless there was a change in 'the character of the state'.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ The Economics of Feasible Socialism Revisited, by Nove, Alexander. 1991. (P.176): "Nationalisation arouses no enthusiasm, in the minds of most socialists and anti-socialists. It would probably be agreed that hopes which reposed on nationalisation have been disappointed. Conservatives hold that this is due to defects inherent in nationalisation, that private enterprise based on private ownership is inherently superior. (Mrs Thatcher’s government tried to ensure that this was so by preventing essential investments and ordering the nationalized industries to sell off their more successful undertakings.)...The original notion was that nationalization would achieve three objectives. One was to dispossess the big capitalists. The second was to divert the profits from private appropriation to the public purse. Thirdly, the nationalized sector would serve the public good rather than try to make private profits...To these objectives some (but not all) would add some sort of workers' control, the accountability of management to employees."
- ^ The History of Codelco
- ^ "Pelea de Socios". Semana (Sección Economía) (in Spanish). No. 815. 12 January 1998. Retrieved 24 May 2018.
- ^ "Partial sale of DB agreed" Railway Gazette International May 2008 page 289.
- ^ "DB flotation on hold" Railway Gazette International November 2008 page 843.
- ^ Marois, Thomas (2008). "The 1982 Mexican Bank Statization and Unintended Consequences for the Emergence of Neoliberalism". Canadian Journal of Political Science. 41 (1): 143–167. doi:10.1017/s0008423908080128.
- ^ Al Jazeera English - Americas - Chavez nationalises cement industry Archived 2008-05-11 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Venezuela Seizes Cemex - Forbes.com". Archived from the original on October 10, 2008.
- ^ "Venezuela to nationalize steelmaker Sidor: union". Reuters. April 9, 2008.
- ^ "Chavez sends army to rice plants". BBC News. March 1, 2009. Retrieved May 20, 2010.
External links
- The importance of public banking - article on Indian public sector banks
- Time for Permanent Nationalization by economist Fred Moseley in Dollars & Sense magazine, January/February 2009
- The Corporate Governance of Banks - a concise discussion of concepts and evidence
- Davies, Albert Emil (1922). . Encyclopædia Britannica (12th ed.).
