House of Suren: Difference between revisions
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"[[Ernst Herzfeld]] maintained that the dynasty of [the [[Indo-Parthian]] emperor] [[Gondophares]] represented the House of Suren."<ref name="Bivar_2003">{{harvnb|Bivar|2003}} ''cf.'' {{harvnb|Bivar|1983|p=51}}.</ref> Other notable members of the family include the 1st century BC cavalry commander [[Surena]], [[Gregory the Illuminator]],<ref>Terian, ''Patriotism And Piety In Armenian Christianity: The Early Panegyrics On Saint Gregory'', p. 106</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Lang|first1=David Marshall|title=Armenia, cradle of civilization|date=1980|publisher=Allen & Unwin|isbn=9780049560093|page=155|url=https://books.google.nl/books?id=HG4MAQAAMAAJ&q=gregory+the+illuminator+house+of+suren&dq=gregory+the+illuminator+house+of+suren&hl=nl&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjZzbXU4bbKAhXEgw8KHTxwANoQ6AEINzAC}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Russell|first1=James R.|title=Armenian and Iranian Studies|date=2004|publisher=Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations, Harvard University|isbn=9780935411195|page=358|url=https://books.google.nl/books?id=yW0bAQAAIAAJ&q=gregory+the+illuminator+house+of+suren&dq=gregory+the+illuminator+house+of+suren&hl=nl&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjZzbXU4bbKAhXEgw8KHTxwANoQ6AEIZDAJ}}</ref> and a 6th-century AD<!-- around 564, under [[Khosrau I]] --> governor (''[[satrap]]'') of [[Armenia]] who attempted to establish [[Zoroastrianism]] in that country.<ref name="Frye_159">{{harvnb|Frye|1983|p=159}}.</ref> |
"[[Ernst Herzfeld]] maintained that the dynasty of [the [[Indo-Parthian]] emperor] [[Gondophares]] represented the House of Suren."<ref name="Bivar_2003">{{harvnb|Bivar|2003}} ''cf.'' {{harvnb|Bivar|1983|p=51}}.</ref> Other notable members of the family include the 1st century BC cavalry commander [[Surena]], [[Gregory the Illuminator]],<ref>Terian, ''Patriotism And Piety In Armenian Christianity: The Early Panegyrics On Saint Gregory'', p. 106</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Lang|first1=David Marshall|title=Armenia, cradle of civilization|date=1980|publisher=Allen & Unwin|isbn=9780049560093|page=155|url=https://books.google.nl/books?id=HG4MAQAAMAAJ&q=gregory+the+illuminator+house+of+suren&dq=gregory+the+illuminator+house+of+suren&hl=nl&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjZzbXU4bbKAhXEgw8KHTxwANoQ6AEINzAC}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Russell|first1=James R.|title=Armenian and Iranian Studies|date=2004|publisher=Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations, Harvard University|isbn=9780935411195|page=358|url=https://books.google.nl/books?id=yW0bAQAAIAAJ&q=gregory+the+illuminator+house+of+suren&dq=gregory+the+illuminator+house+of+suren&hl=nl&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjZzbXU4bbKAhXEgw8KHTxwANoQ6AEIZDAJ}}</ref> and a 6th-century AD<!-- around 564, under [[Khosrau I]] --> governor (''[[satrap]]'') of [[Armenia]] who attempted to establish [[Zoroastrianism]] in that country.<ref name="Frye_159">{{harvnb|Frye|1983|p=159}}.</ref> |
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[[Mehr Narseh]], the [[grand vizier]] of four [[List of shahanshahs of the Sasanian Empire|Sasanian kings]], was from the House of Suren.<ref>Pourshariati |
[[Mehr Narseh]], the [[grand vizier]] of four [[List of shahanshahs of the Sasanian Empire|Sasanian kings]], was from the House of Suren.<ref>{{harvnb|Pourshariati|2008|p=60}}</ref> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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* {{citation|title=Cambridge History of Iran|volume=3.2|year=1983|publisher=Cambridge UP|location=London|editor-last=Yarshater|editor-first=Ehsan|chapter=Political, Social and Administrative Institutions|last=Lukonin|first=V. G.|pages=681–747}} |
* {{citation|title=Cambridge History of Iran|volume=3.2|year=1983|publisher=Cambridge UP|location=London|editor-last=Yarshater|editor-first=Ehsan|chapter=Political, Social and Administrative Institutions|last=Lukonin|first=V. G.|pages=681–747}} |
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* Plutarch, "Marcus Crassus", in {{citation|title=Plutarch's Lives|year=1934|editor-last=Langhorne|editor-first=John|editor2-last=Langhorne|editor2-first=William|publisher=J. Crissy|location=London}} |
* Plutarch, "Marcus Crassus", in {{citation|title=Plutarch's Lives|year=1934|editor-last=Langhorne|editor-first=John|editor2-last=Langhorne|editor2-first=William|publisher=J. Crissy|location=London}} |
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* {{cite book|last=Pourshariati|first=Parvaneh|title=Decline and Fall of the Sasanian Empire: The Sasanian-Parthian Confederacy and the Arab Conquest of Iran|location=London and New York|publisher=I.B. Tauris|year=2008|isbn=978-1-84511-645-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I-xtAAAAMAAJ |ref=harv}} |
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* {{citation|last=Rawlinson|first=George|year=1901|title=The Seven Great Monarchies Of The Ancient Eastern World|volume=6|location=London|publisher=Dodd, Mead & Company|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/16166}} |
* {{citation|last=Rawlinson|first=George|year=1901|title=The Seven Great Monarchies Of The Ancient Eastern World|volume=6|location=London|publisher=Dodd, Mead & Company|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/16166}} |
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* {{citation|title=Cambridge History of Iran|volume=3.2|year=1983|publisher=Cambridge UP|location=London|editor-last=Yarshater|editor-first=Ehsan|chapter=Iranian Society and Law|last=Perikanian|first=A.|pages=627–681}} |
* {{citation|title=Cambridge History of Iran|volume=3.2|year=1983|publisher=Cambridge UP|location=London|editor-last=Yarshater|editor-first=Ehsan|chapter=Iranian Society and Law|last=Perikanian|first=A.|pages=627–681}} |
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Revision as of 10:22, 1 May 2019
House of Suren or Surenas[1][2] (Parthian: 𐭎𐭅𐭓𐭉𐭍 Surēn, Middle Persian: 𐭮𐭥𐭫𐭩𐭭) are one of two[c] Parthian noble families explicitly mentioned by name in sources dateable to the Arsacid period.[3]
History
The head of Suren family had the privilege to crown the first Parthian king in the 3rd century BC, which founded a tradition that was continued by his descendants.[4][3][a] Following the 3rd century AD defeat of the Arsacids and the subsequent rise of the Sassanids, the Surenas then switched sides and began to serve the Persians,[5][6] at whose court they were identified as one of the so-called "Parthian clans." The last attested scion of the family was a military commander active in northern China during the 9th century.[7]
It is "probable"[5] that the Surenas were landowners in Sakastan, that is, in the region between Arachosia and Drangiana in present-day southeast Iran. The Surenas appear to have governed Sistan (which derives its name from 'Sakastan' and was once a much larger region than the present day province) as their personal fiefdom.[5]
"Ernst Herzfeld maintained that the dynasty of [the Indo-Parthian emperor] Gondophares represented the House of Suren."[8] Other notable members of the family include the 1st century BC cavalry commander Surena, Gregory the Illuminator,[9][10][11] and a 6th-century AD governor (satrap) of Armenia who attempted to establish Zoroastrianism in that country.[12]
Mehr Narseh, the grand vizier of four Sasanian kings, was from the House of Suren.[13]
References
- ^ Bivar 1983, p. 41.
- ^ Herzfeld 1929, p. 70.
- ^ a b Lukonin 1983, p. 704.
- ^ Vesta Sarkhosh Curtis, Sarah Stewart (2007). THE AGE OF THE PARTHIANS. I.B. Tauris & Co Ltd. p. 4. ISBN 978-1-84511-406-0.
- ^ a b c Lendering 2006.
- ^ Frye 1983, p. 130.
- ^ Perikanian 1983, p. 683.
- ^ Bivar 2003 cf. Bivar 1983, p. 51.
- ^ Terian, Patriotism And Piety In Armenian Christianity: The Early Panegyrics On Saint Gregory, p. 106
- ^ Lang, David Marshall (1980). Armenia, cradle of civilization. Allen & Unwin. p. 155. ISBN 9780049560093.
- ^ Russell, James R. (2004). Armenian and Iranian Studies. Department of Near Eastern Languages and Civilizations, Harvard University. p. 358. ISBN 9780935411195.
- ^ Frye 1983, p. 159.
- ^ Pourshariati 2008, p. 60
Bibliography
- Bivar, A. D. H. (1983), "The Political History of Iran under the Arsacids", in Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.), Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 3.1, London: Cambridge UP, pp. 21–100
- Bivar, A. D. H. (2003), "Gondophares", Encyclopaedia Iranica, vol. 11.2, Costa Mesa: Mazda
- Frye, R. N. (1983), "The Political History of Iran under the Sassanians", in Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.), Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 3.1, London: Cambridge UP, pp. 116–181
- Herzfeld, Ernst Emil, ed. (1929), "Das Haus Sūrēn von Sakastan-->", Archæologische Mitteilungen aus Iran, vol. I, Berlin: Dietrich Reimer, pp. 70–80
- Justi, Ferdinand (1895), "Sūrēn", Iranisches Namenbuch, Leipzig/Marburg: Elwert, pp. 316–317.
- Lang, David M. (1983), "Iran, Armenia and Georgia", in Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.), Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 3.1, London: Cambridge UP, pp. 505–537
- Lendering, Jona (2006), Surena, Amsterdam: livius.org
- Lukonin, V. G. (1983), "Political, Social and Administrative Institutions", in Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.), Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 3.2, London: Cambridge UP, pp. 681–747
- Plutarch, "Marcus Crassus", in Langhorne, John; Langhorne, William, eds. (1934), Plutarch's Lives, London: J. Crissy
- Pourshariati, Parvaneh (2008). Decline and Fall of the Sasanian Empire: The Sasanian-Parthian Confederacy and the Arab Conquest of Iran. London and New York: I.B. Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84511-645-3.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Rawlinson, George (1901), The Seven Great Monarchies Of The Ancient Eastern World, vol. 6, London: Dodd, Mead & Company
- Perikanian, A. (1983), "Iranian Society and Law", in Yarshater, Ehsan (ed.), Cambridge History of Iran, vol. 3.2, London: Cambridge UP, pp. 627–681
- Schippmann, K. (1987), "Arsacid ii: The Arsacid Dynasty", Encyclopaedia Iranica, vol. 2, New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul, pp. 525–536